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National character must be distinguished from na tional characteristics, and must be assessed over an adequate period of time. Also, the question must be faced as to whether political institutions shape national character more or less than they are shaped by it. The outstanding attributes of national character discernible in recent centuries are particularism, atomism, orderliness, otherworldliness, restraint, a sense of mission, herrenvolkism, mysticism and humility, anthropocen tricism, materialism, egalitarianism, traditionalism, logicism, empiricism, experimentalism, and resoluteness. But what of the future? It would appear that as we observe the passng of the bipolar political world and are confronted with the vocal independence of the Third World, there will be an intensifica tion of particularism, both within and among separate coun tries. Also, it appears that political loyalties will be based in creasingly on hate rather than love, which is another reason why we should try to develop an effective world government. Also, the state as a concept and a political entity is fading. Governments are becoming more ephemeral, but they are real and comprehensible, whether they take on the form of a re public, a one-man dictatorship, a one-party dictatorship, or a charismatic executive.

The sci'fic study of international relations (IR's) is a recent development & the determination of the exact object of study still lacks preciseness. IR's corresponds to a sector of soc reality, to a 'complex of international relations' (J. J. Chevallier). It is a moot point whether this complex can serve as an object of study for an autonomous discipline. Most frequently it appears to be a branch of one of the traditional disciplines. Thus, in the US the study of IR's is included in the framework of pol'al sci in general. There is a tendency also for the assimilation of theories of IR's with international sociol, as in the case of Schwarzenberger & Duroselle. The latter considers the dual study of foreign policy & IR's a necessity. Finally, there is a tendency to identify the study of IR's with the history of international politics. The method of investigation used in the study of ER's is dominated by empiricism to an extent that rationalism is completely excluded. Res, as established by Duroselle, consists of monographs, `area studies', & general theories of IR's. The sci'fic study of IR's calls for an essentially synthetic outlook. Tr by J. A. Broussard from IPSA.

"This anthology edited by Mario De Caro and David Macarthur offers an insightful presentation of Hilary Putnam's philosophical method by collecting his reflections on many other philosophers, including such major figures as Richard Rorty, Jürgen Habermas, Bernard Williams, Ned Block, Michael Dummett, W.V. Quine, Hans Reichenbach, Tyler Burge, John McDowell, Charles Parsons, and Ian Hacking"--

Wang Yangming, the most renowned Ming dynasty Confucian, has often been accused of being unorthodox and subjectively idealistic in his doctrines and influence. This claim will be refuted. The title of "idealism" in association with Wang's work has been misused and misunderstood if the common Western usage of the term is applied. My examination of Wang's teachings in a metaphysical-empirical sense and comparison of them with descriptions of Western reason, will reveal that Wang's teachings are immanently holistic on a cosmological level, and practically pluralistic on the physical plane. This holds true as Wang makes no dualistic separation between mental and non-mental substances (cosmologically) and makes little distinction between self and other in his conception of a unified plural universe. In other words, Wang's Confucian materialism allows for no concept of an Absolute that lives in another dimension. The result proves that Wang's philosophy has little in common with traditional Western idealism. The overall precedent of this work will follow the 'four sprouts' or the four inherent feelings described by Mencius and the 'four axioms' described by Wang. And in similar manner to the methodology used by these two Confucian scholars, they will be used by this writer in a progressive developmental way which leads toward individual and societal betterment. A humanistic path used in many Chinese philosophical systems and a "Way" that combines the four virtues described by Mencius into a natural evolving continuum. A pattern that is in agreement with how Mencius and Wang associated human development with both instinctual and theoretical knowledge to reach the highest state of enlightened virtue and wisdom associated with sage-hood. The underlying premise insisting that the four virtues of both Wang and Mencius are best understood when both the yin and yang elements of the virtues are combined and harmonized into a pluralistic oneness that results in both happiness and healthiness. According to this rationale, the enlightened person or sage does the right thing because they instinctually feel the action is correct and because the rational part of their thinking mind has confirmed this course of action. As Wang infers there is a higher consciousness that makes the decision either to follow our instincts or not, then he allows that our thinking is instinctual, rationalistic, and intuitional all at once. Using this description, Wang's teaching will be proven to have more in common with modern scientific views and traditional Western empiricism and/or materialism. The result reveals Wang's interpretation of Confucianism has much in common with the liberalist foundations of Western democratic and conceptions of human rights, Western concepts which have traditionally been linked to empiricism and materialism. This work thereby provides significance for modern political discussion on whether Confucianism supports these Western concepts. ; published_or_final_version ; Philosophy ; Master ; Master of Philosophy

"The essays and original visualizations collected in Natural Things in Early Modern Worlds explore the relationships among natural things, ranging from pollen in a gust of wind, to a carnivorous pitcher plant, to a shell-like skinned armadillo, and the humans enthralled with them. Episodes from 1500 to the early 1900s reveal connected histories across early modern worlds, as natural things travelled across the Indian Ocean, the Ottoman Empire, Pacific islands, Southeast Asia, the Spanish Empire, and Western Europe. In distant worlds that were constantly changing with expanding networks of trade, colonial aspirations, and the rise of empiricism, natural things obtained new meanings and became alienated from their origins. Tracing the processes of their displacement, each chapter starts with a piece of original artwork that relies on digital collage to pull image sources out of place and to represent meanings that natural things lost and remade. Accessible and elegant, Natural Things is the first study of its kind to combine original visualizations with the history of science. Museum-goers, scholars, scientists, and students will find new histories of nature and collecting within. Its playful visuality will capture the imagination of non-academic and academic readers alike while reminding us of the alienating capacity of the modern life sciences"--

What are some of the most distinctive features of the crisis characterising the social sciences learning today? Can a crisis of this deep-rooted and extremely wide-ranging nature be delimitated to a few specific areas? Can the social sciences diverse dilemmas be reduced to the feature of crisis alone? This book argues that the social sciences are in a deep state of crisis. Kléber Ghimire analyzes how some of the basic problems began from the very inception: uncritical use of empiricism and experimentation methods emulating the natural sciences, internal fragmentation of knowledge along narrow disciplinary lines, and near-exclusive emphasis on the experience of industrial societies. As these difficulties persist, more recent evolutions have brought additional troubles. With a focus on Europe, North America and Asia, Kléber Ghimire examines the effects of university reforms that give prominence to expertise-oriented research, economic rationality and occupational skill development, leading to a widespread marginalisation of the social and human studies. The book ends with a call to reflect upon opening a new horizon for these fields of learning, especially by inventing a new era of social sciences pedagogy, leaving natural sciences for humanities and recognizing the value of culture as a crucial reservoir of social knowledge.

Intro -- Endorsement Page -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- List of Figures -- Acknowledgements -- Chapter 1: Delving into new materialism -- The poetics of living- and writing-as-inquiry -- The problem of method -- Diffraction: a material-discursive methodology -- Moving beyond the already known -- Ethics -- References -- Chapter 2: Vital materiality -- People and things -- Cultivating sympathy -- References -- Chapter 3: Finding and fostering the conditions of creative production -- Transcendental empiricism -- Royal-legal and ambulatory research -- Children's lives -- References -- Chapter 4: Thing-power -- The workshop -- A note on assemblages -- The end of my marriage -- And so… -- References -- Chapter 5: Collective biography -- The liveliness of words -- Diffractive methodology: Collective biography -- The death of an intimate other -- References -- Chapter 6: Three components of the refrain -- The swim -- References -- Chapter 7: Recognition -- Belief and the terms of recognition -- Recognition as possession -- Recognition as dispossession/dis-recognition: An exclusion that matters -- Creative-relationality - or response-ability -- The entangled interdependence of the three components -- The Holly (or Holm) Oak -- And so… -- References -- Chapter 8: Intuition and the flow in between one and another -- Getting stuck: Great-great-uncle Thomas -- The bridal veil: My great-great-grandmother Mary -- A flash of intuition: My mother Norma -- And so… -- References -- Chapter 9: Ethico-onto-epistemology -- And so… -- References -- Author Index -- Subject Index.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Original Title Page -- Original Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Introduction and Acknowledgments page -- Note on Footnotes -- 1. Physical Science -- Laws of Nature -- The Problem of Induction -- Falsifiability -- Statistical Laws -- Explanation -- Commonsense and Scientific Explanation -- Theoretical Terms -- Reduction -- 2. Minds and Social Science -- Sociological Empiricism -- Human Action -- Social Action -- Language -- Social Institutions -- Unobservables and Explanation -- 3. Regularities in Social Science -- Social Laws and Laws of Historical Succession -- Cross-cultural Generalization -- Social Generalizations and their Shortcomings -- Ideal Types -- Economic Theory -- Social Science Theory in General -- Practical Difficulties in Testing Social Science Laws -- Correlation -- Sampling and Significance -- 4. Explanation in Social Science -- The Individual and the Social -- Social Groups and Law -- Social Rules -- Characteristics of Social Wholes -- Individualism and Explanation -- The Explanation of Action -- Explanation-sketches -- Individualistic Laws -- Explanation by Motive -- Decision-schemes -- Intentions -- The Justification of Action-Explanations -- Action, Psychology, and Physical Science -- Explanation and Laws in Social Science -- Causal Adequacy and Adequacy on the level of Meaning -- The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism -- Sociological Explanation and Historical Explanation -- Psychologism -- 5. Functionalism and Explanation in Social Science -- Functionalism in Biology -- Functionalism in Social Science -- Societal Survival Functionalism and Institutional Relation Functionalism -- A conceptual connection between the Two Functionalisms -- Functional Explanation -- Natural Selection -- Essential Functions.

"Inspired by Freud's The Psychopathology of Everyday Life, this book examines the unconscious processes shaping contemporary political ideologies. Addressing ten fundamental questions, Robert Samuels identifies four basic political ideologies: liberal, conservative, Left, and Right, which are often placed in the structure of a logical square, determined by two binary oppositions, with a fifth structure of centrism complicating the square. He turns to psychoanalysis to explain the unconscious defense mechanisms that structure these political ideologies. Each chapter uses a recent, influential title as a gateway to analysis of the ideologies and structures identified. Through this analysis, Samuels argues that belief in ideological structures is tied to triumvirates of institutions and ideals; conservatives being tied to premodern institutions of religion, feudalism, and monarchy, while modern liberals are tied to ideals of universality, objectivity, and empiricism. He concludes that this investment in universality shapes the ethics of modern globalization and democratic liberalism. Unlike other books, conclusions are reinforced through examples drawn from current events with an integrated model of different psychopathologies. The Psychopathology of Political Ideologies moves beyond providing an understanding of what drives different political investments, to offer a more rational and conscious comprehension of subjectivity and social organization. will be a great resource for those interested in politics, political science psychology, social psychology, globalization, and ideology"--

List of Contributors -- Abbreviations for Works Written by Hume -- Preface -- David Hume - A Timeline -- Introduction -- 1. Hume's Life, Intellectual Context and Reception Emilio Mazza -- 2. Hume's Empiricist Inner Epistemology: A Reassessment of the Copy Principle Tom Seppalainen and Angela Coventry -- 3. Hume's 'Scepticism' About Induction Peter Millican -- 4. The Psychology and Epistemology of Hume's Account of Probable Reasoning Lorne Falkenstein -- 5. Causation and Necessary Connection Alan Bailey -- 6. Hume on Scepticism and the Moral Sciences Helen Beebee -- 7. The Self and Personal Identity Harold Noonan -- 8. 'All My Hopes Vanish': Hume on the Mind Galen Strawson -- 9. Action, Reason and the Passions Constantine Sandis -- 10. Free Will James A. Harris -- 11. Hume on Miracles Duncan Pritchard and Alasdair Richmond -- 12. David Hume and the Argument to Design Andrew Pyle -- 13. Psychological Explanations of Religious Belief David O'Connor -- 14. Hume's Sentimentalist Account of Moral Judgement Julia Driver -- 15. Hume and the Virtues Dan O'Brien -- 16. Hume's Human Nature Russell Hardin -- 17. Hume and Feminism Lívia Guimarês -- 18. Hume on Economic Well-Being Margaret Schabas -- 19. 'Of the Standard of Taste': Decisions, Rules and Critical Argument Mark W. Rowe -- 20. Hume on History Timothy M. Costelloe -- 21. Hume's Legacy and the Idea of British Empiricism Paul Russell -- Bibliography -- Index

"The Metaphysical Club, a gathering of intellectuals in the 1870s associated with Harvard, is widely recognized as the crucible where pragmatism, America's distinctively original philosophy, was refined and proclaimed. Louis Menand's bestseller about the group was a dramatic publishing success. However, only three actual members - Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr., Charles S. Peirce, and William James - appear in this book, alongside other thinkers such as John Dewey who were never in the Club. The Real Metaphysical Club tells the full story of how this influential group shifted the course of philosophy in America. In addition to pioneering pragmatism, the group explored radical empiricism and idealism, and formulated personalism and process philosophy, equally important developments. This volume contains thirty-seven important writings dating from 1870 to 1885 by the real members of the Metaphysical Club. The first section centers on pragmatism and science; the second part collects writings of the lawyers; and the third part covers idealist and personalist philosophers. Many of these writings have never been reprinted before, and nothing like this impressive collection has ever been attempted. A general introduction provides a narrative history, and the editors' three introductions to the volume's sections vividly bring to life the intense meetings, sustained debates, and pioneering thought from the Metaphysical Club"--

1.All Entities are Machines --2.A Speculative Philosophy --3.Method and Structure --1.Deleuze and Ontology --1.Much Ado about Ontology --2.To the Things Themselves --3.A Fourfold and Three Syntheses --First IntermezzoLevi Bryant and Twofold Machines --2.The Externality Thesis --1.Relations are External to Terms --2.The Experience of Externality --3.Speculative Arguments for Externality --3.Critiques of Internalism --1.Difference and Repetition --2.Depth and Height --3.The Image of Thought --4.The Machinic Body --1.No Being without a Body --2.All Bodies are Problematic --Second IntermezzoMaurizio Ferraris and Unamendable Objects --5.Relations between Machines --1.The Connective Synthesis --2.Sense at the Surface --3.Actuality is a Twofold --Third IntermezzoMarkus Gabriel and Fields of Sense --6.Inside the Machines --1.The Powers that Be --2.Essence is a Twofold --Fourth IntermezzoManuel DeLanda and Assemblage Theory --7.Machines and Change --1.The Disjunctive Synthesis --Fifth IntermezzoGraham Harman and Fourfold Objects --2.The Notion of Becoming --3.Assemblages and Intensities --8.The Construction of Machines --1.The Conjunctive Synthesis --Sixth IntermezzoTristan Garcia and Formal Things --2.Rhizomes and Hierarchies --9.Machine Ontology and Thought --1.Self and World --Seventh IntermezzoBruno Latour and Irreducible Actants --2.Platonism and Paralogisms --3.A Transcendental Empiricism --Conclusion: Ontology and Discontinuity.