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The importance of management in different segments of workplace and monitoring of organizational behaviours that appear from managers is supercritical and should be considered increasingly. In some cases, the manager may be faced with different issues and difficulties in the management process, and the level of his/ her performance, and efficiency decreases; furthermore, concentrating more on various aspects of the management when the conflict happened is extremely extensive. By the way, the present research focused on the role of conflict management styles on self-efficiency amongst 259 mangers (men and women) who worked at governmental schools in Tehran Province, Iran. Moreover, the researcher collected the data via two questionnaires; which comprised The Conflict Management Questionnaire, which is proposed by Izadi Yazdan Abadi, and The Self-Efficiency Scale that is developed by Sherer. The findings derived from data analyzing in SPSS Software and illustrated there is a significant relationship between conflict management styles with mangers' self-efficiency at school. Additionally, the styles of conflict management included five main styles such as Accommodating, Avoidance, Collaboration, Competing, and Compromising that have a meaningful relationship with Self-Efficiency. The results shown that Collaboration has a positive association with mangers' self-efficiency and increases its level; on the other hand, Avoidance has a negative relation with the efficiency of managers at schools. Besides, with using styles of conflict management in the correct way that obtain via knowing them perfectly, managers can improve their efficiency and achievement; correspondingly, they endeavor to cope with difficulties and issues at the workplace.

Defence date: 11 March 2016 ; Examining Board: Prof. Árpád Ábrahám, EUI, Supervisor; Prof. Luisa Lambertini, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL); Prof. Evi Pappa, EUI; Prof. Jaume Ventura, CREI and Barcelona GSE. ; This thesis studies how frictions shape macroeconomic outcomes and affect policies. The thesis consists of three chapters. The first chapter studies how distortionary taxation and volatile output together with government discretion shape sovereign debt issuance and sovereign defaults. It is a novel theory to explain why sovereigns borrow on both domestic and international markets and why defaults are mostly selective (on either domestic or foreign investors). The model matches business cycle moments and frequencies of different types of defaults in emerging economies. It is also shown, that secondary markets are not a sufficient condition to avoid sovereign defaults. The outcome of the trade in bonds on secondary markets depends on how well each group of investors can coordinate their actions. The second chapter studies how the price stickiness friction affects the optimal rate of inflation and gains from a monetary integration. Inflation constitutes a tax on consumption so the local monetary authority finds it optimal to inflate. But also the average markup constitutes a cost of holding money so the monetary authority finds it optimal to deflate. The findings are: i) in the local currencies the first motive dominates and the optimal inflation is positive. ii) In a monetary union the first motive is absent and the optimal inflation is negative. iii) A monetary union improves global welfare. However, when the difference in price stickiness between two countries is large, only one country benefits. The third chapter studies how the intermediation friction affects a transmission of monetary policy. It provides new evidence on the bank lending channel using bank-level data from Central and Eastern Europe economies. The findings are: i) banks adjust their loans to changes in host country's monetary policy, ii) foreign-owned banks are less responsive to monetary policy of a host country than domestic-owned banks, iii) contrary to previous studies, the effects i) and ii) are present not only in the times of a crisis, but also in normal times. Second part of this chapter presents two mechanisms that can explain the second effect. First, foreign banks may have access to funds from parent banks. Second, foreign banks may serve more profitable borrowers. The first mechanism renders monetary policy less effective in the level of foreign banks penetration, while the second one does not. However, data do not unambiguously favor one explanation over the other.

The growing tendency towards international arbitration brings into special consideration and importance the relation between the jurisdiction of national courts of justice and international tribunals of arbitration.When one nation urges claims in behalf of its citizens upon the government of another nation and proposes arbitration, how far doea that other nation's respect for its own independent sovereignty and for the integrity of its own judicial system require it to insist that the claims be submitted for final decision to its own national courts?The true basis for the consideration of this question is in the nature oi the obligation which constrains a nation to submit questions to any tribunal whatever.

AbstractThis article investigates the law of Head of State immunity in the United States in light of the recent decision by the International Court of Justice in the Arrest Warrant Case (DRC v. Belgium). It does so by analyzing the U.S. law and comparing it with the customary international law on Head of State immunity as laid out by the world court. The article demonstrates that there are two competing strands in the recent jurisprudence of U.S. courts, neither of which is in conformity with international law. The reasons for this discrepancy are examined and explained in light of the underlying debate about the role of customary international law in the U.S. constitutional system. In conclusion, the author suggests that the best solution to the current dilemma is for the U.S. courts to apply the rules on Head of State immunity as explained by the world court and avoid as much as possible interference by the executive.

Aesthetic perception of legal phenomena is a complex mental process based on a rational sense, emotions, preferences, and the values of the recipient. At the same time, the evaluation criteria are not only stylistic beauty, but also internal content, therefore, the aesthetic dimension is inextricably linked with axiology and ontology. The main goal of the article is to study the effect of aesthetics on the ontological constructions of law. For this, with the help of structural-functional, formal-legal, regulatory, logical, comparative methods are distinguished several aesthetic levels (structural, dynamic, receptive, contextual). Ways to achieve balance between conflicting ideals, principles, institutions at different levels are offered. Recognizing the importance of the individual perception of legal phenomena and the influence of relevant contexts on them, it is important not to lose objective grounds for law. Particular attention in the article is paid to the sign of supervision, which denotes the complex relationship of aesthetic categories and objects of legal reality. The possibility of logical supervenience of legal phenomena in ideal categories is postulated. The application of the concept of the ontological relativity of Quine to determine status of objects of reality made it possible to propose the methodology of combining ontological units of law and aesthetic modifications into a harmonious whole. Based on the results of the work, a conclusion is drawn on the instrumental significance of aesthetic holism for the formation of ontological constructions of law.

Investigates whether three psychological mechanisms related to the use of a best alternative to the negotiated agreement (BATNA) are associated with the better-than-average outcomes achieved by conflict negotiators who use a BATNA to improve outcomes. Business graduate students (N = 326) participated in a job contract negotiation experiment with a 2x2x2 design that tested the independent & combined impact of (1) the existence of a specific goal, (2) negotiator self-efficacy, & (3) the presence of an implied alternative. Having a goal & negotiator self-efficacy were found to be independently associated with better individual outcomes. Negotiators assigned an alternative plus a goal or self-efficacy had both higher outcomes & higher impasse rates than the control group. 3 Tables, 21 References. Adapted from the source document.