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Doing business sheds light on how easy or difficult it is for a local entrepreneur to open and run a small to medium-size business when complying with relevant regulations. It measures and tracks changes in regulations affecting 10 areas in the life cycle of a business: starting a business, dealing with construction permits, getting electricity, registering property, getting credit, protecting investors, paying taxes, trading across borders, enforcing contracts and resolving insolvency. In a series of annual reports doing business presents quantitative indicators on business regulations and the protection of property rights that can be compared across 183 economies, from Afghanistan to Zimbabwe, over time. This economy profile presents the doing business indicators for Kazakhstan. To allow useful comparison, it also provides data for other selected economies (comparator economies) for each indicator. The data in this report are current as of June 1, 2011 (except for the paying taxes indicators, which cover the period January December 2010).

Doing business sheds light on how easy or difficult it is for a local entrepreneur to open and run a small to medium-size business when complying with relevant regulations. It measures and tracks changes in regulations affecting 10 areas in the life cycle of a business: starting a business, dealing with construction permits, getting electricity, registering property, getting credit, protecting investors, paying taxes, trading across borders, enforcing contracts and resolving insolvency. In a series of annual reports doing business presents quantitative indicators on business regulations and the protection of property rights that can be compared across 183 economies, from Afghanistan to Zimbabwe, over time. This economy profile presents the doing business indicators for Uzbekistan. To allow useful comparison, it also provides data for other selected economies (comparator economies) for each indicator. The data in this report are current as of June 1, 2011 (except for the paying taxes indicators, which cover the period January-December 2010).

This tenth edition of Doing Business sheds light on how easy or difficult it is for a local entrepreneur to open and run a small to medium-size business when complying with relevant regulations. It measures and tracks changes in regulations affecting eleven areas in the life cycle of a business: starting a business, dealing with construction permits, getting electricity, registering property, getting credit, protecting investors, paying taxes, trading across borders, enforcing contracts, resolving insolvency and employing workers. Doing Business presents quantitative indicators on business regulations and the protection of property rights that can be compared across 185 economies, from Afghanistan to Zimbabwe, over time. The indicators are used to analyze economic outcomes and identify what reforms have worked, where and why. This economy profile presents the Doing Business indicators for Kazakhstan. To allow useful comparison, it also provides data for other selected economies (comparator economies) for each indicator. The data in this report are current as of June 1, 2012 (except for the paying taxes indicators, which cover the period January - December 2011).

The time has come to extend the national approach that has been used successfully to dismantle the infrastructure of hate groups to the international realm against terrorist groups. The foundation of this approach is a private right to a cause of action apart from any military or diplomatic efforts by the government. In this Article, Professor Strauss analyzes case precedents under several federal statutes--the Antiterrorism Act of 1991, the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996, the Torture Victim Protection Act, the Alien Tort Claim Act--as well as state common-law tort claims, including aiding and abetting liability. Professor Strauss proposes an aggregate model for lawsuits by victims against terrorist groups, organizations, and state sponsors of international terrorism, combining these claims and the types of damages and defendants accessible. Professor Strauss also outlines important tools for plaintiffs in the civil battle against terrorism by exploring the obstacles to and avenues for enforcement of these judgments through the rule of international law and access to the frozen assets of terrorist states and organizations.

The University of Michigan Press is pleased to announce the second volume in an annual series, the World Trade Forum. The Forum's members include scholars, lawyers, and government and business practitioners working in the area of international trade, law, and policy. They meet annually to discuss integration issues in international economic relations, focusing on a new theme each year. The World Trade Forum 1998 deals with the issue of regulatory barriers. Contributors focus their attention on the implications that government intervention has on the principle of nondiscrimination, the cornerstone of the World Trade Organization. The chapters, which cover both the positive and the normative level, deal in particular with the issue of "like product" definition, and with mutual recognition agreements. The relevant WTO case law is presented and analyzed, and the roundtable discussions are primarily aimed at clarifying to what extent a constitutional function should be assigned to the WTO organs, if at all. Contributors include: Christoph Bail, Jacques Bourgeois, Marco Bronckers, Thomas Cottier, William Davey, Paul Demaret, Piet Eeckhout, Crawford Falconer, Olivier Guillod, Meinhard Hilf, Gary Horlick, Robert Howse, Robert Hudec, Patrick Low, Aaditya Mattoo, Petros C. Mavroidis, Patrick Messerlin, Damien Neven, Kalypso Nicolaidis, David Palmeter, Ernst Ulrich Petresmann, Andre Sapir, and Michel Waelbroeck. ; https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/books/1146/thumbnail.jpg

The purpose of this paper is to refute Ms. Sarah Lively's article, the ABCs and NTBS of GMOs, detailing the reasons why the E.U. legislation is not in harmony with the WTO agreements. This paper will argue that if a WTO dispute settlement body were to decide upon the validity of the current European GMO regime, it would strike down the regulation as contrary to the WTO agreements signed by the European Union and the United States. The European Union's four year moratorium on GMOs continues to be one of the most hotly-contested trade issues facing it and the United States. Officially, U.S. patience with the E.U. refusal to process applications for biotechnology imports is "growing very thin." Currently, the U.S. Trade Representative is considering filing a case against the European Union in the WTO. Given the diametrically opposed positions of the United States and the European Union on this issue, the debate over GMO regulation will most likely be resolved before an international dispute settlement body, not through bilateral agreement of the parties. The premise of this article is that if the WTO resolves this dispute, it will decide in favor of the United States.

The international spread of the coronavirus has forced many countries to put their economies into 'hibernation', leading to one of the worst recessions observed in modern times. Since Singapore is not isolated from this crisis, the Government had to intervene by adopting a very ambitious package of legal and financial measures to support businesses, households and employees. Among these measures, the Government has implemented various temporary changes to the insolvency legislation, and the use of out-of-court agreements has been encouraged for debtors facing financial trouble. This article argues that, while insolvency law can play an important role in the current situation, especially in countries with efficient insolvency frameworks such as Singapore, there are some limitations associated with the use of insolvency proceedings. For this reason, the use workouts should be promoted as a way to facilitate the financial restructuring of debtors affected by the COVID-19 crisis. Besides, several factors make the use of workouts particularly feasible in Singapore. In our view, the existence of the comprehensive package of legal and fiscal responses adopted by the Singapore Government, along with the important role potentially played by insolvency law and corporate workouts, will significantly help minimise the economic impact of the COVID-19 crisis in Singapore.

Based on a series of detailed case studies, this book presents the history of genocide in Africa within the specific context of African history, examining conflicts in countries such as Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo, Namibia, Rwanda, and Sudan. It covers Africa's most infamous genocides as well as lesser-known cases of large scale atrocities and addresses events that are contested as genocides in Africa in recent history, including the Nigerian Civil War as well as events in Ethiopia and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

У статті аналізується діюче законодавство України, норми міжнародного права, що регулюють порядок використання та захисту прав на торговельну марку, яка є засобом індивідуалізації учасників цивільного обороту, визначені існуючі проблеми, розкрита їх сутність та запропоновані засоби вирішення. ; The current legislation of Ukraine, norm of international law is analysed in the article, regulative an order uses and protection of rights on a trade mark that is the means of individualization of participants civil turn, existent problems are certain, their essence is exposed and the methods of decision offer.

This monograph provides an extensive analysis of the powers of judicial review exercised by the International Court of Justice with respect to judgments of the Administrative Tribunals of the International Labour Organization and the United Nations. The grounds on which these judgments can be challenged include excess jurisdiction, procedural errors and errors of law relative to the Charter of the United Nations. The system, however, suffers from a number of difficulties, including lack of procedural equality, the propriety of employing the Court's advisory jurisdiction in employer-employee disputes, and the nature of the activities of the Review Committee of the General Assembly. These problems are examined with a view to shedding light on the nature, scope and extent of the Court's powers of judicial review. The main study is preceded by an exhaustive survey of the genesis of the review system established by the Statutes of these Tribunals. Included also in this volume is an account of the informal and rudimentary judicial review arrangement the Court enjoys by way of its advisory and contentious jurisdiction with respect to institutional action other than that of UNAT and ILOAT judgments. When in 1995 the General Assembly abolished the UNAT review system, various considerations were in the forefront: a detailed survey of which is provided in the penultimate part of the book. Several significant themes are explored in the concluding chapter. These include issues dealing with the motivation for establishing the review system, the divisions within the Court and possible reform, as opposed to abolition, of the system

In the context of the upcoming challenges for science and higher education – both in the field of academic research and students education, the internationalization of scientific research and development of transnational academic contacts appears necessary and unavoidable. It has been one of the priorities of Polish universities. The paper presents an example of its implementation initiated by the University of Bialystok. Taking advantage of its cross-border location, the University created a platform for the exchange of scientific and didactic experiences with researchers from the Eastern European border states and students studying at their respective academic centers. This way, the Border University Network became the largest university consortium in this part of Europe. Its effect is one of scientific and didactic cooperation in the exchange of research and implementation services, use of infrastructure and apparatus as part of joint scientific ventures, joint grant applications, and publishing of international scientific journals which will enable scientific research to be presented on a global scale, not just on a regional and national scale as before. Internationalization becomes an obvious matter to which the Polish, as well as the entire Eastern European scientific environment, has to get used to. That is why every attempt of making it real is worth analyzing and developing. ; Leonard Etel - etel@uwb.edu.pl ; Maciej Perkowski - m.perkowski@uwb.edu.pl ; Łukasz Kierznowski - lukasz.kierznowski@uwb.edu.pl ; Leonard Etel - Professor of Law, Faculty of Law, University of Bialystok; in the term 2012-2016 the Rector of the University of Bialystok; in the years 2005-2012 the Dean of the Faculty of Law of the University of Bialystok; specialist in tax and financial law. ; Maciej Perkowski - Professor of Law, Faculty of Law, University of Bialystok; Head of the Department of Public International Law. His research interests include public international law, international organizations law, European Union law, regional development, European funds and Public-Private Partnership. ; Łukasz Kierznowski - MA in Law, University of Bialystok, Faculty of Law. His main scientific interests focus on administrative law, administrative proceedings, science and higher education law. ; Leonard Etel - Faculty of Law, University of Bialystok ; Maciej Perkowski - Faculty of Law, University of Bialystok ; Łukasz Kierznowski - Faculty of Law, University of Bialystok ; Bergan, S. (2011). Internationalization of Higher Education: a Perspective of European Values. In W. Martyniuk (Ed.), Internacjonalizacja studiów wyższych (pp. 11–27). Warsaw: Fundacja Rozwoju Systemu Edukacji. Retrieved from http://czytelnia.frse.org.pl/media/internacjonalizacja-studiow-wyzszycht.pdf ; Błaszczak, D. (2016). Sieć Uniwersytetów Pogranicza – konfiguracja społeczeństwa sieciowego na wschodnim pograniczu Polski. Pogranicze. Studia Społeczne, 2016, tom XXVII cz. 1. https://doi.org/10.15290/pss.2016.27.01.14 ; MNiSW stawia na umiędzynarodowienie polskiej nauki. (2017, November 8). Retrieved December 2, 2017, from http://www.nauka.gov.pl/aktualnosci-ministerstwo/mnisw-stawia-na-umiedzynarodowienie-polskiej-nauki.html ; Program Umiędzynarodowienia Szkolnictwa Wyższego [Higher Education Internationalization Programme]. (2015, June 18). Ministry of Higher Education. Retrieved from http://www.nauka.gov.pl/g2/oryginal/2015_06/ed5a831ec649a91c619602597f1ae553.pdf ; Rozmus, A., & Waltoś, S. (Eds.). (2016). Szkolnictwo wyższe w Polsce. Ustrój. Prawo. Organizacja. Wolters Kluwer. ; Siwińska, B. (2014). Uniwersytet ponad granicami: internacjonalizacja szkolnictwa wyższego w Polsce i w Niemczech. Warsaw: Dom Wydawniczy ELIPSA. ; The agreement on the Border University Network signed. (2015, June 18). Retrieved December 2, 2017, from https://sup.uwb.edu.pl/umowa-sup.html ; 1 ; 1 ; 11 ; 18