Suchergebnisse

Introduction -- Three illustrative cases - facts and questions -- Overview of the key moments in the development of NATO -- Current institutional framework of NATO and NATO's decision making process -- The international legal personality of NATO -- Binding international obligations relevant to NATO's operations -- Attribution of wrongful acts to NATO -- Conclusions and recommendations

Das diplomatische Protokoll ist ein integraler Bestandteil der zwischenstaatlichen Beziehungen. Darüber hinaus regelt das Protokoll innerstaatliche zeremonielle Strukturen bzw. die offiziellen Formen der staatlichen Repräsentation. Neben der Pflege der internationalen Beziehungen zwischen Staaten gibt es eine Vielzahl von Bereichen, in denen offizielle Beziehungen zwischen staatlichen und nicht-staatlichen Akteuren bestehen. Beispielsweise nehmen internationale Unternehmen im Rahmen von Global Governance eine zunehmend bedeutende Rolle ein. Hierbei stellt sich die Frage, ob bzw. inwieweit sich Wirtschaftsunternehmen an die Einhaltung protokollarischer Gepflogenheiten gebunden fühlen. Die vorliegende Dissertation widmet sich der institutionellen Komposition von Ordnungen, die sich in der Politik sowie darüber hinaus in anderen Bereichen der Gesellschaft widerspiegeln. Sie untersucht die Anwendung von protokollarischen Gepflogenheiten in Unternehmen. Thematisch bewegt sich die Forschungsarbeit im disziplinenübergreifenden Dreieck aus internationaler Diplomatie, politischer Theorie und Unternehmenskommunikation bzw. -repräsentation. Die zentrale Frage lautet: Gibt es ein mit dem Staatsprotokoll vergleichbares Unternehmensprotokoll, welches entsprechend dem Staatsprotokoll funktioniert? Im Kern der empirischen Studie geht es darum aufzuzeigen, inwieweit das Protokoll in global agierenden Wirtschaftsunternehmen mit dem internationalen diplomatischen Protokoll vergleichbar ist. Die empirische Grundlage bilden zu Teilen Organisations- und Geschäftsverteilungspläne sowie 72 leitfadengestützte Experteninterviews, geführt im Zeitraum von 2008 bis 2012. Das Ergebnis belegt empirisch, dass es sich beim Protokoll um eine politische Institution handelt. Des Weiteren wird eruiert, wie sich das Protokoll aus der Sicht der interviewten Protokollexperten im staatlichen und öffentlichen Bereich darstellt. Vor diesem Hintergrund werden die hierbei gewonnenen Befunde mit denen aus den Interviews mit den Protokollexperten aus der Industrie abgeglichen. Abschließend kommt diese Forschungsarbeit zu dem Fazit, dass das Unternehmensprotokoll in großen Teilen mit dem diplomatischen Protokoll vergleichbar ist. ; Diplomatic protocol is an integral part of inter state relations. In addition protocol comprises inner state ceremonial procedures and official forms of representation of states. Due to the institutional configuration of protocol, it shapes and characterizes structures that go beyond states and governments. Nowadays, particularly in the context of global governance, multinational respectively transnational corporations increasingly are important players in international relations and do also have a growing influence on agenda setting in national politics. Thus, this study is localised at the interface of international diplomacy, political theory and corporate communications. The intention of this paper is to provide an answer to the research question: "Does corporate protocol generally exist and is corporate protocol comparable to international diplomatic protocol?". The books' first section (1.) argues that protocol is a political institution. Part two (2.) is a comparative analysis of diplomatic protocol and corporate protocol. Empirically, this study is based on a set of 72 guideline-based expert interviews with professionals from governmental institutions, like ministries or presidential offices as well as international institutions and institutions of the European Union. In addition to that, the comparative analysis uses a comprehensive set of organisational charts of corresponding institutions. Finally, the study confirms that corporate protocol exists and works both in similar structures and to a large extend in the same way like diplomatic protocol.

RésumésCet article emploie la microhistoire d'une affaire transnationale qui se déroulait entre l'Italie et la Tunisie pendant les années 1870 et 1880 pour éprouver le droit international grâce à une approche qui va au-delà des frontières de l'Occident. L'affaireSamama contre Samamaprésente un litige fort compliqué, examiné par les cours de justice italiennes pendant près d'une décennie. La principale difficulté du procès concernait la nationalité de Nissim Samama, un juif né à Tunis, et, partant, l'ordre juridique qui pouvait décider de sa succession. Le Code civil italien promettait de respecter les droits nationaux des ressortissants étrangers, mais ces derniers étaienta prioriconsidérés comme occidentaux uniquement. Or une affaire où il était question à la fois du droit tunisien et du statut des juifs interrogeait les fondements mêmes de l'ordre juridique international. En portant devant les tribunaux le problème de la nationalité de Samama, le procès dévoilait plusieurs failles et tensions au sein des théories émergentes du droit international : comment des États non occidentaux tels que la Tunisie pouvaient-ils s'intégrer dans l'ordre juridique international naissant ? Comment le droit international envisageait-il le droit musulman ? Quel était le statut de la nation juive dans un monde de nationalités de plus en plus exclusives ? Les actes d'un tel procès permettent de prendre la mesure des débats et des réflexions entre les spécialistes de droit international sur les ambiguïtés propres à leur discipline. De même, ils donnent un accès privilégié à la façon dont les Maghrébins concevaient le droit international. Les controverses qui en résultent mettent au jour les tensions inhérentes à un droit international qui ne cesse d'hésiter alors entre particularisme occidental et universalisme.

How do international environmental standards come into being? One important way, as Elizabeth DeSombre shows in this book, is through the internationalization of regulations that one or more countries have undertaken domestically. Domestic environmental regulation, DeSombre argues, can create an incentive for environmentalists and industry--previously at odds with each other--to work together to shape international environmental policy. For environmentalists, international regulation offers greater protection of a resource. For industry, internationalization prevents unregulated foreign industries from operating at a competitive advantage. Domestic forces acting together often push for the threat or imposition of economic restrictions on countries resisting regulation. DeSombre examines this dynamic primarily from the perspective of United States environmental policy. Looking at major regulations on endangered species, air pollution, and fisheries conservation, she determines which ones the United States has attempted to internationalize and how successful the attempts have been. She underlines the importance of regulated industries in the creation of international environmental policy and presents evidence that power and threat play a significant role in the adoption of international regulations, despite the perception of international environmental politics as an arena of friendly interaction over mutual interests. She also discusses the origins of international cooperation, the regulatory effects of free trade, the usefulness of economic sanctions, and the interaction between domestic and international politics. Thus the book has theoretical implications for the fields of environmental politics and policy, international diplomacy, and international political economy.

The International Civic and Citizenship Study (ICCS) 2022 continues IEA's investigation into the ways in which young people understand and are prepared to be citizens in a world where contexts of democracy and civic participation continue to change. This assessment framework provides insight into the study's conceptual background, cognitive, affective-behavioral and contextual content, and assessment design. It also describes content relevant for the measurement of the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) that is related to Global Citizenship Education (GCED) and Education for Sustainable Development (ESD). Countries that participated in ICCS 2009, ICCS 2016, and ICCS 2022 will be able to monitor changes in their students' civic knowledge, attitudes, and engagement over time.

For the last 75 years, the UN has been placed at the centre of international law-making. The Organization can be considered both as a place where international law is discussed, made and interpreted by its Member States and as a proper actor, with its own international legal personality, voice and practice, engaged in the creation and implementation of international law.
This article considers the extraordinary position of the UN in providing a unique contribution to the development, codification and implementation of international law in branches ranging from the law of treaties to the legal principles governing the protection and preservation of the marine environment or the criminal accountability for graves violations of international humanitarian law.
On its 75th anniversary, the Organization has demonstrated its flexibility and adaptability to the changing priorities and concerns of the international community and facilitated the commitment of its Member States to multilateralism and the principles enshrined in the Charter signed on 26 June 1945 in San Francisco. Indeed, the outlook for the next 25 years of international law-making at the UN looks brighter than it may at first appear.