Suchergebnisse

Dans les manifestations de rue à Djakarta, organisées désormais principalement par le Parti de la justice, le slogan " Jugez George Bush ! " a remplacé le leitmotiv de la Reformasi, " Jugez Suharto ! ". L'ambassade des États-Unis s'est transformée en une véritable place forte continuellement assiégée par de petits groupes de militants du Front des défenseurs de l'islam (FPI) et du Mouvement des jeunesses musulmanes (GPI). Conscients de l'embarras extrême de visiteurs obligés de se faufiler entre les haies de policiers des brigades anti-émeutes, les diplomates américains préfèrent donner rendez-vous à leurs interlocuteurs politiques dans les halls des grands hôtels du centre-ville, Hyatt et Mandarin Oriental, plutôt qu'à leur bureau. ÀKualaLumpur, dans les quartiers pour classes moyennes aisées de ShahAlam et de PetalingJaya, point de défilés protestataires, mais une floraison quotidienne de pamphlets dénonçant l'" agression " de la nation irakienne. ÀBandar Seri Begawan, un immense silence, lourd d'inquiétudes sur l'avenir de l'économie de rente, si intimement lié aux tribulations du baril de brut moyen-orienta (.).

This article suggests ways that Department of Justice Attorneys who prosecute state and local law enforcement officers for violation of civil rights under 18 USC §§ 241 and 242 could use state laws that permit revocation of law enforcement officers' licenses. Whereas federal criminal convictions of non-law enforcement defendants are close to 100%, statistics indicate that when law enforcement officers are go to trial in federal court, the conviction rate is closer to 50%. Thus, if a jury is unlikely to convict because of its natural sympathies towards the officer, prosecutor should seriously consider permitting the officer to agree to having his license revoked, rather than risk an acquittal, which will permit the officer to continue in law enforcement. Currently 44 states have laws that permit license revocation. The article recommends that the non-revocation states - California, Hawaii, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York and Rhode Island - enact legislation that would permit revocation, as an alternative or supplement to criminal prosecution.

Although demonstrations by the extreme Right occur almost every weekend in Germany, often attracting regional attention, provoking counter activities, & keeping the police & justice system busy, the qualitative differences in the public appearances of the extreme Right since the 1970s & 1980s remain largely overlooked in research. Evaluation of media reports, police statistics, & publications of the extreme Right clearly indicate conscious use of public demonstrations by neofascist elements of the extreme Right to further internal & external aims. Organizers of these demonstrations are aware of the importance of numbers & symbolic expression for the demonstration of a right-wing presence as well as the establishment of a collective identity in their efforts to broaden the political arena & stabilize & motivate neofascist movements. Further research into the impact of counteractivities on development of these movements, as well as the effect of constant demonstrations on the leaders, participants, & bystanders is necessary, & may reveal whether there is any indication of "institutional forgetfulness" or deep-seated political change in Germany. 12 References. Adapted from the source document.

The decision of the International Court of Justice in the case of a Belgian warrant of arrest against a former Congolese foreign minister concerned two important aspects of modern trends of criminal responsibility of high-ranking state officials. The Hague judges did not discuss the issue of universal jurisdiction, as the Congo withdrew her claims in this field, but instead concentrated on the immunity of the former foreign minister. The Court decided to grant absolute immunity. The present paper seeks to investigate the majority judgment as well as individual opinions by some of the judges. The author is very critical in respect to the judgment expressing the view that the decision is extremely traditional because it does not take into account current trends in state practice & international law doctrine, including obligations erga omnes. In particular, the scope of immunity granted to a former minister exceeds the needs of this post, especially when taking into account the gravity of the imputed crimes. Adapted from the source document.

In this essay, I consider Indian state developmentalism as a process of displacement & Catholic fisher activism as a demand for the reinstatement of full citizenship. On the South Indian coast, the postcolonial state has been an agent both of incorporation & differentiation. As a force of development, the state identified artisanal fishers as an economic community standing apart from the industrializing nation. As a secular force, it identified them as a Catholic community standing apart from the Hindu mainstream. I demonstrate that two overlapping forms of community, each distinguished from an economic or cultural mainstream, have circumscribed the relationship of Catholic fishers to the state & displaced them from the rights of full citizenship. Rather than reject the state & demand cultural autonomy, however, I illustrate how Catholic artisans appropriated & reworked state categories to demand economic justice & full citizenship. My essay argues that they responded to their displacement by secular developmentalism by asserting their rightful place as citizens of the Indian state. 18 References. Adapted from the source document.

Draws upon the distinction between patriotism & nationalism made by George Orwell in his essay, "Notes on Nationalism" (1945), to explore the American Left's "blame America first" thinking about the terrorist attacks of September 11 (2001). It is maintained that seeing the power & imperial arrogance of the US as the world's one major problem not only ignores realities connected with fundamentalist Islam, a lack of democracy, & economic underdevelopment, but assumes that patriotism represents jingoism or gross sentimentality. Nationalism & patriotism are defined, emphasizing Orwell's claim that "two different and even opposing ideas are involved." The components of leftist patriotism are described, along with Orwell's ideological transformation; his belief that a person can be both patriotic & a leftist; & the nature of the Left's "negative nationalism" that rejects inconvenient realities. It is emphasized that the Left must critically examine its own negative nationalism while continuing to fight against both the Bush administration's dangerous unilateralism, & its attack on liberty & social justice. J. Lindroth

A response to Steven R. David's (2003) article on targeted killing in Israel contends that such killing is not only clearly assassination but also immoral & ineffective. David's description of the situation as 'armed conflict' is erroneous because those killed do not meet the legal definition of combatants. International humanitarian law is drawn upon to show why the assassination policy is both illegal & a violation of human rights laws. Contrary to David's assertion, it is contended that targeted killings do not meet the criteria for a 'just war.' David uses moral justifications for immoral acts that ignore laws that were developed to prevent justice from being meted out according to moral intuitions. In addition, there is no evidence to support the policy's effectiveness, & the methods used to implement the killings make the policy illegal in terms of the enormous risk of injury to people not targeted, the possibility of error in the identification of the victim, & the slippery slope created by legitimizing the assassination of individuals. J. Lindroth

This article addresses the issue of automatic succession of law, which occurs at times of territorial modification, especially in regard to national boundaries. Contemporary law accepts as general international law the automatic succession of treaties, which establish borders or specific territorial regimes, & treaties, which codify general international law remain in force. The article studies current practice with a view to crystallizing a general law, which establishes the automatic succession to treaties on the protection of human rights & to humanitarian treaties. Practice shows a presumption in favor of the continuity of treaties on the protection of human rights & humanitarian law applicable in the territory in which the succession takes place. This presumption is, surely, the minimum conclusion. Nevertheless, this process is in an advanced state & it would seem that the express declaration of the International Court of Justice, save extrajuridical reasons, which lead it to be excessively prudent or otherwise the general & express declaration of the states, will in the not-too-distant future concur. Adapted from the source document.

This article explores the relationship between faith communities & the liberal system of government, that operates in contemporary GB. The problem addressed is as follows: liberal democracy relies upon the assumption of the validity of certain general truths: human rights, social justice, individual autonomy, & so on. In our postmodern society, however, social fragmentation has eroded the validity of such assumptions, leaving no universal or neutral benchmark through which to judge competing truth-claims. In particular, different faith traditions posit potentially incommensurable claims about what constitutes a good society. This article assesses the suggestion that in our pluralistic & differentiated society, more & more social decisions should be left to the market or to private rather than collective judgment & responsibility. It suggests various possibilities for reconceptualizing liberalism: for instance, as a modus vivendi providing a framework within which different moral outlooks can 'live & let live,' but suggests that liberalism can have a positive moral content of its own, & need not be merely a coping mechanism for dealing with diversity. Adapted from the source document.