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Intergenerational occupational mobility is a topic that has attracted considerable interest in the economic literature for developed countries. Particularly, one of the central issues in political debate is the role of education on the intergenerational social mobility. The modern capitalist economies are characterised by continual technological changes which lead to the need of a highly skilled workforce. In this potentially meritocratic society, the equality of opportunities, the efficient allocation of talent and the education can be instruments that encourage the social mobility and decrease the effect of the parent's economic status on the career of their children. However, nowadays, there are still some factors that can hinder the achievement of a more equal society. Some of these elements are discrimination, failures of the education system or capital market imperfections. This paper takes into account these facts and sheds empirical evidence for Spain about the relationships between social origin, educational attainment and occupational destination. The methodology applied consists of the specification and estimation of discrete choice models, and the empirical analysis is based on data provided by the Living Condition Survey (LCS) conducted for the Spanish National Statistics Institute (INE) ; Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech.

The reviewed book by T. Piketty has become one of the bestsellers in the world, and soon after its publication appeared reviews expressing both positive (and even enthusiastic) opinions, as well as highly critical ones. The latter, to some extent, refer to the theory of K. Marx, whose works are used by the author in the title of the book and partly in research. The subject of this publication is creation, division and possession of capital (wealth, wealth) in the modern world economy, especially highly developed countries. The key research task undertaken by Piketty concerns changes in the creation and distribution of wealth and income from the 18th century to the present, as well as lessons from this for the society and the present and future. In this context, an important place is occupied by the problem of economic and social inequalities arising in the global process of capital multiplication, which remains in the hands of a small group of its owners. The need to counteract unfavorable phenomena is growing, which leads to the development of a social state, a new type of public policy and the use of strong instruments to redistribute income.

Natural methods of contraception were widely used in developed countries until the late 1960s to space and limit childbirth. In France, when the first contraceptive surveys were conducted, researchers noticed that the use of natural methods was underreported, and questions to correct for this bias were subsequently added. The Demographic and Health Surveys do not currently include questions specific to natural methods. We added such questions to the standard DHS question regarding current contraceptive use when we conducted the Health and Demographic Surveillance System of Ouagadougou (2010 Ouaga HDSS) health survey in Burkina Faso among 758 women aged 15–49. Doing so enabled us to find a notable increase in the proportion of women in union who reported practicing contraception: 58 percent, compared with 38 percent in Ouagadougou in the 2010 Burkina Faso DHS. Thirty‐two percent of women reported using modern medical methods or condoms in both surveys, but use of natural methods was much greater in the 2010 Ouaga HDSS health survey (26 percent) than in the 2010 Burkina Faso DHS (5 percent). Many women classified as having unmet need for family planning in Ouagadougou by the DHS data are in fact users of natural methods. Additional questions that would measure use of natural methods more completely should be tested in different settings.

Ever since its inception, the project of sustainable development has constituted a challenge to deeply entrenched political, economic, and social beliefs in modern societies. Now matured, the project seems to be highly incompatible with the predominant neoliberal capitalist economic system, constitutes a nuisance to the structure of global governance, and is a noticeably controversial issue in North-South politics. However, the project itself was born out of a conflict between two opposing needs – the need for continuous economic growth on the one hand, and the need to protect the environment and achieve intra-generational and intergenerational social equity, on the other. This article argues that reconciling the needs for economic growth with concerns for the environment has been a very intricate and thorny process, hence the controversy over sustainable development's definition, aims, and feasibility. By categorizing, examining, and analyzing sustainable development's inner conflicts, this articles aims at achieving a deeper understanding of today's sustainability stalemate and potential ways to overcome it. A special focus is placed on the implications of the recent prominence of ecological modernization, especially in the developed countries, on the evolution and integrity sustainable development.

Likewise in other developed countries, E-government in public administration in Turkey has been introduced with an aim to improve state's administrative efficiency and competency. These modern administrative approaches and opportunities from technological innovation will inevitably provide high quality services and participation at all levels of the public administration. For this purpose, Turkey established e-Government portal, (e-Devlet Kapısı) a virtual structure which enables access to digital public services. The aim of the e-Government portal is to provide its users service through only one website and safe digital media. Since accessing the services through only one website makes access easier, high speed and system security are required too. The security system requires identity verification, password and e-Signature. Turkey has successfully implemented the e-government project and with sub-projects such as the National Judiciary Information System Turkey received many international awards. Other than public services similar to e-hospital, e-municipality and e-tender, other social service institutions can also use same administrative approach as to make their service available. Therefore, this article shortly analyzes technical and legal challenges and technical, administrative and legal solutions of the e-Government portal.

Positive aspects of international factoring services are viewed in the article. Factoring transactions are used in the developed countries in domestic as well as in foreign markets. Factoring companies have a great experience and opportunity to develop a marketing strategy in the transport, advertising, information and other services that allow the company to get profit from the sale of products more efficient. Distribution of factoring is explained by to the desire of companies and organizations in a market economy to accelerate the turnover of funds in settlements, reduce fees etc. Common trend of international factoring in the world is analyzed. The undisputed leader in the world market of factoring is the UK. There are about 100 factoring companies in the country, which are not subject to licensing, which allows them to develop freely. Besides, traditional European leaders in this sector are France, Germany and Italy. In Eastern Europe, including Ukraine, the factoring market is in its infancy. The main barriers to the development of international factoring in Ukraine are the following: the reluctance of banks to use international factoring because of the complexity of implementation, expensiveness, legislative problems, undeveloped network of factoring institutions, reluctance of some companies to give up shady business, unstable economy and so on.

peer-reviewed ; Most cities have special lanes dedicated to buses, however these lanes are rarely used at full capacity. At the same time governments around the world are encouraging people to buy electric vehicles. This paper proposes the creation of electric vehicle enhanced dedicated bus lanes (E-DBL), by allowing electric vehicles access to bus lanes, in order to improve the use of road capacity. By opening bus lanes to electric vehicles, traffic congestion could be eased, the range of electric vehicles could be extended, and the travel times for electric vehicle owners could be reduced significantly. The paper shows how by introducing EDBLs, the bus journey times are not significantly affected given the current uptake of electric vehicles in most developed countries. This paper presents extensive simulations based on traffic situation in the city of Dublin with regard to the effect of opening up bus lanes to electric vehicles. The results show that even with very high percentages of electric vehicles the bus journey times are not noticeably affected. Opening up bus lanes to electric vehicles can even be beneficial for other road users by reducing congestion on regular lanes, which would further reduce carbon emissions.

У статті розглядаються позитивні і негативні динамічні ефекти, які можуть виникнути в результаті інтеграції України в ЄС. Проаналізовано вплив діяльності транснаціональних корпорацій на формування динамічних ефектів інтеграції. Визначено й обґрунтовано найважливіші державні завдання для посилення і закріплення позитивних динамічних ефектів інтеграції та зведення до мінімуму її негативних наслідків у довгостроковій перспективі. ; The positive and negative dynamic effects that may take place as a result of the integration of Ukraine into the EU are considered in the article. The impact of transnational corporations on the formation of the dynamic effects of integration is analyzed. The most important state tasks to enhancement and strengthening of the positive dynamic effects of integration and to minimize its negative consequences in the long run are identified and substantiated. The research of the dynamic effects of the integration process is performed considering factor of transnationalization of the Ukrainian business. It is explained that the transnationalization of Ukrainian business caused by contradictory processes of globalization. It is substantiated that a decrease in the technological gap with economically developed countries and overcoming the technological backwardness should be a priority task of the modern national policy. The recommendations for decreasing of the negative dynamic effects of integration are provided.

Одной из самых актуальных проблем практического здравоохранения являются болезни системы кровообращения. Социально-демографическая значимость этой группы заболеваний определяется их распространенностью и тяжестью течения, приводящей к высокой смертности и инвалидизации населения. Эти болезни занимают лидирующее место среди всех других причин смерти в большинстве экономически развитых странах мира, в том числе и в Казахстане. При этом основная доля случаев приходится на ишемическую болезнь сердца и особенно на ее острые формы, которые требуют дорогостоящего интервенционного и хирургического лечения. ; One of the most urgent issues of healthcare system is circulatory system diseases (CSD). These diseases are important from the social and demographic points of view because they are wide spread and severe, which results in high mortality and disability rate in population. These diseases are leading among all causes of death in most developed countries, including Kazakhstan. That said, main share of all cases is taken by coronary heart disease(CHD), and especially, its acute forms, which require expensive interventional and surgical therapy. Therefore, the Government, adopted Program titled 'Development of cardiology and cardiosurgery care in the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2007-2009', which contributed to wide spread of cardiology service, and implementation of new high technology methods of diagnostic and therapy.

В статье исследуются вопросы сбора, переработки и утилизации твердых бытовых отходов в стране. Определены наиболее актуальные проблемы тематики, а именно, возрастающие объемы образования отходов и отсутствие эффективной системы управления ими. Исследованы основные методы переработки мусора, их преимущества и недостатки. Проанализирован опыт зарубежных стран и определены приемлемые для Украины подходы, дана их сравнительная характеристика. ; The article is dedicated to the problems of recycling and solid waste. It is investigated traditional methods of waste management (storage, disposal, incineration). Authors insist on ineffectiveness of these methods, because of the pollution increases anthropogenic pressure on the environment. It is proved harmful health effects using the traditional methods of disposal. The question of introducing innovative recycling, particularly separating solid waste, the development and use of clean technology waste processing, using microorganisms, pyrolysis. It is determined implementation barriers such as lack of effective government support, and high cost. It is noted that there is a problem of underestimating the complexity, scope and specifics of the issue. The experience of developed countries is outlined. The comparative performance of existing tariffs for disposal of solid waste is used. The ways of solving problems are done.

This paper critically reviews the literature on the roles of privatisation and market regulations in establishing the stock markets in transitional economies, with the focus on the case of Vietnam. Privatisation, or equitisation in Vietnam, can provide promising candidates for the stock market but can by no means replace the well-established institutions which are crucial for its long-term development. The experience from Russia, Czech Republic, Poland and China had shown that the results of mass privatisation could be frustrated if there was little transparency and investor protection on the stock market. For Vietnam, ownership in equitised State-owned Enterprises was still concentrated with the Government and the insiders, posing various risks to minority shareholders. It then required the authority to strengthen the regulatory environment to improve investor confidence. However, enhancing regulations by imitating those of more advanced markets is not expected to bring desirable outcome for stock markets in less developed countries but instead they should focus on the ability to enforce those regulations. In Vietnam, disclosure requirements imposed on listed companies seemed to be comprehensive but not enforceable. This again reveals another drawback of the stock market in Vietnam that can disadvantage minority shareholders.

In order to explore the most commonly cited correlations between socioeconomic status and drug addiction, I sought to determine the nature of addiction in both developing and developed countries. I pulled data and theories from scientific, legal, social, religious, political, economic, and even anthropological sources in my efforts to pinpoint common risk factors and brainstorm likely solutions. I quickly realized that it was necessary to pay special attention to the cyclical consequences of drug criminalization, the current psychiatric and neurological theories about addiction, and the statistical relationships between factors such as economic status, genetics, environmental influences, and social roles or ideologies. Overwhelming data from both the scientific and humanitarian communities proved in no uncertain terms that criminalization has not and will not eliminate abuse or addiction; in fact, depending on the severity of a given country's penal codes, it can even exacerbate the problem and ensure that it will be perpetuated by generations to come. Further research efforts should include, but not be limited to, more peer-reviewed case studies and experiments on dependence and abuse, specific crime and health data from every country that keeps these records, and a more intensive look at external attempts to gather current data from those that don't.

Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) represents the strategic linkage between a climate change regime and international forest policy. But the future success of REDD+ will depend, in part, on how policy makers perceive the challenges and opportunities it offers stakeholders. This study investigated perceptions toward REDD+ based on interviews with 60 Indonesia-based key-informants influencing REDD+ policy. Interviewees cited "governance reform," "network building," "conservation," and "economic development" as opportunities. The perceived challenges included "REDD+'s complexity," "uncertainty of REDD+ decisions," "REDD+ is a tool of developed countries," and problems inherent within existing forest governance related to coordination, lack of capacity, ambiguity of legal system, and corruption. Adopting a clientelist perspective we draw attention to the underlying causes of these problems and the implication for REDD+. Despite highlighting significant challenges, most informants viewed the REDD+ mechanism as a potentially useful instrument to improve forest governance. Based on our findings, we suggest that identifying governance reforms that do not require major structural changes in the bureaucratic system in the short-term hold the best chance of success for capitalizing on the opportunities REDD+ may offer in the future.

AbstractWhen the G20 took up food security in 2010, many were optimistic that it could bring about positive change by addressing structural problems in commodity markets that were contributing to high and volatile food prices and exacerbating hunger. Its members could tighten the regulation of agricultural commodity futures markets, support multilateral trade rules that would better reflect both importer and exporter needs, end renewable fuel targets that diverted land to biofuels production, and coordinate food reserves. In this article, we argue that although the G20 took on food security as a focus area, it missed an important opportunity and has shown that it is not the most appropriate forum for food security policy. Instead of tackling the structural economic dimensions of food security, the G20 chose to promote smoothing and coping measures within the current global economic framework. By shifting the focus away from structural issues, the G20 has had a chilling effect on policy debates in other global food security forums, especially theUNCommittee on World Food Security (CFS). In addition, the G20 excludes the voices of the least developed countries and civil society, and lacks the expertise and capacity to implement its recommendations.

There were evidence for the inappropriateness of just three pillars of sustainability whenengineers have attempted to construct appropriate technology for underdevelopedcommunities. Engineers from developed countries have tended to conduct technologicaladaptations by treating communities as objects, rather than engaging them as subjects ofdevelopment. As objects, communities could not decide what they wanted to be and wereeven forced into systematic development that was more likely to benefit the developedcountries. However, as subjects, communities can determine their own sustainability andachieve survivability. In this study, seven pillars of survivability are outlined: technical,economic, environmental, social, cultural, judicial, and political. The first three aretangible aspects, and the last three are intangible. The social aspect is the intermediary, thebridge to emerging technological appropriateness. Tangible aspects can be measurednumerically, whereas the intangible ones cannot. The tangible and intermediate aspectsare what engineers must address, and both the intermediate and the intangible ones arewhat they must address specifically to diffuse appropriate technology into local dailyroutines. Tiers of technological appropriateness are also provided to understand theposition of a designed appropriate technology in terms of survivability levels. A holisticapproach that takes these pillars into account will empower communities to reach self-survivability beyond sustainability.