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AbstractWe examine how the United States' response to the situation in Bahrain can be differentiated from that in Libya and Egypt based on a comparative content analysis of the U.S. administration's press releases, remarks, and interviews during the first three months of the Arab Spring movement. Our findings indicate that although the level and duration of violence were comparable, the U.S. government response was strikingly different with the support given to the Bahraini government, in contrast to the critical stances adopted towards Libya and Egypt. We explain how the United States' lack of political incentive to act and concerted support by its allies were influential factors for the United States' differentiated policy during the Arab Spring.

This article investigates the UK animal health sector in the aftermath of the 2001 foot and mouth crisis. The article draws together perspectives from crisis management, policy and institutional change literatures in order to assess the extent of reforms since the epidemic. Interviews with government officials and parliamentarians and the analyses of official documentation indicate that lessons have been learned and there are successes in many areas; yet, there remains key aspects of crisis management that have yet to change, which leave the government vulnerable in the event of more wide‐scale foot and mouth outbreaks. The results of the study serve to suggest that post‐crisis change research should consider making more explicit links with the institutional literature on change dynamics.

This paper examines whether the distribution of public employment affects the electoral support for the incumbent government that allocates jobs. To do this we focus on the Spanish Plan for Rural Employment (PER), a program of temporary public employment introduced by the central government in two lagging regions. We evaluate voters' responsiveness to this policy using municipal-level electoral data and employing an estimator that combines propensity score matching with a difference-indifferences strategy (Heckman et al., Econometrica 65 (1998) 2). We show that the average treatment effect on the treated is a 2 percentage-point increase of the vote share for the ruling party at general elections and we also find evidence of an increase in electoral participation.

The Hong Kong SAR government has always been proud of the fact that Hong Kong retains its top ranking in terms of "market freedom" according to most international rating agencies and think tanks. What the government has been much more reluctant to recognise is that, more than 15 years after the handover, Hong Kong now also tops other developed economies in terms of income inequality. The growing inequality is caused, among other things, by worsening poverty among the aged. This paper attempts to provide an updated analysis of income and wealth polarisation in Hong Kong, with a particular focus on the retirement protection policy and old-age poverty. It will examine the polarising effects of the financialisation of the Hong Kong economy. (China Perspect/GIGA)

В условиях вступления России в ВТО обострились вопросы социально-экономического развития Калининградской обл., что потребовало от федеральных властей корректировки инструментов развития данного региона. В статье на основе анализа подходов, примененных в государственных документах, посвященных развитию Калининградской обл., выделены основные направления государственной политики развития этого региона, предложены подходы к ее дальнейшему совершенствованию.The problems of the socio-economic development of the Kaliningrad region are intensified in the context of Russia's accession in WTO. And this situation required from the federal government the adjustment of mechanisms for the development of the region. On the base of analysis of government documents on the Kaliningrad region development the basic directions of state policy directed to the further improvement of the region is discussed.

The past year was not marked by any noteworthy actions in any direction taken by the Mikhail Myasnikovich Cabinet, either reformative or counter-reformative. The government thus displayed a classic mode of functioning of all Belarusian governments over the past decade. Three main features of this mode can be outlined: (1) thorough elaboration of decrees of the political authorities rather than goal orientation; (2) the launch of a mechanism of shifting the burden of increasing costs of the flawed economic policy onto the population; (3) the never-ending paperwork on the planning of reforms, i. e. baking of large number of strategies and plans by the economic ministries, which do not contain realistic measures to achieve the desired state of affairs.

Can bottom-up relief efforts lead to recovery after disasters? Conventional wisdom and contemporary public policy suggest that major crises require centralized authority to provide disaster relief goods. Using a novel set of comprehensive donation and expenditure data collected from archival records, this paper examines a bottom-up relief effort following one of the most devastating natural disasters of the nineteenth century: the Chicago Fire of 1871. Findings show that while there was no central government relief agency present, individuals, businesses, corporate entities and municipal governments were able to finance the relief effort though donations. The Chicago Relief and Aid Society, a voluntary association of agents with a stake in relief outcomes, leveraged organizational assets and constitutional rules to administer aid.

Finance is important object in government . Finance managing is foundation to manage a country. Finance allocation must describe citizens need ,government need in public service and equity. Finance allocation can't describe political interesting of the man who row the power. Grant fund is one item in budgeting. The Allocation of grant fund in Banten provience in 2013 is Rp. 415.451.525.000,00. It is 20,1 % from total budget in Banten provience. The proportion of Indirect funding is 39%, and 107 % of direct funding. This policy describe that funding for community development and infra strcture is less than grant fund. Fact, many organization which receiving grant fund is not accountabel and fictive, so if the alocation of grant fund too big its cause dis-oriented and manipulating in public budgeting.

This paper sets out to identify elements in the relationship between universities and community economic development, and to recognize the role of the economic development officer on the integration of university activity with community economic development. Specifically, the objective is to identify the areas of common interest and between educational, government, and non-government economic development institutions using the Greater Saint John, New Brunswick context to inform and illustrate. The author concludes that Economic Development Officers (EDOs) and policy makers must incorporate university strategies and capacities into regional development, and put systems and practices in place to support economic developers in forming innovative partnerships with post-secondary institutions.Keywords: university, community economic development, EDO, regional development

Using the new unit root test by Phillips et al. (2011) we show that the Target balances of the German Bundesbank have been exploding from the beginning of 2009 to the beginning of 2013. By implementing a full-allotment policy and reducing the required minimum quality of collaterals in October 2008, the European Central Bank (ECB) refinanced credits in the GIIPS countries to a large extent. Private capital flowed out of the GIIPS countries (Greece, Italy, Ireland, Portugal and Spain), and the Target claims of the German Bundesbank increased significantly. If the Eurozone collapses, the German Bundesbank would lose its Target claims. Because the German Bundesbank would certainly request a recapitalization from the German federal government, German government debt might increase.

Crimes and conflicts are seriously undermining African development. This article assesses the best governance tools in the fight against the scourges. The following findings are established. (1) Democracy, autocracy and voice & accountability have no significant negative correlations with crime. (2) The increasing relevance of government quality in the fight is as follows: regulation quality, government effectiveness, political stability, rule of law and corruption-control. (3) Corruption-control is the most effective mechanism in fighting crime (conflicts). The findings are significantly strong when controlling for age dependency, number of police (and security) officers, per capita economic prosperity, educational level and population density. Justifications for the edge of corruption-control (as the most effective governance tool) and policy implications are discussed.

The purpose of the article is to study the influence of the uprising of 1863–1864 on the Russian policies in the Kingdom of Poland. The author makes an attempt to analyse the special measures of Russian government in the Polish lands during and after the uprising of 1863–1864. He proposes to abandon the use of the term «Russification» in the description of the national policy on the outskirts of the Russian Empire. The results of research allow concluding that the government carried the policies of full harmonization and centralization of the management in the Polish lands, their integration into the Russian Empire, and conducted the emergency measures in the field of linguistic, educational and administrative policies

The purpose of this article is that discuss the reasons of European debt crisis. Every European country adopts austerity policy, which cannot solve government debt problems and further lead to economic exacerbation and continuous recession, based on the neoclassical economic theory. In order to realize the root of European debt crisis, this article adopts the reaseach method of fiscal sociology. In this study, we think that the government debt problem is the result of economic profits conflict based on the Fiscal Sociology. The economic profits conflict of investment, consumption, international business and labor market will have influence on the government's revenue and expenditure. Furthermore, the root of the European debt crisis is the uneven income distribution by financialization and neoliberalism.