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Community is an overarching word that encompasses people in formal and informal settings covering a broad range of activities. Engaging through sound "in community" and "as community" provides the opportunity for participants to come together making and sharing music through song. This paper focuses on voice (singing) across the Tasman within formal and informal locations. Author One draws on interview data within an "informal" space with three community choirs in regional Victoria (Australia) from her wider study Spirituality and Wellbeing: Music in the Community. The data shows that choir members use voice to connect with their local community around issues about social justice and the environment. The choir findings are reported under two overarching themes: connections to singing and wellbeing, and connections to community. Author Two uses narrative reflection as she focusses on the value of song with her generalist pre-service teacher's in a "formal" space within the Bachelor of Education (primary) programme at the University of Auckland in New Zealand. She explores the deeper meaning, and language features such as metaphor and personification that are evident in many songs and argues that songs provide a useful context for cultural and language learning. Her narrative is discussed under two overarching themes: benefits of singing, and social and linguistic connections. Though generalisations about singing across the Tasman cannot be made to other community or educational settings, we assert that singing is a powerful medium that can foster positive growth in education and community settings.

The paper analyzes the formation of a single services market in the Eurasian Economic union. Free trade of services plays an important role in the Eurasian economic integration. It contributes to the development of cross-border trade and business ties of the EAEU partners. The impact of services sector on reciprocal and international trade of member-states is expected to grow further in future as a result of deepening of economic integration and expanding of external economic relations of the EAEU.The paper reviews economic and institutional factors, which may hinder integration of member-states services markets. Among economic impediments the author highlights such factors as a low volume of intraregional trade in services, member-states' orientation on third countries in trade in services, a low level of diversification of brunch structures of their trade in services, a low share of innovative and business services in reciprocal trade, as well as monocentric system of trade in services (with one dominant state in the Union as a main supplier and consumer of services). As an institutional factor the author regards a lack of supranational mechanism of liberalization of reciprocal trade in services. Eurasian economic commission elaborates the plans of liberalization of trade in services. However the power of Commission to influence the decision making process in this sphere is limited by the member-states. The regulation of a single services market belongs to the authority of the Supreme Eurasian Economic Council and is beyond of the scope of direct competences of the Commission.

The article is devoted to the analysis of trust as a social resource of society. It is established that awareness of the importance of trust for the society functioning is directed by the logic of scientific thought that proceeds from theoretical conceptualization of phenomenon of trust to the search for mechanisms of practical management of trust as a social resource.The main purpose of the article is to identify the mechanisms for managing the social resource of trust. In connection with this, the basic achievements and directions of the study of the phenomenon of trust are described. According to the latest theoretical researches it is substantiated the necessity of interpreting trust as a sociological category. The interdependence between trust and social capital is described. An understanding of trust in the sense of social resource is revealed. The main experience of empirical measurement of trust in Ukraine is presented.The author proposes the main mechanisms for management of social resource of trust on the example of Ukrainian society: 1) practical sociological measurement of trust; 2) reproduction of trust criteria; 3) informing; 4) tools of control; 5) creation and implementation of socially significant initiatives. Also author insist on the necessity to distinguish the constructive and manipulative forms of mechanisms for management of social resource of trust, as well as the features by which they are determined. The revealed mechanisms for management of social resource of trust are proposed to take into account in the future theoretical developments, empirical studies and practical social management.

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to challenge the default portrayal of street trade as an informal occupation and spatial practice, by examining comparatively the changes in the regulatory frameworks of two politically distinct city administrations in Latin America since the introduction of the informal economy debate.


Design/methodology/approach
This paper draws from a comparative case study design to synthesize evidence from historical administrative records, secondary research and materials from a two-year fieldwork carried out in Lima and Bogotá in 2008 and 2009.


Findings
The author argues that the incorporation of the informal economy framework into local governments' policymaking has reframed street trade as a subject of policy. Since the 1970s, the author traces a shift from worker-centered initiatives, through the deregulation of street trade, to entrepreneurial-centered approaches. Nowadays, both, Lima's neoliberal governance focusing on "formalizing" and Bogotá's socialist/progressive governance aiming at "upgrading" street trade respond more explicitly to distinct assessments about the informal economy – legalist and dualist, respectively. Yet, both cities converge in that the closer street trade is perceived as an informal occupation; the more likely policy initiatives decouple the right to work from the right to access public space, spurring more marginal forms of street vending.


Originality/value
Even though the informal economy framework has helped to draw attention to important policy issues locally, nationally and internationally, this paper calls for a critical revision of such framing at the local level to allow for inclusive urban governance.

The international trading order has lately come under increased pressure: the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) struggles to pass ratification; the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) negotiations are stalled; and the Trans- Pacific Partnership (TPP) has been downsized. The overarching issue is to find the right balance between trade liberalization, on the one hand, and non-trade values, on the other hand. Critics of the current system point out that the law as it stands emphasizes excessive trade liberalization to the detriment of the regulatory autonomy of national lawmakers. The author submits that the key clause affecting the entire system is the introductory clause of the general exceptions: the chapeau. This clause also features in free trade agreements (FTAs) and international investment agreements, as it is common practice to draw on the language of the WTO Agreement. The interpretative conflict pivots around two extremes: On one end of the spectrum, the chapeau is read as a stringent threshold requirement, thus reducing the policy space of states to regulate public welfare matters. On the other end, the chapeau reaffirms the tenet of good faith, which guides the performance of every treaty in any event. The author argues that the meaning of the chapeau should be clarified by negotiators in future FTAs, such as RCEP, with a view to curtailing its restrictive clout while maintaining its potential to promote good governance, notably administrative due process, and advances a concrete proposal to this effect.

Independently, the study of whiteness and the study of time are important interventions in sociology. A solid foundation for any empirical investigation of the relationship between whiteness and the racialized temporalities of racialized youth, however, has yet to be set. Drawing on data from 30 in-person interviews and ethnographic methods, the author explores how racialized youth interpret time in relation to whiteness and the experiences of white youth. The data for this research are based on more than one year of fieldwork at Run-a-Way, a multiservice center for youth. Results show that racialized youth view white youth as having more time to take advantage of educational and employment opportunities. As a result of the perceived temporal advantage held by their white counterparts, racialized youth expressed feelings of temporal inequality and disparate life chances. Forced to work twice as hard to be half as good, youth saw their time horizons as compressed. The author shows how racialized youth lose time through physical, psychic, and emotional labor required to process racialization and racism and illustrates the various structural mechanisms that steal their time. Despite the temporal inequalities between them and their white counterparts, youth at Run-a-Way discovered ways to invert the terms of temporality to ensure that their culture was always most relevant and "up to date." Although whiteness is linked to modernity and that which is future oriented, racialized youth viewed their white counterparts as behind time, lame, or just plain "wack" (uncool).

The author advances a thesis about the folk pedigree of the modern Polish nation. He sees the present shape of the nation in the history of Polish nationalism and proves that the long period after the nation's loss of independence favored the nation's image of itself as an nation "eternally faithful" to the Church, with a common religion, language, and customs. He emphasizes that the struggle for Polishness based on such a view of the nation was folk-oriented, egalitarian, and democratic, and that after the acquisition of statehood the country's borders were decided by the Greater Poland and Silesian uprisings, which were popular in nature, and by the defeat of the Soviet offensive [sic!] in 1920, thanks to the engagement of the common people. In restored Poland, peasant groupings undertook many political initiatives; a government was formed and announced a revolutionary program for a democratic state. The parliamentary act on agricultural reform, the Constitution of March 1921, and elections according to the new constitution showed that the people's and workers' parties had acquired significant power. Thanks to this activeness, the new Polish nation had a peasant face. The author connects his thesis about the folk pedigree of the Polish nation with the present as well. He gives examples of cultural continuity and of the contributions made by classes of the common people. He views the forming middle class as a post-peasant level, unequipped with mature cultural capital but balancing between folk — mainly peasant — culture and mass culture.

In the article an attempt is made to reconstruct alcoholic and drug abdiction lines of flight relying on Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari's reflections and some Lithuanian writers' insights by asking the question what are the peculiarities of this line looking from the perspective of everyday economy. The author notices that Deleuze connects the everyday regime of an alcoholic style of life with the concepts of limit and threshold, the paradigm of disenchántedness and becoming imperceptible. On the other side, he discerns alcoholism as a social style of life preferred by creative personalities, relying on the mode of life examples of some American creators, John Ford (1894–1973), Jack London (1876–1916), and Francis Scott Fitzgerald (1896–1940). Thirdly, the author in this article notices that by connecting the drug users line of flight with the molecular becoming and taking the examples of Henri Michaux (1899–1984) and Antonin Artaud (1896–1948) experiences Deleuze and Guattari discover the paradoxical sticking of this line of flight to the spiral moving not upwards but downwards. In the article the rhetorical question is asked: is it possible that Deleuze and Guattari wax lyrical these destructive modes of life as creative lines of flight? Nevertheless, the final conclusion is that after making the attempt to discover the inner framework of such possible styles of life, Deleuze and Guattari come to the conclusion that the best intoxication is abstinence, and the topmost level of intoxication is reached by pure water.

Scholars have long identified political bias in the way African politicians distribute state resources. Much of this literature focuses on the role of group identities, mainly ethnicity, and partisanship. This article shifts the focus to local governments, which have become increasingly important players in basic social service provision, and argues that public goods allocation under democratic decentralization is intimately shaped by historical identities. Specifically, the author highlights the role of identities rooted in the precolonial past. To explain this, she articulates a theory of institutional congruence, arguing that greater spatial overlap between formal institutional space and informal social identities improves the ability of elites to overcome local coordination problems. Looking to the West African state of Senegal, the author deploys a nested analysis, drawing on interviews with rural Senegalese elites to understand how the precolonial past shapes local politics today via the social identities it left behind. She also tests the argument with a unique, geocoded data set of village-level public goods investments in the 2000s, finding that areas that were once home to precolonial states distribute goods more broadly across space. These patterns cannot be explained by ethnic or electoral dynamics. Two brief examples from on-the-line cases illuminate how the presence of precolonial identities facilitates local cooperation. The article thus calls into question the tendency to treat identities as static over time, highlighting the interactive relationship between institutions and identities while drawing attention to emerging subnational variation in local government performance following decentralization reforms across the developing world.

AbstractCountries throughout the world practice several forms of transitional justice, hoping to attain peace, democratic stability and reconciliation. They apply different mechanisms to achieve these goals. Thispaper offers a theoretical analysis of foundation, proceedings and legacy of the Extraordinary hambersin the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC). First, the Author examines the notion of the analysis of hybrid courts as a way of overcoming constraints that criminal justice mechanisms in post-conflict societies may face. Second, the Author explores the so-called "Khmer Rouge Tribunal". Due to the significance and controversies that surround the ECCC, its work attracts great attention. Furthermore, political will is critical, so these hybrid judicial institutions should have more international support in terms of political means, funds, dissemination of results, and complementary mechanisms of transitional justice.IntisariNegara-negara di seluruh dunia mempraktikkan beragam bentuk keadilan transisional, dengan harapan untuk memelihara perdamaian, stabilitas demokrasi, dan rekonsiliasi. Mereka menerapkan mekanisme yang berbeda-beda untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut. Penelitian ini menyajikan analisis teori yang dilakukan terhadap landasan, proses, dan pengaruh Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC). Pertama-tama, penelitian ini meninjau gagasan mengenai analisa terhadap pengadilan hibrida sebagai cara untuk mengatasi kendala yang dihadapi oleh mekanisme pengadilan pidana di masyarakat pascakonflik, dan kedua, mengeksplorasi apa yang disebut "Pengadilan Khmer Rouge". Karena signifikansi dan kontroversi yang menyelubungi ECCC, karyanya menerima perhatian yang besar. Tekad secara politis sangat penting, sehingga pengadilan hibrida ini dapat memperoleh dukungan internasional lebih banyak dalam hal sarana politik, dana, penyebaran hasil, dan mekanisme untuk melengkapi keadilan transisional.

BACKGROUND: Meta-analysis of the impact of public smoking bans on children's exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure at home.METHODS: The electronic databases of PubMed, Web of Science, PsycINFo, ASSIA, CINAHL were searched. German public health journals not captured by these databases and grey literature were considered in addition. Studies were included when they reported children's SHS exposure at home in relation to smoke-free legislation by measuring exposure before and after the introduction of a public smoking ban. Studies had to provide results on exposure prevalences of children aged below 18 years. Language of publications was restricted to German and English. Details of the included studies (n = 15) were extracted by one author and checked for accuracy by a second author. Given the exposure prevalences before and after the introduction of a smoke-free legislation, a random-effects meta-analysis of relative risks (RR) was conducted. Results were presented in a forest plot. RESULTS: Meta-analysis showed that the overall effect was a decreased exposure to SHS in the children's homes after introduction of a public smoking ban (RR = 0.72; 95% CI = 0.62–0.83). Only two of the 15 studies indicated an increased exposure. Sensitivity analyses considering the type of smoke-free legislation, children's age group and study quality did not substantially alter the result. CONCLUSION: The assumption of a displacement of smoking into homes with children due to smoke-free legislation in public places could not be confirmed. Additional research is needed to analyse long-term trends.

The purpose of the article is to summarize the creative, productive and educational activity of the Ukrainian theatre since the 1960s–1980s, which was highlighted the author's previous articles. Methodology of investigation consists of several methods: analytical method (to study historical, art critical and culture logical resources to form the methodological fundamentals of the research); historical method (to analyze the general circumstances of the development of the Ukrainian theoretical art at that period of time); method of art criticism (to research the main achievements and failures of the Ukrainian theatre); method of searching (to look for the information to prove the author's suggestions) and theoretical method (to summarize the results of the research). Scientific novelty of work is the author's point of view on the condition of the dramaturgy of the investigated period, which is different from the widespread opinion. The author proposes his own vision of the problems of the social and political life and the changes in the bureaucratic apparatus, which ruled the theatrical sphere at that period. Conclusions. In the article, the author has shown that in the 1960s-1980s the Ukrainian theatre was under the pressure of the Soviet authority, which did its best to prevent staging the actual problematic play in the Ukrainian theatres and to provide formal personal management in the theatres. Despite the state policy, the artists tried actively to take part in the social life of the country and develop the theatrical sphere.

The article describes the main characteristics of the court layers during the main historical time: from the end of the XVII century till early XX century. The author uses the historical – comparative and problematicchronological methods. The article`s aim is to investigate the transformation processes of the legal and the professional layers status in Volhynian gubernia during the determined periods. The paper defi nes the main stages of the functioning of the advocacy of the Volhynian lands, observes the evolution of the basic requirements and rules for court layers in accordance with the feudal Lithuanian- Polish and Russian imperial legislation towards the democratization of the lawyer profession, which was started up by the bourgeois Court Statutes (1864). In the second part of the XIX century – at the beginning of the XX century the criteria of mandatory presence of real property and belonging to the nobility disappeared. The requirements for compulsory higher education, practical experience were placed on fi rst place. At the same time, professionalism, discipline, corporate ethics and willingness to provide free legal assistance to the indigents remained valid factors, although the professional abusive practice and even criminal acts took place. The author analyzes and compares the legal and the professional status of the district courts procurators of the Volhynian gubernia in the beginning of the XIX century and sworn jurors of the Zhytomyr Regional Court in the second half of the XIX and early XX century.

Security in heat supply systems plays an important role in social, technical and political terms. It includes three main components: energy security, security of heat supply, security of people. The differences concern the subject, area, scope, as well as the degree and purpose of the analyses. The article is a continuation of research conducted by the author, presenting the concept of security of heat supply as a necessary &ldquo ; umbrella&rdquo ; supported by reliability and system resilience to threats, constituting a set of actions aimed at minimizing the risk. The subject of the analysis of this article is the security of heat supply, analysed in the context of heat supply management to recipients and risk analysis related to the lack of heat supply. The elements of decision theory were used as adequate for this purpose. Different configurations of heat distribution in the system have been taken into account when determining the expected values of risk related to the occurrence of power limitation for various degrees of restrictions and various network configurations. The author&rsquo ; s use of elements of decision theory in heat supply systems illustrated at the work gives the opportunity to assess and manage the security of heat supply to the recipient. It takes into account the possibility of different heat distribution configurations in the system at the operational stage, as well as may be the basis for optimizing changes in the distribution of power supply areas and selecting the most advantageous network configuration at the design stage.

This is a review of a book on the social activity of Evangelicals and Baptists in Russia and the USSR between 1905 and 1929, which was referred to as the compassionate ministry. The author singles out three patterns of compassionate ministry (mutual help as part of a strategy of survival during the period of persecution, ministry to the destitute in order to increase their influence, and Christian economic communities as a means of achieving the economic independence of the religious community), describes the diversity of the religious group, shows the complexity of the social and political context, defines the ministry's main objectives, draws conclusions, and informs the reader of further research areas. According to the author, the compassionate ministry was voluntary, was aimed at the expansion of faith, and should be considered an important marker of Evangelical and Baptist identity. ; Представлена рецензия на монографию, посвященную социальной вовлеченности евангельских христиан и баптистов в России и СССР в 1905–1929 гг., которая в соответствии с конфессиональным узусом обозначена как служение милосердия. Автор выделяет три основных паттерна служения милосердия (взаимопомощь как часть стратегии выживания во времена преследований, служение обездоленным как часть стратегии расширения влияния, а также христианские хозяйственные сообщества как часть стратегии экономической независимости конфессионального сообщества), описывает многообразие евангельско-баптистской среды, показывает сложный общественно-политический контекст, в котором это служение осуществлялось, называет его главную цель, делает выводы и обозначает потенциал для дальнейших исследований. По мысли автора, служение милосердия было добровольным и массовым, имело целью экспансию веры и явилось важным маркером идентичности евангельских христиан и баптистов.