Suchergebnisse

Стаття присвячена філософському та культурологічному аналізу філософії постмодернізму (постструктуралізму) на основі методології гегельянства, гайдеґґерівської філософії мови, структурного психоаналізу, деконструктивізму, герменевтики, універсальної етики та філософії діалогу. У статті обґрунтовується теза про те, що постмодернізм як модель теоретичної рефлексії є автономним щодо лібералізму та релятивізму концептом "французької школи", що має антиліберальну спрямованість і за закладеними в нього імпліцитними буттєвими смислами кореспондує з консервативним християнським світовідчуттям. Середньовічними онтологічними "ядрами" постмодернізму постають концепти "реального" Ж. Лакана, "археписьма" Ж. Дерріда, "шизоїда" Ж. Дельоза, "рефігурації мови" П. Рікера. Таким чином, звільнений від стереотипів релятивації, постмодернізм постає як третя (консервативна) альтернатива в опозиції європейського вибору між лібералізмом та радикалізмом. ; Статья посвящена философскому и культурологическому анализу философии постмодернизма (постструктурализма) на основе методологии гегельянства, хайдеггеровской философии языка, структурного психоанализа, деконструктивизма, герменевтики, универсальной этики и философии диалога. В статье обосновывается тезис о том, что постмодернизм как модель теоретической рефлексии является автономным по отношению к либерализму и релятивизму концептом "французской школы", имеет антилиберальную направленность и по заложенным в него имплицитным бытийными смыслам корреспондирует с консервативным христианским мироощущением. Средневековыми онтологическими "ядрами" постмодернизма предстают концепты: "реального" Ж. Лакана, "археписьма" Ж. Деррида, "шизоида" Ж. Делёза, "рефигурации языка" П. Рикёра. Таким образом, освобожденный от стереотипов релятивации, постмодернизм выступает как третья (консервативная) альтернатива в оппозиции европейского выбора между либерализмом и радикализмом. ; The article is devoted to the philosophical and cultural analysis of postmodern philosophy (post-structuralism) on the basis of the Hegelian methodology, Heidegger's philosophy of language, structural psychoanalysis, deconstructionism, hermeneutics, universal ethics and philosophy of dialogue. The article substantiates the thesis that postmodernism as a model of theoretical reflection is autonomous with regard to liberalism and relativism with the concept of a "French school", which has an anti-liberal orientation and corresponds to the conservative Christian attitudes imposed by implicit ontological meanings. The medieval ontological "nuclei" of postmodernism are concepts: "Real" by J. Lacan, "Archepism" by J. Derrida, "Schizoid" by J. Deleuze, "language reconfiguration" by P. Ricker. Thus, freed from the stereotypes of relativity, postmodernism appears as a third (conservative) alternative in opposition to the European choice between liberalism and radicalism.The double standard extends to the attitude of liberals to radical currents in crisis processes. Initially, liberal leaders take an overwhelming majority in right-wing nationalism, using it as a tool to support the status quo of capitalism, a means of distracting the masses from real problems, and a mechanism of intimidation. When the mass is intimidated enough, it is proposed to liberalism as "a source of defacing" as the "only alternative". We can talk about the artificial situation of identifying the choice of Fa versus Antifa for the subject who is forced to choose between "purse and life" - between multiculturalism and radical nationalismThe key task of structural psychoanalysis is not only the returning of the conflict to its original place, that is, the disclosure of the deep-seated class traumas of the capitalist neoliberal world itself, according to S. Zizek and other representatives of the Slovenian school, but also - the separation of the philosophy of postmodernism as a spiritual phenomenon from political projects of neoliberalism and multiculturalism, which until recently were considered an applied dimension of postmodern politics and promoted the introduction into the social practice of the vicious circle "liberalism - nationalism liberalism" - a circle that does not provide choice and which excludes from its own semiosfery any other values: ethical and dialogical, modern, conservative, religious, international, non-system Left (antyhlobalistic) and others. In order to realize this task, postmodernism must be considered under the other (not postmodern) viewpoint, depriving it of the stereotypes of "relativism", "cynicism" and "enlightenment", that is, it is necessary to demonstrate that the authentic core of postmodern philosophy is far from multicultural indifference of "post-truth" and includes expressive ontological motives.The double goal of our study: to carry out a critical rethinking of postmodernism as a form of manifestation of a conservative attitude based on hereditary archetypes of the Middle Ages and Modernism, and to show that postmodernism as a philosophy is not the cause of the tragic self-denial of postmodernism as an applied measurement of multiculturalism, that multiculturalism with its vicious circles of relativity , devastation and radicalism is separate from the phenomenon of postmodernism and belongs to the "shock" project of American liberal democracy, and not to "French school" Moreover, the School of Post-Structuralism of the Sorbonne, as the basis of postmodernism, is the descendant of the Marxist school of "new left" in Frankfurt and its meaning is fundamentally anti-capitalist and anti-liberal.By combining among themselves in a single interdisciplinary field the classical philosophy of M. Heidegger's language, J. G. Derrida's "grammar", G. Lacan's structural psychoanalysis, J. Habermas's universal ethics, J. de Gaulle's schizodiscourse, and hermeneutics and the philosophy of P. Ricker's dialogue, we have shown that In the semantic field of postmodernism there are ontological kernels of conservatism, which approximate this philosophical model to medieval traditionalist thought and make the border between modern and postmodern very conditional. The return of postmodernism to the status of the philosophy of being and the liberation of the French school from the stereotypes of "lack" and "loseness" is necessary in order to protect postmodernism from accusations of cynicism, relativism and "emptiness", since these allegations are, firstly, based on the mixing of postmodernism with liberal irony, and, secondly, often serve as an excuse for the revival of various kinds of fundamentalist aspirations. We have shown that liberalism, by provoking through the irony of the identification of the "illusion", initially contributes to the development of radical movements, and then, when they emerge from the symbolic control, they remove them from the agenda as "fascist", opposing them to themselves. There is a closed vicious circle of impossibility to choose between "Fa and Antifa". Our work was an attempt to remove postmodernism from this circle.

The article is devoted to the experimental verification of the author's methodology for the development of the communicative competency of multinational staff officers in the process of their military-professional training for the participation in international peace and security operations. The program of the experimental research, peculiarities of carrying out the pedagogical experiment, results of the experimental verification of the author's methodology have been covered.The experimental study has been carried out in accordance with the experimental work program, which includes the analytical-summative, analytical-research, research-experimental and final-generalizing stages, and contains a list of activities planned for the implementation.The specificity of the multinational staff officers` military training for the participation in international peace and security operations has led to carrying out a consistent pedagogical experiment aimed at identifying significant differences in the levels of development of officers` communicative competency, based on substantiated criteria and indicators in one experimental group before and after the formative phase of the pedagogical experiment. In the formation of the study sample, an all-encompassing sampling method has been used, which means that everyone of a relatively small actual sample has to be examined.According to the results of the formative stage of the experiment, the positive influence of the author's methodology on the dynamics of the development of the student-officers` communicative competency has been proved. After the approbation of the author's methodology, the number of students with a high level of development of communicative competency has increased by 37.3%, and the number of students with a sufficient level – by 16%. At the same time, the number of students with a satisfactory level decreased by 41.3%. All students with a low level at the summative stage of the experiment moved to higher levels of development of their communicative competency. The integral coefficient of the development of the communicative competency of student-officers in the experimental group after the formative stage of the experiment (3.41) has increased by 1.03 in comparison with the indicator at the summative stage (2.38).By calculating the reliability of the experimental data on the T-criterion of Wilcoxon, it has been found that the indicators after the formative stage of the pedagogical experiment exceed the values of the indicators at the summative stage. This made it possible to conclude that the implementation of the author's methodology for the development of the communicative competency of multinational staff officers has had a positive impact on the growth of the coefficient of its development ; Статья посвящена экспериментальной проверке авторской методики развития коммуникативной компетентности офицеров многонациональных штабов в процессе военно-профессиональной подготовки к участию в международных операциях по поддержанию мира и безопасности. Освещены программа экспериментального исследования, особенности проведения педагогического эксперимента, результаты экспериментальной проверки авторской методики.Экспериментальное исследование проведено в соответствии с программой экспериментальной работы, которая охватывает аналитико-констатирующий, аналитико-поисковый, исследовательно-экспериментальный и завершающе-обобщающий этапы, и содержит перечень запланированных для выполнения мероприятий.Специфика военно-профессиональной подготовки офицеров многонациональных штабов к участию в международных операциях по поддержанию мира и безопасности обусловила проведение последовательного педагогического эксперимента, который был направлен на установление достоверных различий в уровнях развитости коммуникативной компетентности по обоснованным критериям и показателям в одной экспериментальной группе до и после формирующего этапа педагогического эксперимента. При формировании выборки применялся сплошной выборочный метод, сущность которого заключается в сплошном обследовании относительно небольшой генеральной совокупности.По результатам формирующего этапа эксперимента выявлено положительное влияние авторской методики на динамику развитости коммуникативной компетентности слушателей в экспериментальной группе. После апробации авторской методики количество слушателей с высоким уровнем развитости коммуникативной компетентности выросла на 37,3 %, достаточным – на 16 %. В то же время, уменьшилось количество слушателей с удовлетворительным уровнем – на 41,3 %. Все слушатели с низким уровнем на констатирующем этапе эксперимента перешли на более высокие уровни развитости коммуникативной компетентности. Интегральный коэффициент развитости коммуникативной компетентности после формирующего этапа эксперимента (3,41) вырос на 1,03 по сравнению с показателем на констатирующем этапе (2,38).С помощью расчета достоверности экспериментальных данных по Т-критерию Вилкоксона было выяснено, что показатели после формирующего этапа педагогического эксперимента превышают значения показателей на констатирующем этапе. Это позволило сделать вывод о том, что внедрение авторской методики развития коммуникативной компетентности офицеров многонациональных штабов повлияло на рост коэффициента ее развитости ; Статтю присвячено експериментальній перевірці авторської методики розвитку комунікативної компетентності офіцерів багатонаціональних штабів у процесі військово-професійної підготовки до участі у міжнародних операціях з підтримання миру та безпеки. Висвітлено програму експериментального дослідження, особливості проведення педагогічного експерименту, результати експериментальної перевірки авторської методики.Експериментальне дослідження проведено відповідно до програми експериментальної роботи, що охоплює аналітико-констатувальний, аналітико-пошуковий, дослідно-експериментальний і завершувально-узагальнюючий етапи, та містить перелік запланованих для виконання заходів.Специфіка військово-професійної підготовки офіцерів багатонаціональних штабів до участі у міжнародних операціях з підтримання миру та безпеки зумовила проведення послідовного педагогічного експерименту, який був спрямований на встановлення достовірних відмінностей у рівнях розвиненості комунікативної компетентності за обґрунтованими критеріями і показниками в одній експериментальній групі до та після формувального етапу педагогічного експерименту. При формуванні вибірки застосовувався суцільний вибірковий метод, сутність якого полягає у суцільному обстеженні відносно невеликої генеральної сукупності.За результатами формувального етапу експерименту виявлено позитивний вплив авторської методики на динаміку розвиненості комунікативної компетентності слухачів в експериментальній групі. Після апробації авторської методики кількість слухачів з високим рівнем розвиненості комунікативної компетентності зросла на 37,3 %, достатнім – на 16 %. Водночас, зменшилась кількість слухачів із задовільним рівнем – на 41,3 %. Всі слухачі з низьким рівнем на констатувальному етапі експерименту перейшли на вищі рівні розвиненості комунікативної компетентності. Інтегральний коефіцієнт розвиненості комунікативної компетентності після формувального етапу експерименту (3,41) зріс на 1,03 у порівнянні з показником на констатувальному етапі (2,38).За допомогою розрахунку достовірності експериментальних даних за Т-критерієм Вілкоксона було з'ясовано, що показники після формувального етапу педагогічного експерименту перевищують значення показників на констатувальному етапі. Це уможливило висновок про те, що упровадження авторської методики розвитку комунікативної компетентності офіцерів багатонаціональних штабів вплинуло на зростання коефіцієнта її розвиненості

Rangelands, which occupy around 40% of the global land area, can be perceived as socioecologicalsystems, representing the heritage of centuries-old pastoral cultures, and containing a great variety of species. Large parts of those rangelands are increasingly affected by far-reaching degradation processes. In order to develop sustainable management strategies, a better understanding of complex pastoral ecosystems and its utilization regimes is indispensable. The cumulative dissertation thesis presented here seeks to improve knowledge and understanding through the analysis of ecological aspects in the context of grazing intensity in Kyrgyzstan. The main focus lies on the investigation of soil and vegetation parameters along a grazing gradient. During the post-Soviet era, the Kyrgyz Republic was subjected to far-reaching political and economic transformations with various social and commercial restrictions, especially for communities on the local level. Today, most households maintain animal husbandry to sustain their livelihoods. Traditional pasture practices, however, such as annual migratory livestock movements are no longer followed due to high costs and a lack of infrastructure. As a consequence, large parts of the rangelands, in particular winter pastures close to settlements, exceed their carrying capacity and undergo degradation processes. In the light of the above, this PhD thesis aims at providing an ecological assessment as well as an evaluation of the future availability of pastoral resources of Kyrgyz high-mountain pastures in the Naryn Oblast. Based on the first-time recorded data within the Kara-Kujur valley as part of the Naryn Oblast, the largest and most important Kyrgyz Oblast concerning agriculture, the impact of grazing intensity on different aspects such as soil parameters, vegetation structure, amount of biomass, functional plant traits and biodiversity has been analyzed. Based on our investigations we were able to demonstrate that the intensive use of winter pastures is reflected edaphically by higher pH values and lower contents of organic matter. By contrast, the soils of summer pastures are richer in nutrients. Differences in the floristic composition between winter and summer pastures have to be attributed mainly to a higher grazing intensity on winter pastures. The latter are characterized by rankless Bupleurum thianschanicum-Androsace dasyphylla communities, whereas on summer pastures rankless Trisetum spicatum-Ptilagrostis mongholica communities are dominant. In addition, significant differences regarding the amount of biomass show the severe impact of permanent grazing, with winter pastures producing less than half of the biomass compared to summer pastures. We found significant differences between summer and winter pastures in terms of functional plant traits, e.g. plant height, flowering start or leaf traits (specific leaf area and leaf mass per area). Species of winter pastures are primarily characterized by a resistance strategy with correspondingly lower plant height, earlier flowering or a generally higher leaf mass per area, which is typical for slow-growing species whose leaves are built to persist. The analysis of species richness and diversity indices has also shown that intense grazing is associated with the loss of species, demonstrated by summer pastures which are significantly richer in species. However, winter pastures showed a more frequent occurrence of rare endemic species. This underlines the need for preserving biodiversity through the implementation of sustainablegrazing management. The introductory section of this thesis discusses the historical background and political changes which are directly linked to the management of pasture resources in Kyrgyzstan. The state of the art regarding pastoral ecological research in Kyrgyzstan is also presented. The subsequent chapter describes the methodical approach of data collection as well as the applied statistical methods. This is followed by an overview of the four articles representing the main part of this dissertation as well as by references to further publications and oral presentations. In a final section, the central findings are summarized and discussed, followed by a synthesis of ecological and socio-economic data, includingsuggestions for sustainable pasture use. ; Weideflächen, die in etwa 40% der globalen terrestrischen Oberflächen einnehmen, stellen gekoppelte sozial-ökologische Systeme dar. Sie repräsentieren das Erbe seit Jahrhunderten bestehender landwirtschaftlich geprägter Kulturen, und beinhalten eine große Artenvielfalt. Große Teile dieser Weideflächen sind von weitreichenden Veränderungen wie z.B. Degradierungsprozessen betroffen. Um nachhaltige Managementstrategien entwickeln zu können, ist ein besseres Verständnis von komplexen Weideökosystemen und deren Nutzungsregimen unabdingbar. Die hier präsentierte kumulative Dissertation soll durch die Analyse von ökologischen Aspekten der Weidenutzung in Kirgistan weiterführende Erkenntnisse liefern. Ein besonderer Fokus liegt hierbei auf der Untersuchung von Boden- und Vegetationsparametern entlang eines Nutzungsgradienten. Im Zuge des post-sowjetischen Transformationsprozesses wurde die Bevölkerung Kirgistans vor neue Herausforderungen in Bezug auf die Sicherung ihrer Lebensgrundlage gestellt. Gegenwärtig ist die Viehhaltung für viele Haushalte die wirtschaftliche Grundlage. Allerdings können traditionelle Weidepraktiken, wie die saisonale Weidemigration, aufgrund hoher Kosten und fehlender Infrastruktur nicht mehr aufrechterhalten werden. Als Konsequenz daraus überschreiten große Teile der Weideflächen, hauptsächlich die Winterweiden in der Nähe von Siedlungen, ihre Tragfähigkeit und sind von Degradierungsprozessen betroffen. Daher stellt die ökologische Bewertung als auch die Abschätzung zukünftig verfügbarer Weideressourcen auf kirgisischen Hochweiden im Naryn-Oblast das Ziel der vorliegenden Dissertation dar. Anhand von erstmals erfassten Daten im Kara-Kujur Tal des stark landwirtschaftlich geprägten Naryn-Oblast konnte der Beweidungseinfluss auf verschiedene Einflussgrößen wie Bodenparameter, Vegetationsstruktur, Anteil an Biomasse, funktionelle Pflanzenmerkmale und Artenvielfalt dargestellt werden. Es hat sich gezeigt, dass die intensive Nutzung der Winterweiden edaphisch durch höhere pH-Werte und geringere Anteile an organischer Substanz widergespiegelt wird. Die Sommerweiden konnten als grundsätzlich nährstoffreicher beschrieben werden. Unterschiede in der floristischen Zusammensetzung konnten in erster Linie auf die geringere Nutzungsintensität der Sommerweiden zurückgeführt werden. Winterweiden werden durch die ranglose Bupleurum thianschanicum-Androsace dasyphylla-Gesellschaft charakterisiert, wohingegen auf den Sommerweiden die ranglose Trisetum spicatum-Ptilagrostis mongholica-Gesellschaft vorherrscht. Des Weiteren zeigen signifikante Unterschiede in der Biomasse den gravierenden Einfluss von dauerhafter Beweidung, wobei die Winterweiden im Vergleich zu Sommerweiden nicht einmal die Hälfte des Biomasseanteils aufweisen. Auch anhand funktioneller Pflanzenmerkmale, wie z.B. Wuchshöhe, Blühbeginn oder Blatteigenschaften (spezifische Blattfläche und Blattgewicht pro Fläche), konnten Unterschiede zwischen den Sommer- und Winterweiden festgestellt werden. Arten der Winterweiden sind primär durch eine Abwehr-Strategie gekennzeichnet mit entsprechend geringerer Wuchshöhe, einer früheren Blühphase oder auch einem generell höheren Blattgewicht pro Fläche, was typisch für langsam wachsende Pflanzen ist, deren Blattbildung auf längere Lebensdauer ausgerichtet ist. Die Analyse von Artenvielfalt und Diversitätsindizes hat ergeben, dass eine dauerhafte Beweidung mit dem Verlust von Arten einhergeht, so dass Sommerweiden signifikant artenreicher sind. Allerdings ist der Anteil von seltenen, endemischen Arten auf Winterweiden höher. Dies untermauert die Notwendigkeit der Erhaltung von Biodiversität durch nachhaltige Weidenutzung. In einem einführenden Abschnitt dieser Dissertation werden der historische Hintergrund und die politischen Umwälzungen erläutert, die einen maßgeblichen Einfluss auf den Umgang mit den Weideressourcen in Kirgistan gehabt haben. Des Weiteren wird auf den noch sehr lückenhaften Forschungsstand in der Region eingegangen. In dem darauffolgenden Kapitel werden die methodischen Ansätze der Datenerfassung dargelegt und die angewandten statistischen Methoden beschrieben. Daran schließt ein Überblick der vier publizierten Artikel, die den Hauptteil dieser Dissertation bilden, an, gefolgt von einer Übersicht weiterer Publikationen und Vorträge. In einem letzten Abschnitt werden die zentralen Erkenntnisse zusammenfassend diskutiert und eine Synthese aus ökologischen und sozio-ökonomischen Daten inklusive einiger Vorschläge für eine nachhaltige Weidenutzung gegeben.

This research is aimed to discover the interrelation between marital satisfaction, religiouscommitment and marital commitment globally and based on its types, personal, moral, andstructural. The sampling of the research is 315 persons, with age 20 until 58 years old. The resultof the research shows there is a significant correlation between marital satisfaction and maritalcommitment, religious commitment and marital commitment, marital satisfaction together withreligious commitment and marital commitment. It is also discovers that marital commitmentinfluences personal commitment and moral commitment, while religious commitment influencespersonal commitment, moral commitment, and structural commitment.Keywords: marital satisfaction, religious commitment, marital commitment Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara kepuasan pernikahan, komitmen beragama, dan komitmen pernikahan secara global dan menurut tipenya, komitmen personal, moral, dan struktural. Partisipan penelitian ini adalah berjumlah 315 orang, berusia 20 hingga 58 tahun. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa terdapat hubungan signifikan antara kepuasan pernikahan dan komitmen pernikahan, komitmen beragama dan komitmen pernikahan, kepuasan pernikahan bersama dengan komitmen beragama dan komitmen pernikahan. Juga diketahui bahwa kepuasan pernikahan memiliki pengaruh terhadap komitmen personal dan komitmen moral. Sementara komitmen beragama memiliki pengaruh terhadap komitmen personal, komitmen moral, dan komitmen struktural. Kata kunci: kepuasan pernikahan, komitmen beragama, komitmen pernikahan References Abbott, D., Berry, M. and Meredith, W. (1990). Religious Belief and Practice: A Potential Assetin Helping Families. Family Relations, 39(4), p.443.Adams, J. M. & Jones, W. H. (1999). Interpersonal commitment in historichal perspectives. InHandbook of Interpersonal Commitment and Relationship Stability. New York: SpringerScience+Business Media.Agnew, H. (2009). Commitment, Theories and Typologies. Department of PsychologicalSciences Faculty Publications. Diunduh dari: http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/psychpubs/28Allgood, S. M., Harris, S.,Skogrand, L., & Lee, T.R. (2008). Marital commitment andreligiosity in a religiously homogenous population. Marriage & Family Review, 45(1),52-67. doi:10.1080/01494920802537472.Amato, P. R. 2010. Research on divorce: continuing developments and newtrends. Journal ofMarriage and Family 72(3): 650-666. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00723.xAmato, P. and Sobolewski, J. (2001). The Effects of Divorce and Marital Discordon AdultChildren's Psychological Well-Being. American SociologicalReview, 66(6), p.900.Andrea, S.G. (2014). Hubungan antara religiositas dan komitmen pernikahan pada individuyang menikah melalui ta'aruf. Skripsi. Depok: Fakultas Psikologi Universitas Indonesia.Argue, A., Johnson, D. and White, L. (1999). Age and Religiosity: Evidence froma Three-WavePanel Analysis. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 38(3), p.423.Aron, A., Aron, E. and Smollan, D. (1992). Inclusion of Other in the Self Scaleand the structureof interpersonal closeness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63(4), pp.596- 612.Arriaga, X. and Agnew, C. (2001). Being Committed: Affective, Cognitive, and ConativeComponents of Relationship Commitment. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27(9), pp.1190-1203.Benokraitis, N. (1996). Marriages and families. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall.Beveridge, A., Campbell, A., Converse, P. and Rodgers, W. (1976). The Quality of AmericanLife: Perceptions, Evaluations, and Satisfactions. Political Science Quarterly, 91(3),p.529.Bilqisthi, H. (2014). Hubungan antara komitmen pernikahan dengan kepuasanpernikahan padaindividu yang menikah melalui ta'aruf. Skripsi. Depok: Fakultas Psikologi UniversitasIndonesia.Bimas Islam Dalam Angka. (2012). Kementerian Agama Republik Indonesia.www.bimasislam.kemenag.go.idBKKBN (2011, Desember). Policy brief pusat penelitian dan pengembangan kependudukan.20 Februari 2015. http://www.bkkbn.go.id/ViewBerita.aspx?BeritaID=967Badan Pusat Statistik. (2010). Survey agama berdasarkan provinsi di Indonesia. www.bps.go.idBurpee, L. and Langer, E. (2005). Mindfulness and Marital Satisfaction. Journalof AdultDevelopment, 12(1), pp.43-51.Carp, F. and Carp, A. (1982). Test of a Model of Domain Satisfactions and WellBeing: EquityConsiderations. Research on Aging, 4(4), pp.503-522. Cho, D. W. (2014). The influence of religiosity and adult attachment style on maritalsatisfaction among Korean Christian couples living in South Korea. A Dissertation. Liberty University.Chomeya, R. (2010). Quality of psychology test between likert scale 5 and points. Journal ofSocial Sciences, 6 (3), 399-403.Chung, R. H. (2008). Religiosity as predictor of marital commitment andsatisfaction in KoreanAmerican couples. University of Southern CaliforniaClements, R. and Swensen, C. (2000). Commitment to one's spouse as a predictorof maritalquality among older couples. Curr Psychol, 19(2), pp.110-119.DeGenova, M. and Rice, F. (2005). Intimate relationships, marriages, andfamilies. New York:McGraw-Hill.DeGenova, M. (2008). Intimate relationships, marriages & families. Boston, MA: McGrawHill.Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95(3), pp.542575.Duvall, E. and Miller, B. (1985). Marriage and family development. New York: Harper & Row.Fowers, B. and Olson, D. (1993). ENRICH Marital Satisfaction Scale: A brief research andclinical tool. Journal of Family Psychology, 7(2), pp.176-185.Gravetter, F.J. & Forzano, L.B. (2009). Research methods for the behavioral sciences (Edisike-3). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.Goltz, J.W. (1987). Correlates in marital commitment. Disertasi Doktoral.Kanada: UniversitasAlberta.Hansen, D., Kelley, H. and Thibaut, J. (1982). Interpersonal Relations: A Theory ofInterdependence. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 44(1), p.246.Hassan, R. (2007). On Being Religious: Patterns of Religious Commitment in MuslimSocieties. The Muslim World, 97(3), pp.437-478.Hatch, R., James, D. and Schumm, W. (1986). Spiritual Intimacy and MaritalSatisfaction. Family Relations, 35(4), p.539.Harris, S. S. (2005). Marital commitment and religiosity in a sample of adults in Utah. AllGraduate Theses and Dissertations. Paper 2851. http://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/2851Haseley, J. and Riggs, S. (2006). Marital satisfaction among newly married couples. Denton:University of North Texas.Hawkins, M. (1981). Care of the dying. BMJ, 282(6280), pp.1969-1969.Heaton, T. and Albrecht, S. (1991). Stable Unhappy Marriages. Journal of Marriage and theFamily, 53(3), p.747.Heaton, T., Albrecht, S. and Martin, T. (1985). The Timing of Divorce. Journal of Marriageand the Family, 47(3), p.631.Hoge, D. and Hoge, J. (1984). Period Effects and Specific Age Effects Influencing Values ofAlumni in the Decade after College. Social Forces, 62(4), p.941Impett, E., Beals, K. and Peplau, L. (2001). Testing the investment model of relationshipcommitment and stability in a longitudinal study of married couples. Curr Psychol, 20(4),pp.312-326.Johnson, M. P. (1973). Commitment: A conceptual structure and empirical application. TheSociological Quarterly, 14(3), 395-406.

ÖZETOsmanlı İmparatorluğunun son yüzyılları Çarlık Rusya'sıyla yaptığı mücadeleler ile geçmişti. Karadeniz üzerinden yapılan iktisadî savaş, ilerleyen zamanlarda sıcak denizlerdeki ve Balkanlardaki siyasî hesaplaşmaya dönüşmüştü. XX. yüzyıla gelindiğinde Batı'nın etkisiyle bloklaşmanın yaşandığı bir sürece tanık olundu. Rusya genel harpte yer alarak, uzun yıllardır peşinde olduğu hedeflerine odaklandı. Ancak genel harp esnasında Rusya'da patlak veren ayaklanmalar, hem siyasî otoritenin gücünü kırmıştı hem de yeni bir rejimin gelişini simgelemişti. Böylece Çarlık Rusya'sı tarihteki yerini alırken, Türkiye'nin kuzeyinde Bolşevizm adı altında yeni bir politik anlayış ortaya çıkmıştı.Osmanlı'nın savaştan mağlubiyetle ayrılması, Anadolu'da milli bir hareketlenmeyi meydana getirmiştir. Yeni Rus rejimi, askerlerin liderliğinde İtilaf bloğuna karşı yapılan mücadelede TBMM'nin yanında yer almıştır. Değişen siyasi konjonktür, uzun yıllar düşman olan iki ülkeyi yan yana getirmiştir. İkili ülke çıkarlarının aynı doğrultuda olması, Bolşevik ve TBMM hükümetlerini birer müttefik haline gelmesinde etken olmuştur. Bu durumdan faydalanan Ankara, siyasi ve askerî desteğini Rusya'dan sağlamasını bilmiştir.Artık geçmişinde birçok anlaşamadığı siyasî ve ekonomi hususları olan, iki farklı rejime dayanan ülkelerin müttefikliği, gündemdeki yerini almaya başlamıştır. Bu müttefikliğin nasıl ve ne derece devam edeceği merak konusuydu. İlk aşamada, iki ülke yetkilileri de çoğunlukla sağladıkları siyasi konulardaki mutabakatı iktisadî alana da taşımayı planladılar. Bu nedenle birbirlerinin iktisadî anlayışlarını kavramaya çalıştılar. Ancak Türkiye'nin ve Sovyetlerin benimsedikleri anlayışlar, birbirlerine karşı zıt karakterlere sahipti. Bu durum ticaret müzakerelerinin uzamasına sebep oldu. Sorunların bir türlü aşılamaması sebebiyle ticaret antlaşması ancak 5 yıl süre sonra imzalanabilmiştir. İki ülkenin ekonomiye bakış açıları o kadar farklıydı ki, ihracat ve ithalat değerlerindeki artışa rağmen yeni antlaşma, iktisadî çevrelerin yaşadıkları problemleri yok edememiştir. 1929 Buhranı, dünya ekonomisinin büyük bir sarsıntı yaşanmasına sebebiyet verdi. Gelişmiş ve az gelişmişlik düzeyinde bulunan birçok ülke, bu krizden kendine düşen payını almıştır. Böyle bir süreçten geçilirken Türkiye de bunalımla birlikte yeni arayışlar içersine girmiştir. Türk ekonomisindeki devletçilik ilkesi, gündemdeki tartışmalar çerçevesinde yerini almaya başlamıştır. Yurt dışına yapılan geziler, Türkiye'ye yeni bir yol haritası çıkardı. Plan yoluyla sanayileşme sürecinin uygulanmasına geçildi. Sovyetler, Türkiye'de yaptıkları incelemeler ve araştırmalarla yeni süreçte etkin bir rol almaya çalıştı. Plan anlayışında ortak bir paydada birleşen hükümetler, endüstrileşme alanında birlikte hareket etmeye başladılar. Atatürk dönemi boyunca siyasi hususlarda Türk-Sovyet münasebetlerinde önemli bir sorun yaşanmadı. Fakat tarafların çabalarına rağmen ekonomik düzlemde tam anlamıyla beklenilen yükseliş meydana gelmedi. Uyguladıkları farklı siyasî anlayışlar, politik konularda bütünleşme hususunda sorun ortaya çıkarmasa da iktisadî aşamalarda sağlıklı bir uzlaşmanın yaşanmasında engel oldu. II. Dünya Savaşıyla birlikte, Türkiye-Sovyet Rusya ilişkileri farklı bir sürece girecekti. 1920'li yıllarında ortaya çıkan siyasi atmosfer değişerek farklı diplomatik kanalların belirdiği yeni bir dönem yaşanacaktı.ABSTRACTThe last centuries of the Ottoman Empire had passed through the struggles of Czarist Russia. The economic war over the Black Sea turned into a political confrontation in the warmer seas and the Balkans. By the twentieth century, he witnessed a process in which the experience of blocking the influence of the West. Russia has focused on its goals for many years, taking part in the general war. However, the riots that erupted in Russia during the general War have both broken the power of the political authority and symbolized the arrival of a new regime. Thus, while Tsarist Russia took its place in history, a new political understanding emerged under the name of Bolshevism in the north of Turkey.The separation of the Ottoman Empire from the war with defeat constituted a National Movement in Anatolia. The new Russian regime took the side of the Turkish Grand National Assembly in the struggle against the states of affairs under the leadership of the soldiers. The changing political conjuncture has brought together two countries that have been hostile for many years. Since the interests of the two countries are in the same direction, the Bolshevik and the Turkish Grand National Assembly have become allies. Taking advantage of this situation, Ankara has been able to provide its political and military support from Russia.Anymore the alliance of countries with many political and economic issues that have not been understood in the past and based on two different regimes has taken its place on the agenda. It was a matter of curiosity about how and to what extent this alliance will continue. In the first instance, the authorities of both countries have also planned to move their political consensus to the Economic Area. That's why they tried to understand each other's economic conceptions. However insights that adopted by Turkey and the Soviet Union, had the opposite characters against each other. This situation caused the prolongation of trade negotiations. The trade treaty could only be signed after a period of 5 years since the problems could not be overcome. The two countries views on the economy were so different that, despite the increase in export and import values, the new treaty could not eliminate the problems experienced by the economic circles.The 1929 depression caused a great shock to the world economy. Many developed and underdeveloped countries have taken their share of this crisis. From such a process is being passed the Turkey has also entered a new quest with the crisis. The principle of statism in the Turkish economy has begun to take its place in the context of the discussions on the agenda. Trips that made abroad has issued a new road map for Turkey. Through the plan, the industrialization process was implemented. The Soviets have tried to take an active role in the studies and research conducted in Turkey with new processes. Governments that have joined a common stake in the understanding of the plan have begun to act together in the field of industrialization.During the Ataturk period, there was no significant problem in the Turkish-Soviet relations on political issues. However, despite the efforts of the parties, there has not been a fully expected rise in the economic level. The different political concepts they applied prevented a healthy compromise at economic levels, although there was no problem with integration on political issues. With World War II. Turkey-Soviet Russia relations would enter into a different process. The political atmosphere that emerged in the 1920s had changed and there would be a new period in which different diplomatic channels appeared.

[spa] La educación primaria en México constituye uno de los niveles más importantes para la formación de la población. La organización y el aprendizaje de conocimientos básicos es una de sus atribuciones e históricamente ha sido el espacio donde se imparte la mayor parte de contenidos de enseñanza de historia nacional y sobre democracia y formación ciudadana. En su vertiente pública, laica y obligatoria la educación básica ha sido el espacio donde idealmente el Estado ha buscado compensar las diferencias socioeconómicas, otorgar mayores oportunidades educativas y distribuir de mejor manera el saber a través de una gran variedad de políticas gubernamentales, entre las que destaca, la de otorgar libros de texto gratuitos a todos los estudiantes que cursan este nivel educativo. En tal sentido, esta tesis se centra en la educación ciudadana en México a lo largo de la segunda mitad del siglo XX y hasta la primera década del siglo XXI. Su foco de análisis son el conjunto de libros de texto gratuitos en el área de historia y civismo, ciencias sociales, formación cívica y ética, y geografía que el Estado mexicano ha ofrecido desde la década de los sesenta a los alumnos de la educación primaria en todo el país. La finalidad del estudio fue indagar sobre los valores éticos y cívicos y las actitudes políticas que son promovidos desde la escuela a través de los contenidos sobre democracia y ciudadanía en los libros de texto gratuitos. En ese sentido, y a partir del análisis documental e histórico sobre los planteamientos de democracia y ciudadanía se analizan los contenidos a través de dos matrices de vaciado, una de contenido formal y otra de contenido teórico en la que a partir de nueve categorías de análisis se analizan las grandes líneas sobre la educación ciudadana en un universo total de 47 libros de texto y un total de 717 lecciones. El análisis que se realizó a los materiales educativos fue por épocas de libros de texto correspondientes a las reformas educativas realizadas en los periodos presidenciales de 60; 72; 93 y 2008. La justificación de hacerlo de esta manera, partió de la consideración de que la realidad educativa está fuertemente definida por las políticas, las reformas y en gran medida por las propuestas y decisiones gubernamentales de cada sexenio acerca de la educación nacional. Se parte de la consideración que, en el proceso de transformación de los estudiantes en ciudadanos comprometidos con la democracia, los libros de texto son elementos fundamentales para identificar y analizar el proyecto político y educativo en materia de formación para la democracia y la ciudadanía durante el periodo abordado. Aun cuando existen avances tendientes al fortalecimiento de la educación ciudadana promovida a través de los libros de texto, son indiscutibles los vacíos que persisten en ellos. Como ha quedado escrito en las páginas que integran esta investigación, es claro que los resultados de los esfuerzos educativos del Estado para proveer a los futuros ciudadanos de elementos para la comprensión y el ejercicio de los principios democráticos y morales que conlleva la educación ciudadana, quedaron muy por debajo de los objetivos que se plantearon en la retórica de planes, leyes y política educativa. ; [eng] Primary education in Mexico is one of the most important levels for the formation of the population. The organization and learning of basic knowledge is one of its attributions and historically it has been the space where most of the teaching contents of national history and on democracy and civic education are taught. In its public, secular and compulsory aspect, basic education has been the ideal place where the State has sought to compensate for socioeconomic differences, grant greater educational opportunities and better distribute knowledge through a wide variety of government policies, among which highlights, that of granting free textbooks to all students who attend this level of education. In this sense, this thesis focuses on citizen education in Mexico throughout the second half of the twentieth century and until the first decade of the twenty-first century. Its focus of analysis is the set of free textbooks in the area of history and civics, social sciences, civic education and ethics, and geography that the Mexican State has offered since the sixties to students of primary education in the whole country. The purpose of the study was to investigate the ethical and civic values and political attitudes that are promoted from the school through the contents on democracy and citizenship in free textbooks. In this sense, and from the documentary and historical analysis on the approaches of democracy and citizenship, the contents are analyzed through two emptying matrices, one with formal content and the other with theoretical content, in which, based on nine categories of analysis, They analyze the main lines of citizen education in a total universe of 47 textbooks and a total of 717 lessons. The analysis that was made to the educational materials was by times of textbooks corresponding to the educational reforms carried out in the presidential periods of 60; 72; 93 and 2008. The justification for doing so in this way, started from the consideration that the educational reality is strongly defined by policies, reforms and, to a large extent, by the proposals and governmental decisions of each sexennium about national education. It is based on the consideration that, in the process of transforming students into citizens committed to democracy, textbooks are fundamental elements to identify and analyze the political and educational project in terms of training for democracy and citizenship during the period addressed. Even though there are advances tending towards the strengthening of citizen education promoted through textbooks, the gaps that persist in them are indisputable. As it has been written in the pages that make up this research, it is clear that the results of the educational efforts of the State to provide future citizens with elements for understanding and exercising the democratic and moral principles involved in citizenship education, remained well below the objectives that were raised in the rhetoric of plans, laws and educational policy.

[spa] En esta tesis se investiga la evolución y el desarrollo de la disciplina enfermera, desde sus inicios en España a principios del siglo XX hasta la situación actual de la profesión y de los estudios de Enfermería. Para ello, se analizan, además de la evolución histórica de la profesión enfermera, las diferentes etapas de su desarrollo hasta llegar a la convergencia en el marco del Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior (EEES). La disciplina enfermera ha evolucionado en el contexto de los acontecimientos históricos y movimientos sociales. Existe un acuerdo bien establecido sobre que el eje fundamental de la profesión enfermera es el cuidado y cualquiera que sea la concepción de los cuidados, estos se insertan obligadamente en un sistema de valores y creencias influenciados por el conjunto de factores sociales, culturales, económicos y políticos de la sociedad y también por la concepción que se tenga de la propia profesión y de la evolución de la ciencia enfermera. Por otro lado, en tanto que la Enfermería forma parte de las profesiones sanitarias, los cambios ocurridos en el seno de éstas en su conjunto y, en especial, desde mediados del pasado siglo, en lo que se refiere a la redefinición de sus objetivos y prioridades (por ejemplo, la irrupción de los denominados "derechos de los enfermos" y su plasmación en normas en diferentes países o, incluso, en Convenios y Declaraciones supranacionales) han contribuido a que se hayan ido incorporando a la teoría y la práctica de la Enfermería elementos integrantes de una Bioética más extensa de lo que inicialmente fue una Bioética centrada casi exclusivamente en la Ética Médica, es decir en los profesionales médicos. Ello justifica que esta tesis se presente en la línea de doctorado en "Bioética y Derecho", porque la capacitación y la formación de los profesionales de enfermería han de repercutir, sin duda alguna, en su relación con los ciudadanos a quiénes atiendan, cuestión que entra de lleno en el ámbito de la Bioética. ; [eng] This Thesis researches the evolution and the development of the Nursery discipline, from his starts in Spain at the beginning of the 20th century until the current situation of the Nursing profession and the studios in the Nursery Schools. For this, I analyse, in addition to the historical evolution of the profession, the different stages of his development until arriving to the convergence in the frame of the European Space of Higher Education (ESHE). The Nursery discipline has evolved in the context of the historical events and social movements. It exists a very established agreement on that the fundamental axis of the profession nurse is the care and any one that was the conception of the cares, these inserts by force in a system of values and beliefs affected by the set of social, cultural, economic and politician factors of the society and also by the conception that have of the own profession and of the evolution of the science nurse. On the other hand, whereas the Nursery belong of the sanitary professions, the changes occurred in the heart of these in his set and, especially, from mediated of the past century, regarding the redesign of his aims and priorities (for example, the irruption of the designated "rights of the patients" and his concretion in norms in different countries or, even, in international Agreements and Statements) have contributed to that have gone incorporating to the theory and the practice of the Nursery elements of a Bioethics more extensive of what initially was a Bioethics centred almost exclusively in the Medical Ethics, that is to say in the medical professionals. This justifies the submission of this Thesis in the line of doctorate in Bioethics and Law, because the enabling and the formation of the professionals of Nursery affects, beyond all doubt, in the relation with the citizens to who attend, question that goes in of full in the field of the Bioethics. ; [cat] En aquesta tesi s'investiga l'evolució i el desenvolupament de la disciplina infermera, des dels seus inicis a Espanya a principis del segle XX fins a la situació actual de la professió i dels estudis d'Infermeria. Per a això, s'analitzen, a més de l'evolució històrica de la professió d'infermera, les diferents etapes del seu desenvolupament fins arribar a la convergència en el marc de l'Espai Europeu d'Educació Superior (EEES). La disciplina infermera ha evolucionat en el context dels esdeveniments històrics i moviments socials. Existeix un acord ben establert sobre que l'eix fonamental de la professió infermera és el fet de cuidar, i sigui quina sigui la concepció que hom tingui de les cures, aquestes s'insereixen obligadament en un sistema de valors i creences influenciats pel conjunt de factors socials, culturals, econòmics i polítics de la societat i també per la concepció que hom tingui de la professió i de l'evolució de la ciència infermera. D'altra banda, atès que la Infermeria forma part de les professions sanitàries, els canvis ocorreguts en el si d'aquestes en el seu conjunt i, especialment, des de mitjan passat segle, pel que fa a la redefinició dels seus objectius i prioritats (per exemple, la irrupció dels denominats "drets dels malalts" i la seva concreció en normes de diferents països o, fins i tot, en Convenis i Declaracions supranacionals) han contribuït al fet que s'hagin anat incorporant a la teoria i la pràctica de la Infermeria elements integrants d'una Bioètica més extensa del que inicialment va ser una Bioètica centrada gairebé exclusivament en l'Ètica Mèdica, és a dir en els professionals mèdics. Això justifica la presentació d'aquesta Tesi en la línia de doctorat en "Bioètica i Dret", perquè la capacitació i la formació dels professionals d'infermeria forçosament ha d'incidir en la relació amb els ciutadans a qui atenguin, qüestió que entra de ple en l'àmbit de la Bioètica.

Introduction. Over the last two years, in the official documents of the Government of the Russian Federation there has been the requirement to organize the professional training of students in accordance with the professional standards. The verification of the compliance with the standards should be provided through the procedures of objective assessment of qualification of college and university graduates. Thus, in the current conditions arose the need to searching for new assessment tools or ways to improve the previous ones. The authors believe that the new and original ideas can be derived from the fields of real sectors of productive-economic and social activity where the aspects of determination of quality of the final product are worked out far better, and interpretations of the results of activity are unambiguous and consistent Aim. Taking into account the aspects of education management and established practices of assessment procedures, the aim of the present publication is to discuss general methodological approaches to organization of scientific-methodical maintenance of the expertise on the results of professionals' training in educational institutions. Methodology and research methods. The research is based on the qualimetric and system-based approaches, methods of comparative analysis of the content of the local and foreign normative documents as well as a wide range of scientific publications that describe the theory and practice of application of assessment in educational technical, economic and management systems. Results and scientific novelty. According to the introduced professional standards, methodological problems of measurement of students' knowledge and adequacy of their assessment are designated. Various approaches to assessment of education quality and its results are described; assessment procedure and its main tools are presented: criteria, parameters, indicators and norms as a reference point in the choice of standards for assessment. It is stated that the traditional methods and means of assessment accepted today in education are severely outdated and continue to lag far behind progressive tendencies of quality measurement. In particular, widespread test measurements of educational achievements of graduates of the higher (and secondary) school are not holistic therefore cannot be considered as valid, especially concerning the level of professional qualification. On the basis of synthesis of the approaches to assessment in various spheres, the possibility of their application in the organizations of professional education is approved. The considered technique and technology of development of evaluative judgments are based on the results of the formalized expert procedures; thus enabling to draw various conclusions about activity of the separate organizations and education systems in general, to reveal the level of bringing them into line with norms and standards of the received results and deviations from the rated values, as well as to perform the required training correction procedures. The authors stress the need for formation of a team of the qualified experts capable to provide development and implementation of effective technologies for the organization of assessment activities. Practical significance. The problem research area on the search for new approaches to internal procedures for assessment of the graduates' competencies is determined. The objectivity of evaluation and reliability of the results of such procedures have to be comparable to similar performance characteristics of the Centers for Independent Assessment of Professional Qualifications. It will enable to significantly reduce transactional costs of all agents of educational services, and will create conditions for transition from the existing standard-qualification reference books to the system of professional standards. ; Введение. В течение последних двух лет в официальных документах правительства РФ выдвигается требование приведения профессиональной подготовки выпускников высших и среднеспециальных образовательных учреждений в соответствие разрабатываемым профессиональным стандартам. Проверка этого соответствия должна производиться через процедуры объективной оценки квалификации выпускников вузов и колледжей. В новых условиях возникает альтернатива создания нового или совершенствования прежнего диагностического инструментария. Свежие для системы образования идеи можно почерпнуть, как полагают авторы публикации, в области реальных секторов производственно-экономической и социальной деятельности, где аспекты определения качества конечного продукта проработаны намного лучше и трактовки результатов деятельности однозначны и непротиворечивы.Цель статьи – с позиций управления образованием и сложившейся вне этой сферы практики оценки квалификации работников обсудить общеметодологические подходы к организации научно-методического сопровождения экспертизы результатов профессиональной подготовки специалистов в учебных учреждениях.Методология и методики. В ходе работы использовались положения квалиметрического и системного подходов, методы сравнительного анализа содержания отечественных и зарубежных нормативных документов, а также научных публикаций, посвященных теории и практике оценки качества продуктов образовательной, технической, экономической и управленческой деятельности.Результаты и научная новизна. Обозначены методологические проблемы измерения знаний студентов и адекватности их оценки с точки зрения внедряемых профессиональных стандартов. Описаны различные подходы к оценке качества образования и его результатам; процедура оценивания и ее основной инструментарий: критерии, параметры, показатели и нормы как ориентир в выборе эталонов оценки. Констатируется, что традиционные методы и средства оценки, принятые сегодня в образовании, сильно устарели и продолжают отставать от прогрессивных тенденций измерения качества. В частности, широко распространенные тестовые измерения учебных достижений выпускников высшей (и средней) школы не носят комплексного характера, поэтому не могут считаться валидными, особенно относительно уровня профессиональной квалификации. На основе обобщения подходов к оцениванию в различных сферах утверждается возможность их проецирования на практику организаций профессионального образования. Рассмотрены методика и технология выработки оценочных суждений, которые строятся на заключениях формализованных экспертных процедур и позволяют делать разнообразные выводы о деятельности отдельных организаций и системы образования в целом; выявлять степень приближения к норме полученных результатов и отклонения от нее, а также производить требующуюся коррекцию обучения. Подчеркивается необходимость формирования корпуса квалифицированных экспертов, способных обеспечить разработку и внедрение эффективных технологий организации и проведения оценочных мероприятий.Практическая значимость. Очерчено проблемное поле исследований по поиску новых подходов к внутренним (в стенах вуза и колледжа) процедурам оценивания компетенций выпускников системы профессионального образования. Объективность оценивания и достоверность результатов таких процедур должны быть сопоставимы с подобными характеристиками деятельности центров независимой оценки профессиональных квалификаций. Это позволит значительно снизить трансакционные издержки субъектов и потребителей образовательных услуг и создаст условия для перехода от существующих тарифно-квалификационных справочников к системе профессиональных стандартов. Ключевые слова: оценка; методы оценивания; критерии оценивания; показатели оценивания; шкалы оценивания; эксперт

La production végétale agricole des pays riches a évolué au cours du 20e siècle vers des systèmes plus spécialisés et plus intensifs, mobilisant d'importants intrants de l'agrochimie et laissant de moins en moins de place aux légumineuses. Cette situation aboutit à des difficultés agronomiques résultant de systèmes de culture peu diversifiés, à une moindre autonomie protéique de certains pays, à des pollutions et à une amplification des stress liés aux changements du climat. L'alimentation humaine ellemême a évolué avec une composante protéique des régimes de plus en plus carnés dans les pays à PIB élevé, incorporant de moins en moins de légumes secs ; dans le même temps se sont développés des problèmes de santé résultant de suralimentation, alors que des situations de famines se développent dans les zones à PIB plus faible. Ce constat appelle à des réactions rapides, à des échelles mondiale et territoriales, repensant et reconnectant les systèmes agricoles et alimentaires afin qu'ils soient sains et durables. Parmi les leviers possibles figurent les cultures de légumineuses à graines ou fourragères, dont la part est aujourd'hui très faible en France ou en Europe (<3% des surfaces arables), alors que ces plantes présentent (i) la capacité originale d'établir une symbiose avec des bactéries rhizobia du sol qui leur permet de fixer l'azote de l'air et que (ii) les produits de ces cultures sont sources de protéines et ont une valeur nutritionnelle et santé reconnue. Ces cultures peuvent permettre le développement de l'autonomie protéique de la France et de l'UE. 2016 a été déclarée par la FAO « Année Internationale des Légumes Secs ». Dans ce contexte d'une demande mondiale croissante pour des protéines durables pour l'alimentation humaine et animale et d'un besoin d'atténuation du changement climatique, cette opportunité portée par la FAO a conduit l'Inra, le CIRAD, Terres Univia et Terres Inovia, à organiser, les 31 mai et 1er juin 2016 à Dijon, les 1ères rencontres «francophones sur les légumineuses» (RFL1), associant dans un esprit «filière» les représentants d'organismes scientifiques, techniques et professionnels, autour des questions et opportunités multiples portées par les légumineuses à graines et fourragères. Un périmètre international francophone a été choisi par un comité scientifique et technique pour ces journées, afin d'intéresser, outre les acteurs français, des représentants de pays comme le Canada ou ceux du continent africain très concernés à divers titres par ces productions. Différentes sessions ont permis de faire le point sur les grands verrous et leviers actuels au développement des légumineuses pour l'alimentation humaine et animale, allant du niveau très organisationnel des politiques et filières, passant par les leviers en culture qui permettraient une augmentation des volumes de production (nouveaux systèmes de culture, variétés, efficience des symbioses), jusqu'aux aspects de qualité des produits bruts ou des procédés de transformation qui peuvent améliorer la valeur nutritionnelle ou santé et apporter de la valeur ajoutée (nouveaux systèmes de production et variétés, nouveaux produits dans l'alimentation humaine ou dans les systèmes d'élevage). Les impacts en matière de durabilité de la production ou de l'alimentation ont été considérés pour l'ensemble de ces stratégies. Les contributions réunies dans ce volume sont représentatives de communications présentées lors de ces deux journées qui ont associé plus de 250 participants. G. Duc et J.M. Chardigny ; Synopsis special issue "Legumes" Agricultural plant production in occidental countries evolved during the 20th century towards more specialized and intensive systems, mobilizing large inputs of agrochemicals and decreasing legumes' production. This situation leads to agronomic difficulties resulting in low diversity within cropping systems, in reduced protein autonomy of several countries, in pollutions and in increased plant stress frequencies in relation to climate change. On the other hand, the human diet has changed with an increasing meat protein intake in high GDP countries, thus lowering the incorporation of pulse seed in foods; and simultaneously health problems resulting from malnutrition have increased in areas with lower GDP. These facts highlight the huge need for rapid reactions at world and territorial scales, rethinking and reconnecting agricultural and food systems towards healthy and sustainable situations. Possible levers include larger area for legume cropping. Even if these productions are nowadays very low in France and Europe (<3% of arable land) they offer potential benefits since these plants (i) establish a symbiosis with soil rhizobia bacteria that allows them to fix nitrogen from the atmosphere and (ii) the products of these crops are sources of protein and have been recognized with nutritional and health values. They also represent key possibilities for developing the protein autonomy in France and the EU. 2016 was declared by FAO as the International Year of Pulses. Against this backdrop of increasing global demand for sustainable protein for food and feed and for climate change mitigation, this opportunity led INRA, CIRAD, Terres Univia and Terres Inovia to organize the 1st "Francophone meeting on legumes" (RFL1) (May 31 - June 1st 2016 in Dijon, France) with attendees from the whole sector, i.e. scientists as well as technical and professional organizations, to discuss the multiple issues and opportunities of seed and forage legumes. Besides French actors, representatives of countries such as Canada or those of the African continent, which are very concerned in various ways for these productions, were targeted; and therefore a French-speaking international perimeter was chosen by a scientific and technical committee for this meeting, Various sessions provided an opportunity to review the current bottlenecks and levers for the development of legumes for human and animal consumption, ranging from the organizational level of policies and sectors, through the levers in culture that would allow an increase in production volumes (new cropping systems, varieties, efficiency of symbiosis), to the quality aspects of raw products or processes that can improve nutritional value or health and bring added value (new production systems and varieties, new products in food or in animal husbandry systems). Impacts on sustainability of production or food have been considered within all of these strategies. The contributions of this special issue are representative of the papers presented during the meeting, which involved more than 250 attendees.

Abstract Taxation and the Formation of the Late Roman Social ContractBy Patrick E. ClarkDoctor of Philosophy in HistoryUniversity of California, BerkeleyProfessor Carlos Noreña, Chair"Taxation and the Formation of the Late Roman Social Contract" offers a novel interpretation of the function of taxation in late Roman society. I argue that the tax policies introduced by Diocletian at the end of the 3rd century facilitated the negotiation of a social contract between the rulers and the ruled that stipulated that all Roman citizens had rights under and responsibilities to the Roman Empire. The late Roman social contract contrasted with the social contract of the Principate, which sought to reduce the responsibilities on the emperor's political coalition while also enabling this group to enjoy more rights under the empire. Taxation was, on the one hand, one of the citizens' responsibilities, whose specific provisions, rates, and institutions were subject to intense negotiation between the ruler and the ruled. On the other hand, taxation functioned as a forum where state actors and taxpayers interacted, engaged in performances of the "public transcript", and negotiated with each other, and as a medium for communication that enabled the emperor to give real world realization to his values, ideals, and normative conceptions of citizenship. Thus instead of interpreting late Roman sources for taxation individually as accurate statements of the nature of late Roman taxation, I situate them in a larger discursive context that led to a broad consensus on the social contract and the nature of citizenship.The first chapter builds on recent work by Walter Scheidel, Gilles Bransbourg, Andrew Monson, and Carlos Noreña and demonstrates that tax policies under the Principate worked to reinforce and make visible the social and legal hierarchy that underpinned the social contract of the Principate. Tax expenditures by the state on senators, soldiers, the local elite, and the city of Rome created financial incentives for these groups to support the Roman monarchy. Chapter 1 also serves as a point of contrast for chapters 2 and 3. In chapter 2 I reconstruct Diocletian's vision for state-society relations from his imperial constitutions, arguing in particular that Diocletian continued a 3rd century development in which all Roman citizens were expected to be concerned with the survival of the emperor and empire. In addition to requiring his subjects to demonstrate their commitment to the empire through empire-wide displays of traditional religious devotion, as 3rd century emperors had, Diocletian proliferated obligations on certain occupations, decurions, tenant farmers, and, most importantly, taxpayers. At the same time, Diocletian insisted that his policies would be fair, rational, useful, and legal. Chapter 3 examines Diocletian's tax policies in greater detail and concludes that by and large they reflected the vision for state-society relations outlined in chapter 2. Taxation under Diocletian would be fair, rational, useful, and legal, and, most importantly, it would locate individual taxpayers in a universal hierarchy of fiscal responsibility that defined each taxpayer as owing a discrete portion of the state's budgetary requirements. Chapter 4 then explores the impact that these tax policies, as a powerful medium for communicating imperial ideology, had on taxpayers' conception of the empire and their place in it. My close reading of 477 Egyptian papyri, including many valuable petitions, demonstrates that petitioners asserted their acceptance of the legitimacy of their fiscal burdens, only if those burdens corresponded to the petitioners' census documents. This acceptance had two main consequences. First, it confirmed the legitimacy of the imperial ideology, outlined in chapters 2 and 3, that in part structured fiscalité under Diocletian. Second, petitioners' payment of their taxes enabled them to argue that they were enthusiastic members of the imperial community who deserved the state's legal protection. This second claim transformed the label "taxpayer" into a positive moral quality of an ideal citizen. In this way, petitioners tried to use their payment of taxes to secure for themselves legal rights in the social contract.If the observations from chapter 4 represent a constructive engagement with and acceptance of Diocletian's ideology and policies, chapter 5 is an example of the polemic criticism the emperor's policies could provoke. In his Divine Institutes and On the Deaths of the Persecutors Lactantius argues that the Tetrarch's persecution of Christian, which deprived them of the state's legal protection, revealed the ideology and institutional basis of the Tetrarchy to be unjust. On closer examination, other Tetrarchic policies appear unjust as well. Tapping into a deeper Graeco-Roman philosophical tradition, Lactantius demonstrates that Tetrarchic tax policies had a deleterious effect on social relations in the Roman Empire. Contrary to justice, taxation introduced inequality, war, violence, and discord. It would be more just, Lactantius maintained, for Romans to give charity instead, because charity would reduce inequalities and strengthen the bonds of Roman society. Rather than being the outpourings of righteous indignation, however, Lactantius' polemics should be read, like the petitions from chapter 4, as a contribution to the negotiation of the late Roman social contract.My observation that the communicative nature of 4th century tax policies facilitated the negotiation of a social contract represents an advancement in scholarly thinking about taxation in the later Roman Empire because it reveals the ideological and ethical pronouncements that tax policies and statements about taxation could make. Taxation enabled the emperor and his subjects to communicate their conception of state-society relations and to critique what they saw as flaws in others' conceptions. This observation also has analytical value outside the narrow temporal bounds of dissertation. For example, when viewed through the lens of my dissertation, the emperor Julian's reduction of the Gallic provinces' tax rate should be seen as his attempt to communicate his commitment to a just social contract in advance of his planned revolt against Constantius II. Julian's tax policies signaled to the whole empire that he intended to be a prototypical good emperor. Herein lies the main take-away from this dissertation: when emperors, intellectuals, and petitioners mentioned taxation, they were talking about much more than taxation; they were making normative claims about how best to organize their society.

WOS: 000395022700001 ; Ratios of top-quark pair to Z-boson cross sections measured from proton-proton-collisions at the LHC centre-of-mass energies of root S = 13 TeV, 8 TeV, and 7 TeV are presented by the ATLAS Collaboration. Single ratios, at a given root S for the two processes and at different root S , for each process, as well as double ratios of the two processes at different root S , are evaluated. The ratios are constructed using previously published ATLAS measurements of the t (t) over bar and Z-boson production cross sections, corrected to a common phase space where required, and a new analysis of Z -> l(+)l(-) where l = e, mu at root S = 13 TeV performed with data collected in 2015 with an integrated luminosity of 3.2 fb(-1). Correlations of systematic uncertainties are taken into account when evaluating the uncertainties in the ratios. The correlation model is also used to evaluate the combined cross section of the Z -> e (+) e (-) and the Z -> mu (+) mu (-) channels for each value. The results are compared to calculations performed at next-to-next-to-leading-order accuracy using recent sets of parton distribution functions. The data demonstrate significant power to constrain the gluon distribution function for the Bjorken-x values near 0.1 and the light-quark sea for x < 0.02. ; ANPCyT, ArgentinaANPCyT; YerPHI, Armenia; ARC, AustraliaAustralian Research Council; BMWFW, Austria; FWF, AustriaAustrian Science Fund (FWF); ANAS, AzerbaijanAzerbaijan National Academy of Sciences (ANAS); SSTC, Belarus; CNPq, BrazilNational Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq); FAPESP, BrazilFundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP); NSERC, CanadaNatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; NRC, Canada; CFI, CanadaCanada Foundation for Innovation; CERN; CONICYT, ChileComision Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica (CONICYT); CAS, ChinaChinese Academy of Sciences; MOST, ChinaMinistry of Science and Technology, China; NSFC, ChinaNational Natural Science Foundation of China; COLCIENCIAS, ColombiaDepartamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovacion Colciencias; MSMT CR, Czech RepublicMinistry of Education, Youth & Sports - Czech RepublicCzech Republic Government; MPO CR, Czech RepublicCzech Republic Government; VSC CR, Czech RepublicCzech Republic Government; DNRF, Denmark; DNSRC, DenmarkDanish Natural Science Research Council; IN2P3-CNRS, FranceCentre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CEA-DSM/IRFU, France; GNSF, Georgia; BMBF, GermanyFederal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF); HGF, Germany; MPG, GermanyMax Planck Society; GSRT, GreeceGreek Ministry of Development-GSRT; RGC, China; Hong Kong SAR, China; ISF, IsraelIsrael Science Foundation; I-CORE, Israel; INFN, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare; MEXT, JapanMinistry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT); JSPS, JapanMinistry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT)Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; CNRST, Morocco; FOM, NetherlandsFOM (The Netherlands)Netherlands Government; NWO, NetherlandsNetherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO)Netherlands Government; RCN, Norway; MNiSW, PolandMinistry of Science and Higher Education, Poland; NCN, Poland; FCT, PortugalPortuguese Foundation for Science and Technology; MNE/IFA, Romania; MES of Russia, Russian FederationRussian Federation; NRC KI, Russian Federation; JINR; MESTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS, SloveniaSlovenian Research Agency - Slovenia; DST/NRF, South Africa; MINECO, Spain; SRC, Sweden; Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SERI, Switzerland; SNSF, SwitzerlandSwiss National Science Foundation (SNSF); Cantons of Bern, Switzerland; Geneva, Switzerland; MOST, TaiwanMinistry of Science and Technology, Taiwan; TAEK, TurkeyMinistry of Energy & Natural Resources - Turkey; STFC, United KingdomScience & Technology Facilities Council (STFC); DOE, United States of AmericaUnited States Department of Energy (DOE); NSF, United States of AmericaNational Science Foundation (NSF); BCKDF, Canada; Canada Council, Canada; CANARIE, Canada; CRC, Canada; Compute Canada, Canada; FQRNT, CanadaFQRNT; Ontario Innovation Trust, Canada; ERC, European UnionEuropean Union (EU)European Research Council (ERC); Marie Sk lodowska-Curie Actions, European Union; EPLANET, European UnionEuropean Union (EU); Investissements d'Avenir Labex and Idex, FranceFrench National Research Agency (ANR); ANR, FranceFrench National Research Agency (ANR); Region Auvergne, FranceRegion Auvergne-Rhone-Alpes; Fondation Partager le Savoir, France; DFG, GermanyGerman Research Foundation (DFG); AvH Foundation, GermanyAlexander von Humboldt Foundation; Herakleitos programme - EU-ESF; Thales programme - EU-ESF; Greek NSRFGreek Ministry of Development-GSRT; BSF, IsraelUS-Israel Binational Science Foundation; GIF, IsraelGerman-Israeli Foundation for Scientific Research and Development; Minerva, Israel; BRF, Norway; Generalitat de Catalunya, SpainGeneralitat de Catalunya; Generalitat Valenciana, SpainGeneralitat Valenciana; Royal Society and Leverhulme Trust, United Kingdom; Benoziyo Center, Israel; MIZS, Slovenia; FP7, European UnionEuropean Union (EU); Horizon 2020, European Union; Aristeia programme - EU-ESF; Science and Technology Facilities CouncilScience & Technology Facilities Council (STFC) [1366825]; ICREAICREA ; We acknowledge the support of ANPCyT, Argentina; YerPHI, Armenia; ARC, Australia; BMWFW and FWF, Austria; ANAS, Azerbaijan; SSTC, Belarus; CNPq and FAPESP, Brazil; NSERC, NRC and CFI, Canada; CERN; CONICYT, Chile; CAS, MOST and NSFC, China; COLCIENCIAS, Colombia; MSMT CR, MPO CR and VSC CR, Czech Republic; DNRF and DNSRC, Denmark; IN2P3-CNRS, CEA-DSM/IRFU, France; GNSF, Georgia; BMBF, HGF, and MPG, Germany; GSRT, Greece; RGC, Hong Kong SAR, China; ISF, I-CORE and Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, Italy; MEXT and JSPS, Japan; CNRST, Morocco; FOM and NWO, Netherlands; RCN, Norway; MNiSW and NCN, Poland; FCT, Portugal; MNE/IFA, Romania; MES of Russia and NRC KI, Russian Federation; JINR; MESTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS and MIZS, Slovenia; DST/NRF, South Africa; MINECO, Spain; SRC and Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SERI, SNSF and Cantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland; MOST, Taiwan; TAEK, Turkey; STFC, United Kingdom; DOE and NSF, United States of America. In addition, individual groups and members have received support from BCKDF, the Canada Council, CANARIE, CRC, Compute Canada, FQRNT, and the Ontario Innovation Trust, Canada; EPLANET, ERC, FP7, Horizon 2020 and Marie Sk lodowska-Curie Actions, European Union; Investissements d'Avenir Labex and Idex, ANR, Region Auvergne and Fondation Partager le Savoir, France; DFG and AvH Foundation, Germany; Herakleitos, Thales and Aristeia programmes cofinanced by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF; BSF, GIF and Minerva, Israel; BRF, Norway; Generalitat de Catalunya, Generalitat Valenciana, Spain; the Royal Society and Leverhulme Trust, United Kingdom.

International university ranking systems, popular in recent years and increasing in number, are perceived as a sign of quality and are used by universities as an important marketing tool. On the other hand, it is understood that policy- and decision- makers pay attention to the subject, as strategic documents, policies and regulations include articles related to university rankings. International university rankings do not take the community service mission of universities into consideration and focus on research rather than educational mission. Nine research/academic performance based international university ranking systems which produced general and/or criterion-based rankings until 2015 constitute the scope of this study. Similarities of the general ranking lists have been identified in the first phase of the research that is carried out in three stages. In the analyses which were performed in two ways, one according to the ranking systems, and the other according to the years, the results are obtained according to the four similarity measures and visualized through the heat maps.The second phase of the research focuses on ranking position change of the universities in the ranking systems and in this section the ranking positions of the universities are revealed by means of scatter plots. In the third stage, Spearman correlation test and cosine similarity measure were used along with multi-dimensional scaling to examine the similarities and relations of the criteria used within the same ranking system. It has been determined that the general ranking lists generated by the same ranking system are highly similar in every year. THE has the lowest similarity values among the general ranking systems. On the other hand, as a result of comparing different systems that provide ranking lists in the same year, THE and QS are found as the least similar to the others. It is understood that the similarity between the general ranking lists of the same ranking system is higher for the years where the weighted criteria, methodology, data source or criteria are kept steady. The similarity of the ranking systems decreases in parallel with the increasing criteria dissimilarity. The rankings of the same system in different years and the rankings of different systems in the same year have shown that ranking positions changes significantly. It is understood that the years when change in the ranking positions was the most noticeable are the years where ranking systems changed their criteria, methodology, data source, or criterion weights. URAP and THE, which changed mostly in this sense, are the two ranking systems that cause the most sudden changes in university ranking positions. The ranking systems in which the university rankings are the most different from each other are URAP, THE, QS and CWUR. Analyses on criteria have shown that very similar lists can be created with fewer criteria than the ones used in the current rankings. Among the ranking systems which contain university-size dependent measures, it has been found that there is no significant effect of size dependent criteria on the rankings for URAP, while there is for ARWU and NTU. As a result, it is clear that quality of a university can not be equated with the position in the ranking lists. University rankings should not be used to make important decisions without knowing what and how they measure. ; Son yıllarda popüler olan ve sayıları giderek artan uluslararası üniversite sıralama sistemleri kalitenin bir göstergesi olarak algılanmakta ve üniversiteler tarafından önemli bir pazarlama aracı olarak kullanılmaktadır. Öte yandan, politika yapıcı ve karar verici konumdaki kişilerin de üniversite sıralamalarını önemsediği stratejik belgelerde, politika ve yönetmeliklerde üniversite sıralamalarıyla ilgili maddelerin yer almasından anlaşılmaktadır. Uluslararası üniversite sıralama sistemlerinin büyük kısmının üniversitelerin topluma hizmet misyonunu dikkate almadıkları ve eğitimden ziyade araştırma misyonuna odaklandıkları görülmektedir. Bu çalışmanın kapsamını da akademik performans odaklı dokuz uluslararası üniversite sıralama sisteminin 2015 yılına kadar yaptıkları genel ve/veya ölçüt bazlı sıralamalar oluşturmaktadır. Üç aşamada gerçekleştirilen araştırmanın ilk aşamasında genel sıralama listelerinin benzerlikleri tespit edilmiştir. Sıralama sistemlerine göre ve yıllara göre olmak üzere iki yönlü gerçekleştirilen analizlerde dört farklı benzerlik ölçümüne göre bulunan sonuçlar ısı haritaları aracılığıyla görselleştirilmiştir. Araştırmanın ikinci aşaması üniversitelerin sıralama sistemlerindeki konum değişimlerine odaklanmakta ve bu kısımda üniversitelerin konumlarının sıralama sistemlerine ve yıllara göre nasıl değiştiği saçılım grafikleri yardımıyla ortaya çıkarılmaktadır. Aynı sıralama sisteminde kullanılan ölçütlerin birbirine benzerliklerinin ve birbirleri ile olan ilişkilerinin incelendiği üçüncü aşamada çok boyutlu ölçekleme ile Spearman korelasyon testi ve kosinüs benzerlik ölçümü kullanılmıştır. Yapılan analizlerle aynı sıralama sisteminin her yıl oluşturduğu genel sıralama listelerinin birbirine yüksek düzeyde benzer olduğu saptanmıştır. THE, genel sıralama listeleri arasında en düşük benzerlik değerlerine sahip sıralama sistemidir. Öte yandan, aynı yıl sıralama listesi sunan farklı sıralama sistemlerinin karşılaştırılması sonucunda THE ve QS'nin diğer sıralamalara en az benzeyen listelere sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Aynı sıralama sisteminin farklı yıllarda oluşturduğu genel sıralama listeleri arasındaki benzerliğin ölçüt, metodoloji, veri kaynağı ya da ölçütlerin ağırlıklarında değişiklik yapılmayan yıllarda daha yüksek olduğu, kullandıkları ölçütler farklılaştıkça sıralama sistemlerinin yaptıkları sıralamalar arasındaki benzerliğin de azaldığı anlaşılmaktadır. Aynı sıralama sisteminin farklı yıllarda yaptığı sıralamalarda ve aynı yılda farklı sıralama sistemleri tarafından yapılan sıralamalarda üniversite konumlarının önemli değişiklikler gösterebildiği saptanmıştır. Konum değişikliğinin en dikkat çekici olduğu yılların sıralama sistemlerinin ölçüt, metodoloji, veri kaynağı veya ölçüt ağırlıklarında değişiklik yaptıkları yıllar olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Bu anlamda en fazla değişiklik yapan URAP ve THE, üniversite konumlarında en ani değişimlere neden olan iki sıralama sistemidir. Aynı yıl oluşturulan listelerde üniversite konumlarının birbirinden en farklı olduğu sıralama sistemleri URAP, THE, QS ve CWUR'dir. Ölçütler üzerine yapılan analizler mevcut sıralamalarda kullanılandan daha az sayıda ölçüt ile de çok benzer listelerin oluşturulabileceğini göstermiştir. Üniversite büyüklüğüne bağımlı ölçüt içeren sıralama sistemlerinden (ARWU, NTU ve URAP) URAP için beklenenin aksine bu ölçütlerin sıralamaya önemli bir etkisinin olmadığı saptanmıştır. Sonuç olarak, bir üniversitenin sıralamalardaki konumunun kalitesi ile eşdeğer tutulamayacağı açıktır. Üniversite sıralamalarının neyi, nasıl ölçtüğü bilinmeden önemli kararları verme amacıyla kullanılmaması gerekmektedir.

The article discusses the problem of procedures and specific features of functioning of a modern democratic state, as well as threats resulting from weaknesses of democracy despite existence of mechanisms protecting it from abuse. This problem is analysed on the example of the ongoing political conflict about the Constitutional Tribunal: an institution of constitutionally guaranteed independence. This conflict reveals that in Poland a need for discussion and perhaps for verification of the current philosophy and practice of democracy, has arisen. Furthermore, it demonstrates that law and the rule of law are neither sufficient guarantors of a democratic system's stability, nor guardians of civil rights and freedoms. A weakness of the democratic system lies in the fact that in the name of correctly understood democratic principles it is possible to distort the system through enacting wrong laws. Even though the acts of democracy participants, mainly decision-makers, are lege artis, they lead to impairment of democracy. Without doubt, a democratically organized society is an autonomous community and polyarchy which has adopted a democratic system of government as a form of its organization. On the other hand, democracies are highly conflict-prone systems, for example, due to the fact that they are based on the principle that all views and all participants of democracy are equal. As a consequence, such logic leads directly to emergence of disagreements, conflicts and even fights among democracy participants. This feature of democracy has enforced the establishment of appropriate procedures of conflict solving so that to ensure a possibly optimal resolution of crisis situations which could ultimately cause even a collapse of the democratic system. Thus, a simple mathematical rule has been adopted, albeit secondary in relation to any other methods of conflict solving, that is the majority principle. This is a standard of the democratic conduct without which the rule of majority would not be possible. The Constitutional Tribunal has recently become the object of popular interest – one of the many institutions of a democratic state which has not aroused so much factual and political dispute ever before. The conflict over the Tribunal has basically the formal and legal character, this is a technical dispute whose solution should be dictated by binding regulations and developed by experts in law. However, this is not the case. This conflict has turned into an argument of a political character, so it has become a genuine clash of interests, additionally aggravated by values. Moreover, it has stirred up the society and the environment of lawyers. When a political conflict, as one of the conflict types, is analysed, it is defined as a disagreement over power, whose participants are these individuals, groups, institutions and organizations which have a direct impact on politics or influence it through political channels. The practice of democratic states of the Western world does not prescribe a way at the beginning of which there is a sign "the winner takes it all". This practice is corroborated by philosophy and theory of democracy, as well as by several hundred years of achievements including such principles as Montesquieu's tripartite system of the separation of powers or the contemporary definition of democracy which describes it as a rule of majority that guarantees rights to minorities. ; Artykuł porusza problem procedur i specyfiki funkcjonowania nowoczesnego państwa demokratycznego oraz zagrożeń wynikających ze słabości demokracji mimo istnienia mechanizmów zabezpieczających ją przed nadużyciami. Problem ten jest rozpatrywany na przykładzie toczącego się konfliktu politycznego o Trybunał Konstytucyjny, instytucję o gwarantowanej konstytucyjnie niezależności. Konflikt ten pokazał, że w Polsce pojawiła się konieczność dyskusji i być może weryfikacji dotychczasowej filozofii i praktyki demokratycznej. Również to, że prawo i rządy prawa nie są wystarczającymi gwarantami stabilności ustroju demokratycznego, tym bardziej strażnikami praw i wolności obywatelskich. Ułomność systemu demokratycznego polega na tym, iż w imię właściwie pojętych zasad demokratycznych możliwe jest wypaczanie systemu przez tworzenie złego prawa. Działania uczestników demokracji, głównie decydentów, są lege artis, ale prowadzą do jej osłabiania. Demokratycznie urządzone społeczeństwo jest bez wątpienia autonomiczną wspólnotą i poliarchią, a przyjęło jako formę swojej organizacji demokratyczny system rządów. Demokracje są natomiast systemami wybitnie konfliktogennymi, choćby z tego powodu iż opierają się na zasadzie równości wszystkich poglądów i wszystkich podmiotów biorących udział w demokracji. Taka logika prowadzi w prostej konsekwencji do pojawienia się niezgodności i konfliktów, a nawet walk pomiędzy uczestnikami demokracji. Ta właściwość demokracji wymusiła stworzenie odpowiednich procedur rozstrzygania konfliktów, by zagwarantować w miarę optymalne wychodzenie z sytuacji kryzysowych, mogących w ostateczności doprowadzić nawet do upadku systemu demokratycznego. Przyjęto zatem prostą zasadę matematyczną, co prawda wtórną wobec wszystkich innych sposobów rozwiązywania konfliktów – zasadę większości. Jest ona regułą demokratycznej gry, bez której nie mogłyby istnieć rządy większości. Przedmiotem społecznego zainteresowania stał się ostatnio Trybunał Konstytucyjny, jedna z wielu instytucji demokratycznego państwa, która dotychczas nie wywoływała aż takich sporów merytorycznych i politycznych. Konflikt o Trybunał ma przede wszystkim charakter formalno-prawny, jest to techniczny spór, którego rozwiązanie powinno być podyktowane przez obwiązujące prawo, a jego rozstrzyganiem powinni się zająć eksperci z dziedziny prawa. Tak jednak nie jest. Konflikt ten przerodził się w konflikt o charakterze politycznym, stał się więc rzeczywistym konfliktem interesów, uzupełnionym dodatkowo o wartości. Zaktywizował ponadto społeczeństwo oraz środowisko prawnicze. Gdy rozważa się jeden z typów konfliktów, mianowicie polityczny, definiuje się go jako taki, którego przedmiotem jest władza, a podmiotami biorącymi w nim udział są te jednostki, grupy, instytucje, organizacje, które bezpośrednio mają wpływ na politykę lub oddziałują na nią za pośrednictwem kanałów politycznych. Praktyka demokratycznych państw świata zachodniego nie wskazuje drogi, na początku której stoi znak "zwycięzca bierze wszystko". Praktykę tę wyznacza filozofia i teoria demokracji oraz kilkusetletni dorobek z takimi dogmatami, jak choćby monteskiuszowski trójpodział władz czy współczesna definicja demokracji, według której są to rządy większości gwarantujące prawa mniejszościom.

29 páginas. ; La ética es un conjunto de normas morales que rigen la conducta de las personas en los diferentes ámbitos de sus vidas. En el espacio empresarial, fomentar practicas éticas regula las relaciones de la empresa con su entorno, con sus grupos de interés o stakeholders, aporta a la empresa principios según los cuales su objetivo no es solo la obtención de los resultados financieros esperados, sino además objetivos relacionados con la retribución social. La responsabilidad de la empresa con la sociedad se manifiesta en la ejecución de actividades de sustentabilidad que incluyen el respeto y mejor manejo del medio ambiente, la creación de empleo, la creación de valor para la sociedad, la formación del recurso humano entre otros. La reputación social de las empresas derivadas de su compromiso ético y de la responsabilidad social empresarial, se ha convertido en uno de los activos más valiosos de las empresas, ya que impacta directamente en la percepción sobre los grupos de interés, como son los consumidores, proveedores, colaboradores, e inclusive la propia competencia. Por otro lado, las pequeñas y medianas empresas Pymes, reguladas por las leyes 590 del 2000, y 905 de 2004, son reconocidas por su importancia dentro de la economía de los Estados, ya que tiene una alta participación en la generación de empleo y dinamizan la economía de los países. Se les atribuye considerable importancia en la implementación de valores como la honestidad, la lealtad, la sinceridad, dentro de sus políticas, ya que son vitales en el llamado marketing relacional, generando una percepción favorable para el desempeño de sus negocios. De modo que aquí se expone la manera en que la ética de la empresa defiende los intereses de los consumidores y de los propios miembros de la compañía, lo que mejora la percepción de las pymes, situación que es reconocida tanto por consumidores como por empleados, generando un mejor ambiente laboral, ello provoca que en los procesos de producción se den mejoras, debido a la motivación general de los trabajadores, en quienes se siembra un profundo sentido de pertenencia, que en ultimas se refleja en beneficios económicos en general. ; Ethics is a set of moral norms that govern the conduct of people in different areas of their lives. In the business space, fostering ethical practices regulates the company's relations with its environment, its stakeholders or stakeholders, it provides the company with principles according to which its objective is not only to obtain the expected financial results, but also objectives related to social retribution. The company's responsibility to society is manifested in the execution of sustainability activities that include respect for and better management of the environment, creation of employment, creation of value for society, training of human resources, among others. The social reputation of companies derived from their ethical commitment and corporate social responsibility has become one of the most valuable assets of companies, as it has a direct impact on the perception of stakeholders, such as consumers, suppliers, collaborators, and even the competition itself. On the other hand, small and medium enterprises SMEs, regulated by Laws 590 of 2000, and 905 of 2004, are recognized for their importance within the economy of the States, since it has a high participation in the generation of employment and dynamize the economy of the countries. They are given considerable importance in the implementation of values such as honesty, loyalty, sincerity, within their policies, as they are vital in so-called relational marketing, generating a favorable perception for the performance of their business. So here is how the company's ethics defends the interests of consumers and the company's own members, which improves the perception of SMEs, a situation that is recognized by both consumers and employees, generating a better working environment, this causes improvements in production processes, due to the general motivation of the workers, in whom a deep sense of belonging is sown, which in the end is reflected in economic benefits in general. ; L'éthique est un ensemble de règles morales qui régissent le comportement des personnes dans différents domaines de leur vie. Dans l'espace de l'entreprise, de promouvoir des pratiques éthiques régissant les relations entre l'entreprise et son environnement avec ses parties prenantes ou acteurs, apporte aux principes de l'entreprise que leur objectif est non seulement d'obtenir les résultats financiers attendus, mais aussi des objectifs liée à la rétribution sociale. La responsabilité de l'entreprise vis-à-vis de la société se manifeste dans l'exécution des activités de durabilité qui incluent le respect et la meilleure gestion de l'environnement, la création d'emplois, la création de valeur pour la société, la formation des ressources humaines entre autres. La réputation sociale des entreprises dérivée de leur engagement éthique et de la responsabilité sociale des entreprises est devenue l'un des atouts les plus précieux des entreprises, car elle a un impact direct sur la perception des groupes d'intérêt, tels que les consommateurs, fournisseurs, collaborateurs, et même la compétition elle-même. D'autre part, les petites et moyennes PME des entreprises, réglementées par la loi 590 de 2000 et 905 de 2004, sont reconnus pour leur importance dans l'économie des Etats, car il a une grande part dans la création d'emplois et de dynamiser l'économie des pays. Ils sont attribués une importance considérable dans la mise en œuvre des valeurs telles que l'honnêteté, la loyauté, la sincérité, dans ses politiques, car ils sont essentiels dans le marketing relationnel soi-disant, ce qui crée une perception favorable à la performance de leurs entreprises. Donc, ici est exposé comment l'éthique de l'entreprise défend les intérêts des consommateurs et des membres de l'entreprise, ce qui améliore la perception des PME, une situation qui est reconnue par les consommateurs et les employés, En créant un meilleur environnement de travail, cela entraîne des améliorations dans les processus de production, en raison de la motivation générale des travailleurs, chez qui un profond sentiment d'appartenance est semé, qui finit par se refléter dans les avantages économiques en général.

WOS: 000400278200001 ; To probe the Wtb vertex structure, top-quark and W-boson polarisation observables are measured from t-channel single-top-quark events produced in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 8 TeV. The dataset corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 20.2 fb(-1), recorded with the ATLAS detector at the LHC. Selected events contain one isolated electron or muon, large missing transverse momentum and exactly two jets, with one of them identified as likely to contain a b-hadron. Stringent selection requirements are applied to discriminate t-channel single-top-quark events from background. The polarisation observables are extracted from asymmetries in angular distributions measured with respect to spin quantisation axes appropriately chosen for the top quark and the W boson. The asymmetry measurements are performed at parton level by correcting the observed angular distributions for detector effects and hadronisation after subtracting the background contributions. The measured top-quark and W-boson polarisation values are in agreement with the Standard Model predictions. Limits on the imaginary part of the anomalous coupling gR are also set from model-independent measurements. ; ANPCyT, ArgentinaANPCyT; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, AustraliaAustralian Research Council; BMWFW, Austria; FWF, AustriaAustrian Science Fund (FWF); ANAS, AzerbaijanAzerbaijan National Academy of Sciences (ANAS); SSTC, Belarus; CNPq, BrazilNational Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq); FAPESP, BrazilFundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP); NSERC, CanadaNatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; NRC, Canada; CFI, CanadaCanada Foundation for Innovation; CERN; CONICYT, ChileComision Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica (CONICYT); CAS, ChinaChinese Academy of Sciences; MOST, ChinaMinistry of Science and Technology, China; NSFC, ChinaNational Natural Science Foundation of China; COLCIENCIAS, ColombiaDepartamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovacion Colciencias; MSMT CR, Czech RepublicMinistry of Education, Youth & Sports - Czech RepublicCzech Republic Government; MPO CR, Czech RepublicCzech Republic Government; VSC CR, Czech RepublicCzech Republic Government; DNRF, Denmark; DNSRC, DenmarkDanish Natural Science Research Council; IN2P3-CNRS, FranceCentre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CEA-DSM/IRFU, France; SRNSF, Georgia; BMBF, GermanyFederal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF); HGF, Germany; MPG, GermanyMax Planck Society; GSRT, GreeceGreek Ministry of Development-GSRT; RGC, Hong Kong SAR, ChinaHong Kong Research Grants Council; ISF, IsraelIsrael Science Foundation; I-CORE, Israel; Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare; MEXT, JapanMinistry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT); JSPS, JapanMinistry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT)Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; CNRST, Morocco; NWO, NetherlandsNetherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO)Netherlands Government; RCN, Norway; MNiSW, PolandMinistry of Science and Higher Education, Poland; NCN, Poland; FCT, PortugalPortuguese Foundation for Science and Technology; MNE/IFA, Romania; MES of Russia, Russian FederationRussian Federation; NRC KI, Russian Federation; JINR; MESTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS, SloveniaSlovenian Research Agency - Slovenia; MIZS, Slovenia; DST/NRF, South Africa; MINECO, Spain; SRC, Sweden; Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SERI, Cantons of Bern, Switzerland; SNSF, Cantons of Bern, Switzerland; SERI, Geneva, Switzerland; MOST, TaiwanMinistry of Science and Technology, Taiwan; TAEK, TurkeyMinistry of Energy & Natural Resources - Turkey; STFC, United KingdomScience & Technology Facilities Council (STFC); DOE, United States of AmericaUnited States Department of Energy (DOE); NSF, United States of AmericaNational Science Foundation (NSF); BCKDF, Canada; Canada Council, Canada; CANARIE, Canada; CRC, Canada; Compute Canada, Canada; FQRNT, CanadaFQRNT; Ontario Innovation Trust, Canada; EPLANET; ERCEuropean Research Council (ERC); ERDFEuropean Union (EU); Horizon and Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions; European UnionEuropean Union (EU); Investissements d'Avenir Labex and Idex, FranceFrench National Research Agency (ANR); ANR, FranceFrench National Research Agency (ANR); Region Auvergne and Fondation Partager le Savoir, FranceRegion Auvergne-Rhone-Alpes; DFG, GermanyGerman Research Foundation (DFG); AvH Foundation, GermanyAlexander von Humboldt Foundation; Herakleitos; Thales; Aristeia; EU-ESFEuropean Union (EU); Greek NSRFGreek Ministry of Development-GSRT; BSF, IsraelUS-Israel Binational Science Foundation; GIF, IsraelGerman-Israeli Foundation for Scientific Research and Development; Minerva, Israel; BRF, Norway; CERCA Programme Generalitat de Catalunya, Generalitat Valenciana, SpainGeneralitat Valenciana; Royal Society and Leverhulme Trust, United Kingdom; SNSF, Geneva, Switzerland; ICREAICREA ; We acknowledge the support of ANPCyT, Argentina; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, Australia; BMWFW and FWF, Austria; ANAS, Azerbaijan; SSTC, Belarus; CNPq and FAPESP, Brazil; NSERC, NRC and CFI, Canada; CERN; CONICYT, Chile; CAS, MOST and NSFC, China; COLCIENCIAS, Colombia; MSMT CR, MPO CR and VSC CR, Czech Republic; DNRF and DNSRC, Denmark; IN2P3-CNRS, CEA-DSM/IRFU, France; SRNSF, Georgia; BMBF, HGF, and MPG, Germany; GSRT, Greece; RGC, Hong Kong SAR, China; ISF, I-CORE and Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, Italy; MEXT and JSPS, Japan; CNRST, Morocco; NWO, Netherlands; RCN, Norway; MNiSW and NCN, Poland; FCT, Portugal; MNE/IFA, Romania; MES of Russia and NRC KI, Russian Federation; JINR; MESTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS and MIZS, Slovenia; DST/NRF, South Africa; MINECO, Spain; SRC and Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SERI, SNSF and Cantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland; MOST, Taiwan; TAEK, Turkey; STFC, United Kingdom; DOE and NSF, United States of America. In addition, individual groups and members have received support from BCKDF, the Canada Council, CANARIE, CRC, Compute Canada, FQRNT, and the Ontario Innovation Trust, Canada; EPLANET, ERC, ERDF, FP7, Horizon 2020 and Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions, European Union; Investissements d'Avenir Labex and Idex, ANR, Region Auvergne and Fondation Partager le Savoir, France; DFG and AvH Foundation, Germany; Herakleitos, Thales and Aristeia programmes co-financed by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF; BSF, GIF and Minerva, Israel; BRF, Norway; CERCA Programme Generalitat de Catalunya, Generalitat Valenciana, Spain; the Royal Society and Leverhulme Trust, United Kingdom.r The crucial computing support from all WLCG partners is acknowledged gratefully, in particular from CERN, the ATLAS Tier-1 facilities at TRIUMF (Canada), NDGF (Denmark, Norway, Sweden), CC-IN2P3 (France), KIT/GridKA (Germany), INFN-CNAF (Italy), NL-T1 (Netherlands), PIC (Spain), ASGC (Taiwan), RAL (UK) and BNL (USA), the Tier-2 facilities worldwide and large non-WLCG resource providers. Major contributors of computing resources are listed in ref. [86].