Suchergebnisse

The increasing migration of Peruvian citizens to Buenos Aires is a recent phenomenon, and the intensification of the development of organizations and their public presence are correlated with the participation in festivities, civic organizations and the like. This article is a preliminary report on research that focuses on Peruvian dance groups in Buenos Aires and that proposes to describe some of the ways that Peruvian folkdances are transmitted. I show how a process of non formal education is shaped by the interactions among dance groups and between them and representatives of the Peruvian Government in Buenos Aires; and how it is influenced by the need to «demonstrate through performance,» by ways of participating in the groups and by the previous knowledge of the dances that the performers bring with them. The analysis focuses on the microanalytic dimension of representations and practices of the dancers and directors of the dance groups. The fieldwork was carried out in the period 2005-2008 and focused on four groups of Peruvian folk dancers. The phenomena studied are shown to have great potential as intercultural mediators that transcend cultural manifestations to become mechanisms of consciousness raising that reach out to publics beyond the Peruvians themselves. ; El incremento de la migración de ciudadanos peruanos a Buenos Aires constituye un fenómeno reciente, y la intensificación del desarrollo organizacional y de la acción pública de los mismos encuentra su correlato en la participación en fiestas, organizaciones civiles, entre otros. Este artículo es un avance de investigación y se centra en los grupos de danzas peruanas en Buenos Aires con el propósito de describir algunas de las modalidades de enseñanza de la danza peruana. Así, veremos cómo las interacciones intergrupales y de los grupos de danza con el Estado peruano en Buenos Aires, la necesidad de «mostrar el hacer» así como las formas de participación en los grupos y los aprendizajes previos de las danzas con los que se insertan los bailarines en estos ámbitos, configuran procesos de educación no formal. El análisis se basa en una dimensión microanalítica que refiere a las representaciones y prácticas de bailarines y directores de grupos. El trabajo de campo se focalizó en el período 2005-2008, constituyendo las unidades de estudio cuatro grupos de danzas folklóricas peruanas. Finalmente, se muestra que estos espacios poseen un potencial intercultural para trascender las manifestaciones culturales, promoviendo trabajos de concientización que incluyan a un público no peruano.

This paper tackles the broad issue of contract incompleteness, property rights and conflicts in the context of rural Côte d'Ivoire. Since the beginning of the 2000s, a new type of contractual arrangement is developing rapidly: the "Plant & Share" contract. The central principle of this type of arrangement is that the landowner (usually an autochthon) provides the land to a farmer (usually a migrant) who develops a perennial tree crop plantation, i.e., supplies the seedlings, the fertilizers and the labor until production starts. When the plantation starts to produce, three types of sharing arrangements (usually by half, exceptionally 1/3 for the landowner and 2/3 for the farmer) occur, depending on what is shared: (i) the plantation (the landowner retaining his/her ownership right to the land bearing the farmer's part of the plantation); (ii) the plantation and the land (i.e., thru the contract, the farmer builds an ownership right not only on the plantation, but also on the land bearing his share of the plantation); (iii) the production (the land remaining the property of the landowner and the plantation being de facto co-owned by the assignor and the taker). Like most institutional arrangements in rural Côte d'Ivoire, P&S contracts remain usually "informal" in the sense that there is no legal validation of the transaction by a public authority. Beyond their "informal" nature, P&S contracts are quite incomplete. Some elements of the arrangement are rarely or never specified explicitly: the length of the contract, the right to transfer the plantation, the technical process involved in the creation of the plantation, etc. In their current form, P&S contracts therefore convey a real potential for conflicts between landowners and farmers. The aim of the paper is to provide insights into the rationale for the rapid spread of this new institutional arrangement. Its incompleteness is discussed as well as its potentially conflictive features. The paper also shows how this contract, in spite of its incompleteness, constitutes an alternative to much more conflictive land "sales" that currently dominate the land transfers market in the country. A discussion of the socio-political embeddedness of contractual practices is thus provided. Aside from the authors' long time field research investment in Côte d'Ivoire, the paper draws on data coming from two sources: a survey realized by F. Ruf in 2001 (600 farms), and a survey realized by J.-Ph. Colin in 2008 (269 farms). (résumé d'auteur)

La presente investigación analiza los circuitos de producción de la "idea" de creación de nuevas universidades nacionales entre 1971 y 1973 en la Argentina. Para ello, indaga el recorrido de las ideas por el espacio burocrático- estatal y académico-universitario y sus entrecruzamientos, los que dieron origen a un conjunto de reglas, normas y saberes especializados cuyos contenidos impusieron y permitieron prácticas específicas para su implementación. Siguiendo esa línea, examina los modelos universitarios que predominaron en los circuitos de expertos e identifica cuáles se incorporaron finalmente a las estrategias gubernamentales. El estudio se vale de la idea de que en paralelo a las estrategias represivas del gobierno autoritario, algunos expertos idearon otros modelos universitarios que pudieran contener el avance de la contestación social y la deslegitimación estatal. Los intentos se concretaron en distintos planes técnicos, dieron lugar a numerosas estructuras burocráticas y moldearon las reglas y las dinámicas institucionales de las noveles universidades. Por otra parte, el proceso de creación de nuevas universidades nacionales de los años 70 inauguró una racionalidad de expansión institucional mediante la cual el poder político buscó imponer a las casas de estudio un formato diferente, en oposición al modelo político y académico de las universidades tradicionales. ; This research analyses the circuits of production of the "idea" of new national universities between 1971 and 1973 in Argentina. It probes into the itineraries of those ideas into the state-bureaucratic and academic space and their criss-crosses, which produced a set of rules, norms and specialized knowledges along with the imposition and allowance of specific practices for their enforcement. In addition, it examines which higher education models predominated in expertise circuits and it identifies the ones that were finally incorporated in the frame of governmental strategies. The study introduces the argument that together with repressive governmental strategies, some experts devised other models of higher education that could content the advance of social protest and state illegitimacy. Those attempts moulded different technical plans, promoted numerous bureaucratic structures and shaped the rules and institutional dynamics of the novel universities. In addition, by means of the creation of new universities in the 70, the government introduced a rationality of institutional expansion which sought to impose a different higher educational format, in opposition to the one of traditional universities. ; Fil: Rovelli, Laura Inés. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación; Argentina.

La presente investigación analiza los circuitos de producción de la "idea" de creación de nuevas universidades nacionales entre 1971 y 1973 en la Argentina. Para ello, indaga el recorrido de las ideas por el espacio burocrático- estatal y académico-universitario y sus entrecruzamientos, los que dieron origen a un conjunto de reglas, normas y saberes especializados cuyos contenidos impusieron y permitieron prácticas específicas para su implementación. Siguiendo esa línea, examina los modelos universitarios que predominaron en los circuitos de expertos e identifica cuáles se incorporaron finalmente a las estrategias gubernamentales. El estudio se vale de la idea de que en paralelo a las estrategias represivas del gobierno autoritario, algunos expertos idearon otros modelos universitarios que pudieran contener el avance de la contestación social y la deslegitimación estatal. Los intentos se concretaron en distintos planes técnicos, dieron lugar a numerosas estructuras burocráticas y moldearon las reglas y las dinámicas institucionales de las noveles universidades. Por otra parte, el proceso de creación de nuevas universidades nacionales de los años 70 inauguró una racionalidad de expansión institucional mediante la cual el poder político buscó imponer a las casas de estudio un formato diferente, en oposición al modelo político y académico de las universidades tradicionales. ; This research analyses the circuits of production of the "idea" of new national universities between 1971 and 1973 in Argentina. It probes into the itineraries of those ideas into the state-bureaucratic and academic space and their criss-crosses, which produced a set of rules, norms and specialized knowledges along with the imposition and allowance of specific practices for their enforcement. In addition, it examines which higher education models predominated in expertise circuits and it identifies the ones that were finally incorporated in the frame of governmental strategies. The study introduces the argument that together with repressive governmental strategies, some experts devised other models of higher education that could content the advance of social protest and state illegitimacy. Those attempts moulded different technical plans, promoted numerous bureaucratic structures and shaped the rules and institutional dynamics of the novel universities. In addition, by means of the creation of new universities in the 70, the government introduced a rationality of institutional expansion which sought to impose a different higher educational format, in opposition to the one of traditional universities. ; Fil: Rovelli, Laura Inés. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación; Argentina.

La presente investigación analiza los circuitos de producción de la "idea" de creación de nuevas universidades nacionales entre 1971 y 1973 en la Argentina. Para ello, indaga el recorrido de las ideas por el espacio burocrático- estatal y académico-universitario y sus entrecruzamientos, los que dieron origen a un conjunto de reglas, normas y saberes especializados cuyos contenidos impusieron y permitieron prácticas específicas para su implementación. Siguiendo esa línea, examina los modelos universitarios que predominaron en los circuitos de expertos e identifica cuáles se incorporaron finalmente a las estrategias gubernamentales. El estudio se vale de la idea de que en paralelo a las estrategias represivas del gobierno autoritario, algunos expertos idearon otros modelos universitarios que pudieran contener el avance de la contestación social y la deslegitimación estatal. Los intentos se concretaron en distintos planes técnicos, dieron lugar a numerosas estructuras burocráticas y moldearon las reglas y las dinámicas institucionales de las noveles universidades. Por otra parte, el proceso de creación de nuevas universidades nacionales de los años 70 inauguró una racionalidad de expansión institucional mediante la cual el poder político buscó imponer a las casas de estudio un formato diferente, en oposición al modelo político y académico de las universidades tradicionales. ; This research analyses the circuits of production of the "idea" of new national universities between 1971 and 1973 in Argentina. It probes into the itineraries of those ideas into the state-bureaucratic and academic space and their criss-crosses, which produced a set of rules, norms and specialized knowledges along with the imposition and allowance of specific practices for their enforcement. In addition, it examines which higher education models predominated in expertise circuits and it identifies the ones that were finally incorporated in the frame of governmental strategies. The study introduces the argument that together with repressive governmental strategies, some experts devised other models of higher education that could content the advance of social protest and state illegitimacy. Those attempts moulded different technical plans, promoted numerous bureaucratic structures and shaped the rules and institutional dynamics of the novel universities. In addition, by means of the creation of new universities in the 70, the government introduced a rationality of institutional expansion which sought to impose a different higher educational format, in opposition to the one of traditional universities. ; Fil: Rovelli, Laura Inés. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación; Argentina.

*Background/Question/Methods*
Ecologists usually study interactions among living and non-living things at a particular spatial scale. Ecological curricula often have a biological focus except in ecosystem or applied ecology courses. At the undergraduate level, the impact of human activity on ecology class discussions is often relegated to urban ecology classes. The discussion of sustainability is a side line in introductory or upper level ecology courses, except in applied research courses, and more intensely addressed in non-science general education courses. To develop a global sustainable society will require that different disciplines understand the many factors that affect "sustainability" and work with a common definition of that term. To start the discussion among disciplines that is necessary to solve global environmental problems ecologists need to outline a clear connection between efficient natural resource management practices and global biodiversity goals. Faculty need to network across disciplines in curriculum development, and consider answers from the point of view of coursework in biology, earth science and physical science majors vs. in the general education or liberal arts core curriculum. The sustainability curriculum outcomes of such interdisciplinary discussions are considered for various undergraduate programs throughout the United States focusing on the process of integration of ecological knowledge.

*Results/Conclusions*
Nationally, science major programs develop courses that consider the human impact on the variability and management of natural resources, relative to biodiversity and landscape physical components. Courses are grouped into minors and/or configured as a major's track. Many of these courses incorporate service-learning and utilize the campus and surrounding university community as a field lab for exploring sustainability, conservation and resource management issues. For non-majors, sustainability may be the theme of first-year seminars taught by faculty from different disciplines, to engage students in critical thinking exercises in solving global environmental problems. Often sociologists, political scientists, historians and geographers are more involved in teaching these general education courses than ecologists. A sustainable studies interdisciplinary major may result after establishing appropriate content courses for minors, the liberal arts curriculum and tracks within majors. The interdisciplinary major can also have several concentrations, as in International Studies major programs, or it can be a self-designed interdisciplinary major, differing in the relative amount of study of each discipline's impact on sustainability and resource management trends. Ecologists' participation in general education program development can lead to a better infusion of ecological knowledge into campus sustainability plans, with more opportunities for sustainability service-learning projects and internships.

13 páginas, 4 figuras. ; 1. Traditionally, techniques of plant manipulation during restoration have focused on the reduction of competition by 'problematic' existing vegetation. However, the increasing recognition of facilitation as a main process regulating the composition of communities has brought a change in the practice of restoration towards a better awareness of the benefits inherent to conserving neighbouring vegetation. 2. Here, I provide the results of a meta-analysis of published studies that have manipulated interactions among plants with the objective of restoring degraded terrestrial systems. I created four different data sets corresponding to the variables most commonly used to measure plant performance (i.e. emergence, survival, growth and density), and asked whether the benefits of facilitation as a restoration tool vary depending on the study duration, the life-form of the neighbour and target species, and the ecosystem type. 3. Neighbour effects varied strongly among performance estimators. Positive effects were frequently found for emergence and survival, whereas neutral or negative interactions predominated for growth and density. 4. No clear support existed for a relationship between study duration and neighbour effect. 5. The life-form of the interacting species, particularly of neighbours, largely influenced the interaction outcome. Herbs had strong negative effects, especially on other herb species, whereas shrubs had large facilitative effects, especially on trees. 6. Semiarid and tropical systems showed in general more positive neighbour effects than wetlands and particularly mesic temperate systems, where negative interactions predominated. However, these results were largely influenced by the over-representation of herb species in wetlands and temperate habitats, survival facilitation being found in all systems when only woody species were considered. 7. Synthesis. Pre-existing vegetation can have large impacts on species establishment in degraded habitats. Inhibition predominates in herbaceous communities typical of early-successional stages, whereas facilitation prevailes in communities dominated by shrubs and trees. Even productive systems (e.g. mesic temperate habitats) appear suitable for the application of facilitation as a restoration tool of woody communities. Whereas restoring herbaceous communities seems largely reliable on removal techniques, augmenting populations of nurse shrubs and trees should be considered a promising strategy for restoring woody late-successional communities. ; This study was supported by a Juan de la Cierva contract to L.G.A, the coordinated Spanish MCINN project INTERBOS (CGL2008-04503-C03-01 ⁄ BOS) and the GESBOME project (RNM 1890) from the Excellence Research Group Programme of the Andalusian Government. ; Peer reviewed

Applications of omics technologies in the postgenomics era swiftly expanded from rare monogenic disorders to multifactorial common complex diseases, pharmacogenomics, and personalized medicine. Already, there are signposts indicative of further omics technology investment in nutritional sciences (nutrigenomics), environmental health/ecology (ecogenomics), and agriculture (agrigenomics). Genotype-phenotype association studies are a centerpiece of translational research in omics science. Yet scientific and ethical standards and ways to assess and communicate risk information obtained from association studies have been neglected to date. This is a significant gap because association studies decisively influence which genetic loci become genetic tests in the clinic or products in the genetic test marketplace. A growing challenge concerns the interpretation of large overlap typically observed in distribution of quantitative traits in a genetic association study with a polygenic/multifactorial phenotype. To remedy the shortage of risk assessment and communication tools for association studies, this paper presents the concept of edge effect. That is, the shift in population edges of a multifactorial quantitative phenotype is a more sensitive measure (than population averages) to gauge the population level impact and by extension, policy significance of an omics marker. Empirical application of the edge effect concept is illustrated using an original analysis of warfarin pharmacogenomics and the VKORC1 genetic variation in a Brazilian population sample. These edge effect analyses are examined in relation to regulatory guidance development for association studies. We explain that omics science transcends the conventional laboratory bench space and includes a highly heterogeneous cast of stakeholders in society who have a plurality of interests that are often in conflict. Hence, communication of risk information in diagnostic medicine also demands attention to processes involved in production of knowledge and human values embedded in scientific practice, for example, why, how, by whom, and to what ends association studies are conducted, and standards are developed (or not). To ensure sustainability of omics innovations and forecast their trajectory, we need interventions to bridge the gap between omics laboratory and society. Appreciation of scholarship in history of omics science is one remedy to responsibly learn from the past to ensure a sustainable future in omics fields, both emerging (nutrigenomics, ecogenomics), and those that are more established (pharmacogenomics). Another measure to build public trust and sustainability of omics fields could be legislative initiatives to create a multidisciplinary oversight body, at arm's length from conflict of interests, to carry out independent, impartial, and transparent innovation analyses and prospective technology assessment.

Las políticas implementadas en el país para superar las consecuencias de la crisis de 1930 se manifestaron, en el caso de las actividades agrarias y agroindustriales, en medidas de regulación de la producción y el comercio. La entidad creada para ocuparse de la vitivinicultura fue la Junta Reguladora de Vinos que comenzó a operar a partir de 1935. Al mismo tiempo que se ponían en ejecución las disposiciones emanadas de ese organismo nacional, las autoridades provinciales de la región productora arbitraban diversas prácticas destinadas a paliar las aristas más agudas de la crisis y a reposicionar a la agroindustria en el ámbito local y el mercado nacional. En la provincia de Mendoza las autoridades provinciales instrumentaron, a partir de 1936, algunas normativas destinadas a modernizar el aparato estatal en un intento de lograr mayor eficiencia en la aplicación de las políticas de regulación y de adecuar la maquinaria gubernamental a las exigencias de la nueva etapa. La creación de un organismo dedicado específicamente a la elaboración de estadísticas y a la investigación económica, en el marco del ministerio de economía provincial fue la medida más importante en este aspecto, mientras otras disposiciones contemporáneas intentaban encontrar en el fomento del turismo una alternativa complementaria de la tradicional actividad vitivinícola. ; The policies implemented in the country to overcome the consequences of the crisis of 1930 were measures to regulate production and trade, in the case of agricultural activities and industries. The entity created to handle the winemaking was Junta Reguladora de Vinos, which began operations after 1935. At the same time that they put into execution the provisions adopted by this national institution, the provincial authorities in the producing region arbitrated various practices designed to offset the sharper edges of the crisis and to reposition the agricultural industry at local and national market. In the province of Mendoza provincial authorities prescribed, starting in 1936, some regulations aimed at modernizing the state apparatus in an attempt to achieve greater efficiency in the implementation of regulatory policies and making the machinery of government to the demands of the new stage. The creation of a office specifically dedicated to the production of statistics and economic research under the provincial Ministry of Finance was the most important measure in this regard, while other provisions were trying to find in contemporary tourism development of a complementary alternative traditional wines.

There are several participants in the renewable energy sector, each one having their own perspective, according to their interests. One renewable source of energy is wind. Development of wind energy projects is complex and implies the conjunction of several endeavors that are hard to be undertaken by only one organization. The complexity of wind energy projects demands the interaction among actors, that is, the creation of partnerships. The purpose of this study is to question the nature of partnerships as a response to strategic decisions for the implementation of wind energy projects and to provide arguments to state that partnerships are indeed strategic. By making a comparison of the different roles of the actors involved in the sector and having a theoretical support created by a literature review of the subject, authors' arguments are based on the analysis of six different perspectives from those actors in the wind energy arena: Utilities company, wind energy projects developers, government, financial institutions, international organization and consultants. A qualitative approach guided the identification of the role of these wind energy participants as their perspective in the sector. Perspective cases were formed through interviews made to representatives of different actors and through secondary data. Having an empirical approach, some wind energy projects and their involved partnerships were identified and analyzed. In addition, by analyzing the critical success factors of partnerships that influence crucial aspects for implementation of wind energy projects, it was confirmed that good partnerships are based on trust and their success is the result of establishing clear objectives and defining the roles and responsibilities of each partner. Besides, considerations regarding control management of partnership deployment among actors of the energy sector are suggested. Latterly, it was uncovered that organizations sometimes do not recognize their relationships as partnerships, due to the bare understanding of the scope of partnership concept. In practice, partnership is conceived as a long-term relationship, while relationships for a limited time are commonly identified as contracts. However, it was concluded that in any case a partnership is developed, as partners gather their own expertise to achieve common goals. This research is meant to be a reference for decision-making individuals or project managers that need to evaluate ways to implement strategies. Also this study is conceived for those that need to decide if it is worthy to establish a partnership and its considerations, as a response to strategic decisions.

The prospects of a new century urge us to reconsider the mental legacy of the past century: theories and practices of urban planning that came into existence in a certain intellectual climate and circumstances. The paper is an attempt to reconsider the rhetoric of rationality that manifested in urban design in the second half of the 20th century. Focusing on the legacy of the Greek architect, theorist and urban planner Constantinos A. Doxiadis as well as his relationship with the dominating ideas of his time, the author examines what were the sources of his concepts of entopia and ecumenopolis and in what aspects they are different from cyclical theory of city's growth, articulated by Lewis Mumford. The contexts in which ideology of progress gained strength resulted in the rise of belief of rational and globalising urban planning, introduced by Doxiadis' ekistics. It is shown that despite highly rational rhetoric and the use of scientific data, methods and procedures of research in planning the future global city, the final results were rather modest and limited, despite of the fact that the Greek urban planner succeeded in carrying a vast number of projects in several continents: the belief in the concept of progress faded away and attempts to "export" values of Western liberal democracy with the help of urban planning proved to be far less succesful than was initially intended. Santrauka Naujo amžiaus urbanistinės raidos perspektyvos akina įvertinti praėjusiame šimtmetyje klestėjusias urbanistines koncepcijas ir jų įtaką miesto raidai. Graikų architektas, urbanistikos teoretikas ir miestų planuotojas Constantinos A. Doxiadis paliko ryškų pėdsaką urbanistinės minties ir miestų planavimo istorijoje, kuris iki šiol nėra adekvačiai aptartas ir įvertintas. Sukūręs originalų, daugiadiciplinį ekistikos mokslą, jis sukūrė ateities miesto – ekumenopolio projektavimo sistemą, o kartu atliko urbanistinius tyrimus ir rengė projektus daugelyje pasaulio šalių. Analizuojama, kokią įtaką graikų urbanisto idėjų recepcijai padarė jo paties scientistinės ir racionalistinės premisos bei kompleksinių tyrimų metodologija ir kokios buvo jo koncepcijų sąsajos su bendra laikotarpio atmosfera, kurioje stiprėjo pažangos ideologija, racionalizmas, persmelkęs ne tik ekonomiką, bet ir kitas Vakarų visuomenės sferas. Taip pat aiškinamasi, kodėl bandymai globalią urbanistinę plėtrą derinti su Vakarų liberaliosios demokratijos vertybių ekspansija nebuvo itin sėkmingi. Urbanisto projektų likimas Azijos šalyse pademonstravo, kad racionalizmo doktrinomis pagrįstas planavimas nėra pajėgus pakeisti vietos bendruomenių gyvensenos ir mentaliteto. Parodoma, kad kartu su nesėkmėmis "eksportuojant" vakarietiškas urbanistines schemas pasikeitė požiūris į realias architektūros bei planavimo galias, su kuriomis XX amžiaus modernistai siejo ypatingas viltis. First Published Online: 22 May 2013 Reikšminiai žodžiai: urbanistinė plėtra, utopija, entopija, ekumenopolis, Doxiadis, racionalizmas, pažangos ideologija.

Includes bibliographical references (leaves 74-77). ; Following South Africa's democratization in 1994, the country has undergone significant transformation in virtually all spheres of life. In the rural local governance arena this transformation has been characterized by tensions and contradictions arising from uncertainties about structures of local governance. In post apartheid South Africa we have a situation which may be described as having two bulls in one kraal i.e. traditional authorities and newly elected democratic councillors sharing the responsibility of government. The presence of these two centres of power at the local level serves as basis for conflictual relationships and competing discourses and this impact badly on service delivery. While the current legislation on rural local governance is rich in issues pertaining to redress and equity, the reality on the ground is that rural-urban inequalities are perpetuated. This research seeks to offer insights into this situation.The study focuses on the role of traditional institutions in rural development and more specifically in school governance in rural communities. In the case of schools, traditional authorities and school governing bodies represent these competing discourses. During the apartheid period traditional authorities were directly involved in schooling and they were part of school governance, working hand in glove with school communities. This relationship was redefined in 1994 and consequently traditional authorities were excluded from schooling. The aim of this study is to investigate the consequences of the exclusion of this institution from school governance by comparing ways in which governing structures operated and impacted on education practices before and after 1994. The study is therefore trying to answer the question: What were the advantages and disadvantages of the involvement of the Qwebe-qwebe traditional authority in schools under its jurisdiction before 1994 and what was the significance of its exclusion after 1996? The study draws on Ray's concepts of shared and divided legitimacy to conceptualize shifts in the role of traditional authorities in relation to school governance before and after 1994. This is a qualitative case study. Most of the data were collected through interviews. The data was analyzed in order to foreground the relationship between the legitimacy of the modem state and that of traditional leaders in relation to school governance functions. The study concludes that traditional leaders fulfilled a number of functions that supported schools before 1994. New state structures have not been able to take on these functions effectively. As traditional leaders are competing with new government structures for legitimacy and support this competition further undermines the effectiveness of these structures.

This paper quantifies the impact of terrorism and conflicts on income per capita growth in Asia for 1970-2004. Our panel estimations show that transnational terrorist attacks had a significant growth-limiting effect. An additional terrorist incident per million persons reduces gross domestic product (GDP) per capita growth by about 1.5%. In populous countries, many additional attacks are needed to achieve such a large impact. Transnational terrorism reduces growth by crowding in government expenditures. Unlike developing countries, developed countries are able to absorb terrorism without displaying adverse economic consequences; an internal conflict has the greatest growth concern, about twice that of transnational terrorism. Conflict variables are associated with smaller investment shares and increased government spending, with the crowding in of government spending being the dominant influence. For developing Asian countries, intrastate and interstate wars have a much greater impact than terrorism does on the crowding-in of government spending. When regime types-democratic and autocratic-are taken into account, in our research, we found that the precision of the estimates increases with the increasing significance of transnational terrorist attacks. Policy recommendations indicate the need for rich Asian countries to assist their poorer neighbors in coping with the negative growth consequences of political violence. Failure to assist may result in region-wide repercussions. This is particularly relevant as production becomes fragmented in Asia in order to profit from comparative advantage and as regional infrastructure networks link Asia to exploit scale economies. In the latter case, conflict and terrorism in one country can create bottlenecks with region-wide economic consequences. Moreover, prime-target Western countries-e.g., the United States and the United Kingdom-have a responsibility to bolster Asian defenses against terrorism as attacks against Western interests have been shifted, in part, to Asian venues since the 9/11 attacks in the United States. The Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) and European Union link can assist with coordinating efforts to quell conflicts and eliminate terrorism, but this requires putting recent declarations into practice. The Asian Development Bank and the World Bank could play pivotal roles, especially after a conflict ends, to channel aid for reconstruction so that once-embattled countries can recover rapidly. Nongovernmental organizations and the United Nations could also assist in this post-conflict recovery. The Asian Development Band and ASEAN could coordinate and fund counterterrorism spending to curb overspending on defensive measures and bolster under-spending on proactive measures. The United Nations could assist in peacekeeping operations for internal conflicts.

Business schools must prepare students to face the world and yet maintain strong ethical convictions. The question of ethics in the business environment is not exclusive to the United States. Ethical business behavior is a multinational issue, and all business schools world-wide must deal with this issue. However, cultural differences often define acceptable ethical behavior. For example, the acceptable amount of a "token" gift from one party to another is an ethical issue. Some American businesses do not even allow employees to accept gifts from clients, while within other businesses, both National and International, it is an acceptable tradition. Bribery of foreign officials during the 1970's addressed this issue of what is acceptable in the form of gifts and/or payments between public officials when they initiated the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, which prohibits the "paying, offering, promising to pay (or authorizing to pay or offer) money or anything of value….to corrupt payments to a foreign official, a foreign political party or party official, or any candidate for foreign political office" (usdoj.gov). Ethical situations involving foreign officials and diplomats in other countries can also affect business transactions, which may ultimately be controlled by graduates from business schools in our colleges and universities. Consequently, the question is "What are the differences in ethical perceptions and values between cultures?" Once this question is addressed, business professors can adapt their teaching methods to help shape and mold the ethical values of business students. In a search for the answer to these ethical questions between cultures, the authors representing two universities, decided to conduct a small research sample on their business students. One of the colleges is a small public university located in the Southeastern United States, and the other is a university located in the Middle Eastern country of the United Arab Emirates (UAE). A small sample of students from selected business classes of each school were given a 16 question ethics quiz which had been taken from The Wall Street Journal. The questions ranged from personal use of company e-mail on the job to whether or not the individuals had lied about sick days or had taken credit for another's work. The authors hoped to determine whether there were any significant differences between the answers given from the two schools pertaining to these types of ethical issues and to learn to what extent the different cultures had in shaping the ideas of these future business professionals.

ÖZETÖDÜL SİSTEMİ UYGULAMALARININ HİZMET SEKTÖRÜNDE ÇALIŞAN PERFORMANSI ÜZERİNE ETKİLERİ Günümüz iş dünyasında İnsan Kaynakları'nın şirket yönetimlerinde stratejik ortak olmaları ile birlikte seçme yerleştirme, kariyer planlama, ücretlendirme gibi yürüttüğü ana fonksiyonlara, çalışan performansını doğrudan etkilemeye yönelik ödül yönetimi süreci de eklenmiştir.Bu çalışmanın amacı hizmet sektöründe gerçekleştirilen ödül yönetimi uygulamalarının çalışan performansı üzerindeki etkisinin araştırılmasıdır. Ödül yönetimi ile ilgili yapılan literatür taramasına göre organizasyonların kullandığı ödül sistemi ve stratejileri çalışanlarının motive ettiği ve performanslarını artırdığı kanıtlanmıştır. Bu çalışmada performans etkinliği bakış açısı ödül yönetimi sistemleri üzerinde değerlendirilecektir. Çalışmanın birinci bölümünde ödül yönetimi kavramı detaylarıyla anlatılacak olup; ödül politikaları, prosedürleri, strateji ve araçları tanımlanacaktır. İkinci bölümde performans yönetimi ve performans değerlendirme sistemleri metodları ile birlikte tartışılacaktır. Teorik çerçevenin ardından ödül yönetimi ve çalışan performansı arasındaki ilişki anlatılacak ve Türkiye'de faaliyet gösteren beş yıldızlı bir otelin ödül yönetimi sisteme uygulama olarak detaylandırılacaktır.Çalışmanın sonuçları ödül yönetimi uygulamalarının çalışan performansına doğrudan etkisi olduğunu göstermiştir. Çalışanların ödül seçimlerinin çalıştıkları pozisyona göre değişebileceğini gösteren sonuçlar, finansal ödüllerin her zaman finansal olmayan ödüllerle desteklenmesi gerektiğini göstermektedir.ABSTRACTTHE EFFECT OF REWARD SYSTEM APPLICATIONS ON EMPLOYEEPERFORMANCE IN SERVICE SECTORIn todays business environment as being a strategic partner with company managements, reward management which has a direct effect on employee performance, is added as a core function to human resources dicipline such as recruitment, career planning and compensation. The aim of this study to research the effects of reward management system applications on employee performance in service sector. According to literature review on the previous studies about reward management, it is proven that organizations use reward systems and strategies to motivate their employees and to increase their performance.In this study, performance effectiveness perspective will be determined on reward systems. At the first part of the study, definiton of reward management will be identified with its details, such as reward policies, procedures, strategies and instruments. At the second part, the definition and methods of performance management and performance appraisal systems will be discussed with their methods. After the theoretical framework, the relationship between two will be explained and than a practice will be conducted out in a five star hotel chain in Turkey.The results show that reward management applications have a direct effect on employee performance. The preferences of employees on rewards may change from position to position in the organization. The results also show that, financial reward should be always supported with non-financial rewards.