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This article argues that the rhetorical education of Isocrates can serve as a vital alternative to today's dominating trend of outcome-based education, or what Biesta calls "the learnification of education." According to Biesta, "the learnification of education" represents an individualising discourse separating the content, purpose and personal aspects of education. This article analyses "the learnification of education" primarily as a crisis of authority, with the political thinking of Hannah Arendt as a point of departure, suggesting that educational theory need to rediscover the roots of the didactical tradition in rhetorics. Thus the rhetorical education of Isocrates, based on examples and exemplary teaching, may rediscover an ancient conception of authority still relevant for our post-traditional and multicultural society. ; publishedVersion

In this article I will discuss three areas: Central Asian countries' immediate responses to the COVID-19 crisis, including the current public health situation; the short- and mid-term economic impact of the global shutdown and slump in oil prices; and what the countries' responses demonstrate about their regimes, relationships, and places in the world today. I will compare and contrast the five countries throughout the article, drawing attention to the most relevant and interesting examples of policy and outcome, with supporting statistics and commentary as relevant. Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan will get the bulk of the analysis, which is a reflection of the difficulty of getting credible information about the COVID-19 situation in Turkmenistan. (Asian Aff/GIGA)

Although science has been an incredibly powerful and revolutionary force, it is not clear whether science is suited to performance under pressure; generally, science achieves best in its usual comfort zone of patience, caution, and slowness. But if science is organized knowledge and acts as a guiding force for making informed decisions, it is important to understand how science and scientists perform as a reliable and valuable institution in a global crisis such as COVID-19. This paper provides insights and reflections looking at aspects such as speed, transparency, trust, data sharing, scientists in the political arena, and the psychology of scientists; all of which are areas inviting more detailed investigation by future studies conducting systematic empirical studies.

The Afro-European partnership has changed considerably in recent years, yet tangible improvements in terms of economic and political development, prosperity, health, and education are limited to only a few countries in Africa. The Covid-19 crisis poses now an additional threat to the achievements of the past. The focus section of this CESifo Forum issue examines and discusses the current relations between Africa and Europe, and outlines the main drivers of Africa's economic transformation. Due to the importance of capital flows for development, this section also addresses the use and effectiveness of foreign aid and FDI. The following contributions devote special attention to the future paths of political and economic cooperation between the two continents in a post-corona era.

The study analyses the relationships between capital dynamics, productivity, global value chains and foreign direct investment using panel data techniques. Among other results, we confirm the high importance of tangible and intangible ICT capital for productivity and GVC integration. We examine the extent of underinvestment in ICT in the EU relative to other major economies and identify bottlenecks for efficient capital allocation. The sluggish economic performance of the EU in the post-crisis period has been further challenged by the COVID-19 outbreak. Consolidating policy efforts to facilitate ICT investment, tackling the barriers to ICT adoption and broad-based digitalisation are critical for the EU in order to maintain a competitive edge and unlock new growth opportunities in the new normal.

Cybersecurity covers the broad range of technical and social issues that must be considered to protect networked information systems. The importance of the concept has increased as so many government, business, and day-to-day activities globally have moved online. It has been increasingly referred to in both academic and mainstream publications since 2003, in fields including software engineering, international relations, crisis management and public safety, slowly overtaking more technical terms such as computer/system/data security (popular in the 1970s/1980s) and information security (popular from the mid 1990s). But its strong association with national security and defence agencies, and disconnection from social science notions such as place, have led to concerns of inappropriate cyber securitisation of government programmes.

Despite pleas from international organizations, governments and trade economists to refrain from imposing trade-distorting measures, over 20 countries have implemented bans on the export of agri-food products since the onset of the COVID-19 crisis. These export prohibitions might adversely impact food security and disrupt well-established global supply chains. We identify importing countries that could potentially be affected by the imposed export bans using a measure of their import dependency during the pre-pandemic period to illustrate our results on global trade maps. We find that many importers rely on just one country for a significant share of the overall domestic supply of a particular commodity. [EconLit Citations: F10, F13, Q17, Q18]

International audience ; While the world's attention is focused on controlling COVID-19, evidence points at the biodiversity crisis as a leading factor in its emergence, and the outbreak of many past emerging infectious diseases. Agriculture is a major driver of biodiversity loss globally. Feeding a growing human population in ways that minimize harm to biodiversity is thus imperative to prevent the next COVID-19. Solutions exist, but the burden of implementing them should not be left to farmers alone, who are mainly small-scale family farmers. Supportive policies and markets are needed, but unlikely to bring about the required changes alone. A global concerted effort similar to the Paris Agreement for climate is probably required.

As a response to the perceived legitimacy crisis that threatens modern democracies, local government has increasingly become a laboratory for democratic renewal and citizen participation. This article studies whether and why local party chapters support democratic innovations fostering more citizen participation. More specifically, we analyse the relative weight of ideas, interests and institutions in explaining their support for citizen-centred democracy. The central finding is that ideas matter more than interests and institutions. Ideology is alive and kicking with regard to democratic innovation, with socialist and ecologist parties and populist parties being most supportive of participatory arrangements. By contrast, interests and institutions play, at this stage, a minor role in explaining support for participatory innovations.

The world as we have come to know it is changing. Some of the core principles of the rules-based liberal international order are being challenged. The established truths and practices that we have based our foreign policies on are put into question. How do Norwegians respond to these changes? What are their views of Norwegian foreign policy? Just before the Corona crisis hit Norway, NUPI conducted an opinion poll in the Norwegian population asking about foreign and security policy. The answers we got tell the story of a people adapting reluctantly to international change.Read the full report here. ; This report and the survey it presents is financed by the Konrad Adenauer Stiftung. ; publishedVersion

Nuestro dossier busca dar un panorama general tanto a los nudos críticos de desigualdad y opresión que permiten comprender los por qué de la Revuelta, como las posibilidades democratizadoras y antineoliberales que emergen al calor de la movilización. Todo esto será puesto a prueba en la coyuntura constituyente que se avecina, observaremos las capacidades de los movimientos sociales y políticos para abrir decididamente los marcos de la democracia. Aunque claro, todo esto se está desenvolviendo en medio de una pandemia y de una crisis económica que tiene a amplias capas de los pueblos de Chile habitando entre la desesperanza y los gestos de dignidad. ; Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación

Amid frenzied national responses to COVID-19, the world could soon reach a critical juncture to revisit and strengthen the International Health Regulations (IHR), the multilateral instrument that governs how 196 states and WHO collectively address the global spread of disease.1, 2 In many countries, IHR obligations that are vital to an effective pandemic response remain unfulfilled, and the instrument has been largely side-lined in the COVID-19 pandemic, the largest global health crisis in a century. It is time to reimagine the IHR as an instrument that will compel global solidarity and national action against the threat of emerging and re-emerging pathogens. We call on state parties to reform the IHR to improve supervision, international assistance, dispute resolution, and overall textual clarity.

This livable cities guidance note aims to support cities in developing member countries (DMCs) of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) to effectively respond to the crisis in the immediate term, and to 'build back better' in the short- and medium-term while continuously adapting to a 'new normal' with respect to human behaviors, social interactions, and business practices. The note is anchored on the core principles outlined under ADB's Strategy 2030 Operational Plan for Priority 4: Making Cities More Livable (OP4)1, and also considers the public health and economic impacts of the pandemic. Related sector and thematic areas (e.g., transport, education, health, regional cooperation and integration) are covered by similar notes in the ADB's COVID-19 guidance series.

The current deceleration in international trade TEMPhas remote causes. The long slowdown -despite the perception of continuous globalization - is only partially a consequence of the economic and financial crisis of 2007-2009. Its main driving force TEMPhas been neo-protectionism, implemented by the economic policies of the major areas and powers of the world. The research, using the integrated tools of economic theory and Development Geography, investigates the impact of neo-protectionism implemented by major areas - closed to the outside world through the modern border - on the world economy and its TEMPeffects on the "Second World" and the global South in the agricultural field. As a "global ballast", neoprotectionism is responsible for the underdevelopment and forthcoming regionalization of economies.

Twelve months ago, Ursula von der Leyen announced that her Commission would be a geopolitical one. This promise was a response to the crisis of multilateralism, the growing competition between the US and China, the fallout of Brexit, and the broad range of brewing and frozen conflicts in the EU's neighbourhood. One year later, a geopolitically assertive EU is needed more than ever. The pandemic has underlined the vulnerability of Europe's supply chains and intensified the political rift between the US and China. The further the two superpowers move towards economic decoupling, the clearer it becomes how exposed Europe is to this rivalry. Meanwhile, the crises in the eastern Mediterranean, Mali, and Belarus have reminded Europeans of their geopolitical responsibilities.