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AS SOLDIERS AND GLOBAL STRATEGIC THINKERS SHOW THEMSELVES TO BE POORLY EQUIPPED TO TRANSFORM THEIR ROLE IN CONFLICT INTERVENTION, THERE ARE CALLS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF A NON-VIOLENT ALTERNATIVE. THERE IS A LONG AND RICH HISTORY OF NON-GOVERNMENTAL EFFORTS AT SENDING PEACE MISSIONS--KNOWN AS PEACE BRIGADES, PEACE TEAMS OR PEACE ARMIES. THEIR HISTORY RUNS FROM THE ERA OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS TO THE PRESENT DAY. IN TOTAL THERE HAVE BEEN MORE SUCH CITIZENS' MISSIONS THAN U.N. PEACEKEEPING MISSIONS. THESE PEOPLE'S ACTIONS, HOWEVER, ARE NOT AS WELL KNOWN. THEY ARE UNDERFUNDED AND CAN SEND FEW VOLUNTEERS TO THE FIELD, WHICH LEAVES THEM INVISIBLE TO GLOBAL MEDIA. PEACE TEAMS HAVE BEEN, FOR THE MOST PART, "AD HOC" EFFORTS INSTEAD OF ISSUING FORM A CENTRAL AUTHORITY.

EVEN THOUGH SUBSTANTIAL ADMINISTRATIVE AND FINANCIAL CHANGES HAVE BEEN INTRODUCED IN THE UNITED NATIONS SINCE THE EARLY 1980S, THE END OF THE COLD WAR HAS BROUGHT ABOUT A TURNING POINT IN ITS PROCESS OF REFORM. THE IMPRESSIVE GROWTH OF UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS HAS TIPPED THE BALANCE IN FAVOR OF MAJOR TRANSFORMATION IN THIS FIELD. INDEED, SINCE THE PUBLICATION OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL'S (AGENDA FOR PEACE) MANY CHANGE SHAVE BEEN UNDERTAKEN AND IMPROVEMENTS ACHIEVED. HOWEVER MUCH STILL NEEDS TO BE DONE. THIS PAPER ADDRESSES THREE PARTICULAR ISSUES: INSTITUTIONAL REFORMS, ORGANIZATIONAL REFORMS AND REFORMS THROUGH ADJUSTMENTS. WHILE LITTLE WILL BE SAID ON THE FIRST TWO ISSUES, SINCE THEY ARE RELATIVELY WELL KNOWN AND TREATED ELSEWHERE, THIS PAPER WILL FOCUS ON UN'S PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS AND THEIR ACTUAL EVOLUTION AS A WAY OF ASSESSING THE CONTINUING PROCESS OF REFORM IN THE UNITED NATIONS.

TO BE SUCCESSFUL, PEACE OPERATIONS MUST ENHANCE PERCEIVED LEGITIMACY AND DISPLAY A CREDIBLE CAPABILITY TO COERCE. AN IMPORTANT FIRST STEP IN ATTAINING BOTH GOALS IS CULTURAL UNDERSTANDING AND SENSITIVITY. SELECTED PROFESSIONAL AFRICAN MILITARIES HAVE DEMONSTRATED THIS CAPABILITY IN VARIOUS PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS. THIS ARTICLE EXPLORES THE REQUIREMENTS FOR PEACE OPERATION SUCCESS IN AFRICA AND NOTES THAT AFRICAN MILITARIES PLAY A VALUABLE AND VITAL ROLE IN PEACE OPERATIONS IN AFRICA.

THE AIM OF THIS ESSAY IS TO EXAMINE THE ROLE OF INTELLIGENCE ANALYSIS AND ASSESSMENT IN SUPPORT OF PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS IN A CHANGING WORLD. IT FOCUSES ON THE INTELLIGENCE NEEDS OF THE UNITED NATIONS AND SUGGESTS WHAT POLICY-MAKERS REQUIRE IN LIGHT OF THE DEMANDS THAT THIS IMPOSES ON THE POSSIBLE PRODUCERS. THREE TYPES OF MISSIONS--PREVENTIVE ACTION, CONFLICT RESOLUTION, AND POST CONFLICT RECONSTRUCTION ARE EXAMINED IN TURN.

Use of peacekeeping forces to forestall ethnic conflict; example of UN mission in Macedonia.

Restructuring of Hungary's armed forces as a result of participation in NATO's Partnership for Peace program; training and deployment of peacekeeping forces for regional and international operations. Hungarian participation in the Multinational Force and Observers (MFO), operating to uphold the Camp David agreements relating to the Sinai.

Die gestiegenen Anforderungen an die Konfliktbearbeitungskapazitäten der Vereinten Nationen seit dem Ende des Ost-West-Konflikts haben zu einem Aufschwung, aber auch zu erheblichen Veränderungen des Peacekeeping-Konzepts geführt. Angesichts der Grenzen der nicht-militärischen und an den Konsens der Konfliktparteien gebundenen Form von Peacekeeping wird zunehmend auf ein mit militärischer Durchsetzungskraft angereichertes Peacekeeping gesetzt. Die kritische Diskussion dieser Entwicklung steht im Mittelpunkt des Artikels. Die Verfasserin argumentiert, daß mit Peacekeeping ein friedenspolitisches Konzept entwickelt wurde, das das Handlungspotential der Vereinten Nationen in mehrfacher Hinsicht sinnvoll erweitert hat und auch heute noch in vielen Konflikten Anwendung finden könnte. Mit dem Wandel dieses Konzepts berauben sich die Vereinten Nationen jedoch dieses Instruments. Dieses Argument wiegt umso schwerer, als eine erfolgreiche Bewältigung der neuen Anforderungen trotz des Wandels von Peacekeeping nicht gewährleistet ist. (Österreichische Zeitschrift für Politikwissenschaft / FUB)

After the collapse of the bipolar world, multilateral initiatives & organizations got into a crisis, but at the same time their importance increased. The author analyzes one form of multilateral involvement: UN peacekeeping operations. In the last 5 years, their number has significantly increased. The most important among them is the one on the territory of the former Yugoslavia. Although many aspects of that operation are negative, in the future they might prove useful for the reform of the concept of peacekeeping operations. The author particularly emphasizes the necessity for these peacekeeping operations to make a shift from the prevention of hostilities toward the enforcement of peace as well as the need to separate this objective from humanitarian activities, which should be assigned to specialized international organizations. Peacekeeping operations should evolve into a sort of multilateral interventionism which resolutely restricts individual states' sovereignty & strives at establishing order. They could be supplemented with other means of pressure at the UN's disposal: sanctions, diplomatic isolation, or arms control. Adapted from the source document.

Advocates cutting back on the US financial commitment to the UN and the setting up of an independent UN Office of Inspector General to uncover waste within the secretariat. Criticizes expansion of the peacekeeping role to include food relief, election supervision, and responding to national emergencies.

Examines characteristics of UN peacekeeping forces, and challenges involved in their deployment.

Evaluates the peacekeeping experience of African states and their capacity to mount and support such operations. In connection with the UN, the Organization of African Unity (OAU), and the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS).

Reviews past contributions of peacekeeping forces and new techniques for peacekeepers to work more actively with civilians; based on Canada's experience with the UN Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP).

Examines changes in the character of UN peacekeeping since 1988, types of crises in which UN peacekeeping is effective, and other issues. Issues include management by the Security Council and the secretariat, relationship between UN and national command, command and control of intelligence, use of force, privileged status of UN forces, involvement in administration and trusteeship, and finance.

Examines changes in American involvement in, and internal discussion of, UN peacekeeping operations, since President Clinton assumed office in Jan. 1993.