Suchergebnisse

En 1954 paraissait l'Introduction à l' étude de la papyrologie arabe de Grohmann, dont il a donné en 1966 un grand résumé dans la série Handbuch der Orientalistik . Le second volume, c'est-à-dire la Chrestomathie, ne vit malheureusement jamais le jour, du vivant de l'auteur, qui s'est éteint en 1977. Ce volume, présenté ici, apporte, après une introduction générale sur l'histoire de sa genèse et l'évolution de la papyrologie arabe jusque vers 1990, un ensemble de 98 documents arabes, la plupart sur papyrus, dont une quarantaine sont publiés pour la première fois ici. Pour plus d'efficacité et pour englober le maximum d' aspects utiles aux chercheurs des différentes disciplines intéressées, le plan initial de l'auteur a été modifié et élargi de plusieurs domaines, ce qui fait que nous avons les parties suivantes: I-Textes de protocoles: bilingues et unilingues. II-Textes juridiques contenant des documents concernant: A-Le droit personnel-le droit matrimonial-B-Des relations d'affaires-C-Le droit héréditaire-D-Les procédures judiciaires-E- Des formulaires et esquisses de documents. III-Textes adminitratifs. IV-Lettres privées d'affaires. Enfin un glossaire arabe-français-allemand, une bibliographie et des index. Ainsi conçue, cette Chrestomathie se propose de servir comme instrument de travail à toutes les disciplines intéressées à l'étude de la vie privée, sociale et administrative des premiers siècles islamiques, à travers des documents authentiques, dont la valeur est d'autant plus grande, qu'ils sont souvent uniques dans leur genre, pour l'étude de ces problèmes dans la culture arabo-islamique en général. Les documents sont accompagnées d'une traduction française, et de notes ce qui en rend l'usage aisé pour les non arabisants, comme les théologiens, les juristes, les historiens, les sociologues et d'autres. Although Grohman's Einführung in die arabische Papyruskunde appeared already in 1954 and was the subject of a major resumé in 1966 (in Handbuch der Orientalistik ), the appearance of the second volume, which would have been the chrestomathy, was prevented by the death of the great scholar in 1977. The volume here on offer presents, after a general introduction explaining the genesis of the book itself as well as the evolution of Arabic papyrology until 1990, a corpus of 98 Arabic documents, mostly on papyrus. About forty of these are published here for the first time. With a view to making the work as user friendly as possible, and to encapsulate the maximum number of areas of potential use for interested scholars from different disciplines, Grohman's original plan has been modified and expanded in the following areas: I- protocol texts: mono- and bilingual. II- legal texts, containing the following documents: A. personal and matrimonial law. B. business documents. C. heridatory law. D. legal cases. E. Formularies and type-documents. III- administrative texts. IV private business letters. These are followed by an Arabic-French-German glossary, a bibliography, and full indices. Conceived in this manner, this chrestomathy is intended to function as a research tool for all disciplines concerned with the study of the private, social, and administrative life of the first few centuries of Islam, through the medium of original documents of undisputed authenticity many of which have special interest even within their own genres. Within this material much will be found of relevance for the study of the afore mentioned areas of research within the arabic Islamic culture. The documents are accompanied by a French translation, and notes intended also to facilitate their use by non-Arabists, such as theologians, legal experts, historians, sociologists etc

The Modern Idea of the State -- I The Authority of the State and the Authority of Law -- I. The Opposition between the Old and the New Idea of the State -- II. The Rise of the Modern Idea of the State -- III. The Significance of the Modern Idea of the State -- II The Authority of the Sovereign and the Authority of the Law in History -- I. The State Originally a Community founded on Law -- II. The Rise of the Authority of the Sovereign -- III. Ancient Political Theory as a Theory of the Legal Order of the Community -- IV. The Political Theory of the Middle Ages as a Theory of Sovereignty -- V. The Meaning of the Contract with the Sovereign and of the Social Contract under Absolutism -- VI. The Relation between the Sovereign Authority and the Organization of the Community in Grotius and Others -- VII. Political Theory as Exclusively a Theory of the Sovereign Authority -- VIII. The Relation between Sovereign Authority and the Organization of the Community in England -- IX. The German Philosophy of the State under the Ancien Régime -- X. Montesquieu's Separation of Powers: A Product of Political Theory as a Theory of Sovereign Authority -- XI. The Theory of State Sovereignty in the Eighteenth Century -- XII. Rousseau's Popular Sovereignty -- XIII. The Rise of the Modern Idea of the State under the Constitutional System -- XIV. The Supplanting of the Authority of the Sovereign by the Authority of the Law -- III The Basis of the Binding Force of Law -- I. The Concept of the Sovereignty of Law -- II. The Authority of Law as the Rulership of Will -- III. Criticism of the Rulership of Will -- IV. The Conditions for the Validity of Law -- V. The Basis of Legal Rules -- VI. Objections to the Theory -- VII. Law as the Rule of a Community -- VIII. Majority Rule -- IX. Criticism of Objections to the Majority Principle -- X. The Individual Sense of Right -- XI. The Quality of the Sense of Right -- XII. The Making of Statutory Law -- XIII. Legislation as the Operation of an Organized Sense of Right -- XIV. Unwritten Law -- XV. Strengthening the Authority of Law -- IV The Making of Law -- I. Law-making as an Intellectual Process -- II. The Influence of Codification -- III. The Revolution in Criminal Law -- IV. The Revolution in Private Law -- V. The Influence upon Judicial Decisions -- VI. The Idea of Sovereignty and Constitutional Law -- VII. The Idea of Sovereignty in Administrative Law -- VIII. The Hybrid Character of the Systems of Constitutional and Administrative Law -- IX. The Logical Consequences of the Old and New Political Theories -- V Interests and the Sense of Right -- I. Knowledge of Interests and Impartiality -- II. The Platonic Ideal -- III. Monarchy -- IV. The Intellect -- V. The Balance of Interests -- VI. The Solution of the Conflict -- VI Decentralization of Law-Making -- I. Decentralization Based upon Community of Interest -- II. Transforming Organized Interests into Legal Communities -- III. The Lack of Legislative Organs -- VII The Sources of Law -- VIII The Development of Law -- I. The Historical Process -- II. Intellectualism -- III. The Emotional Life -- IX The State -- I. The Old Theory of the State -- II. Criticism -- III. The Modern Theory of the State -- IV. The State as a Community of Interests -- V. Origin of the State as a Community of Interests -- VI. Origin of the State as a Legal Community -- VII. The Organization of the Community of Interests -- X The International Legal Community -- I. The Authority of International Law -- II. The Content of International Law -- III. The Creation of International Law.

That tax due should be collected is obvious. So the aim seems fair enough. We do, however, think it's more difficult than many are saying, for as HMRC says: failure to take reasonable care (30%), error (15%), evasion (13%), legal interpretation (12%) criminal attacks (11%) and non-payment (9%) are among the main behavioural reasons for the tax gapNon-payment is largely people going bust before making payment. Legal interpretation is people suggesting that perhaps the law isn't as tightly written as some would think. And so on - there's no magic bullet here. But there are also those suggesting it is all too easy, like Margaret Hodge (or, as we like to point out, Dame Margaret, Lady Hodge):Furthermore, the tax gap does not start to take account of the billions lost each year when global companies such as Google, Facebook and Microsoft avoid tax by creating financial structures that have no other purpose than to avoid paying tax.That isn't a gap, that's just the way corporation tax works internationally. As HMRC have pointed out repeatedly. Profits of American companies are righteously taxed in the US - and since the Trump tax reforms, they are, even if held offshore - in exactly the same way that profits of UK companies - say, those of Vodafone - are taxed in the UK even if earned in other jurisdictions and then brought into the UK. Like, say, profits earned on a German business and then parked in Luxembourg before being brought back into the UK. Just the way that whole system works. Or this:We also know that £36bn is a very conservative estimate of the gap between what the exchequer does collect and what is due – what is known as the tax gap. For instance, many wealthy individuals hide their assets in secret trusts they set up overseas in British tax havens – and they pay no tax on that hidden wealth.Osborne set up a deal with Switzerland, whereby they would comb through every bank account in that country to check that all who should be declaring for UK tax were. The results were less than either stellar or remunerative. The vast, vast, majority of such Swiss accounts were held by Brits who were non-resident in Britain - and therefore did not need to pay tax upon any foreign earnings like from an account in Switzerland - or were non-doms in Britain. For whom a foreign account was a necessary part of that non-dom tax deal, that they do not pay tax on foreign earnings which remain in foreign. Actual investigation of such claims of vast pots sitting offshore untaxed turn out to be not wholly grounded in reality that is. We are also reminded of the Liechetenstein Disclosure Facility. If there was some trust, sitting undisclosed, in that secretive jurisdiction then you could declare it, pay the necessary tax and no more would be said. Now, we do not insist that this is absolutely true but the only person we know of who publicly made use of this facility was Dame Margaret, Lady Hodge. There was absolutely no tax due, the arrangements were not made by her originally, no illegality, not even any avoidance and most certainly not anything at all even untoward. Every attempt to catch these purportedly immense sums running untaxed, wild and free, seems to find very much less of such untaxed pots out in the wild than alleged. Which is as bit of a problem for those who insist that they'll balance the books through that entirely righteous process of insisting that all should pay the taxes they owe.

The Archives of Critical Theoryed. by Isabelle Aubert & Marcos Nobre(Springer Verlag, 2023)282 pagesDescriptionOn the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the foundation of the Institute for Social Research in Frankfurt am Main, in 1923, this book aims at shedding light on the archives of some of the key thinkers of Critical Theory of Society, also well known as "Frankfurt School". To pay homage to this current of thought, this contributed volume aims to make the archives speak for themselves, to show the public the quantity of unpublished material still existing by the authors of the Critical Theory which are now in funds in different parts of the world (in Germany, in Italy, or in the United States), and to show that Critical Theory remains alive 100 years after its inception.The volume starts by presenting the archives of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, the thinkers who inspired Critical Theory, and the archives of the Institute for Social Research itself. Then it dedicates separate sections to the archives of Walter Benjamin, Max Horkheimer, Theodor W. Adorno, Friedrich Pollock, Herbert Marcuse, Leo Löwenthal and Jürgen Habermas. The book is composed of chapters written by researchers and editors who worked in the different fonds, as well as chapters written by or interviews with researchers who were or are in charge of some of the archives, or who are especially familiar with the material.Contents [preview]Introduction: Researching the Archives of Critical Theory [preview] - Isabelle Aubert & Marcos Nobre Publishing Marx-Engels-Nachlass: Archive, Editions, and Theoretical Implications [preview] - Olavo Ximenes Into the Walter Benjamin Archive: An Interview with Ursula Marx - Fernando BeeBenjamin Anarchivist - Antonin Wiser The Attitude of the German People: The Institute of Social Research Archive as Contemporary History - Dirk Braunstein & Maischa Gelhard The Role of Empirical Research in Theodor W. Adorno's Thought: A Personal Experience at the Archive of the Institute for Social Research - Adriano JanuárioWorking on Cultural Memory: The Literary Estate of Max Horkheimer in the Frankfurt University Library - Gunzelin Schmid NoerrThe Material Part of Theory: The IfS Exile in Geneva and the Correspondence between Max Horkheimer & Juliette Favez - Olivier VoirolNot Just Director, Methodologist, or Partner: A Brief History of the Reception of Horkheimer's Work - Paulo Yamawake Adorno and the Archiving of the Ephemeral: Remarks on His Literary Estate - Michael Schwarz Adorno and the Post-war Artistic Debates: A Perspective Through the Archives - Raquel Patriota & Ricardo Lira da Silva T.W. Adorno, H. Becker, and the Challenges of Education in an "Administered World" (1955–1969): Unpublished Radio Conversations from the Theodor W. Adorno Archive - Aurélia Peyrical Symbiosis and Dispersion: The Friedrich Pollock Papers - Philipp Lenhard Leo Löwenthal and Herbert Marcuse: Analysis of the Enemy and Volumes from the Marcuse Archive - Peter-Erwin Jansen & Inka Engel Archive Beyond Files: A Brief Note on a Personal Experience in the Marcuse Archive - Inara Luisa Marin Critical Theory and Primary Source Research: Subjective Reflections on Working in the Herbert Marcuse and Max Horkheimer Archives - John Abromeit The Habermas Papers: An Interview with Roman Yos [preview] - Pedro Zan & Rafael Palazi Two Letters Between Jürgen Habermas and Karl-Otto Apel, Dated 1965: Comments on the Exchange - Roman Yos Letter from Jürgen Habermas to Herbert Marcuse, July 10, 1978: Translation of the Letter and Comment - Isabelle Aubert Appendix: Practical Information on the Archives [pdf]

The purpose of this research is to develop the optimum crop pattern by using a decision support system in a sample farm. In the research, the data of a farm belonging to a farmer operating in the Menderes district of Izmir were used and the optimum crop pattern was determined by computer modeling. In the research, data belonging to the farm and obtained from other institutions for the year 2021 were used. The objective function is to maximize the net income from agricultural production with optimum crop pattern. As a result of running the model created by defining the objective function and constraint equations, it was determined that the farmer could generate more net income by including cotton, maize (for silage) and tomato (for paste) in the crop pattern instead of producing only maize (grain) on his 150 decares of irrigable land. However, it should be taken into account that natural, social, economic and political factors can be effective in the agricultural sector and the results that can be obtained may differ from year to year. Keywords: Crop pattern, farm planning, decision support system, agricultural foresight <publication_date media_type='online'> <month>8</month> <day>15</day> <year>2023</year> </publication_date> <pages> <first_page>233</first_page> <last_page>248</last_page> </pages> <doi_data> <doi>10.46291/ZfWT/150216</doi> <resource>https://www.dieweltdertuerken.org/makale-detay/developing-of-crop-pattern-by-using-decision-support-system-in-a-sample-farm-946</resource> </doi_data> </journal_article> <!-- ============== --> <journal_article publication_type='full_text'> <titles> <title>YOUTH WITHOUT GOD: METAPHYSICAL CHANGE UND SEARCH FOR GOD</title> <original_language_title>ALLAHSIZ GENÇLİK: METAFİZİKSEL DEĞİŞİM VE TANRI ARAYIŞI</original_language_title> </titles> <contributors> <person_name sequence='first' contributor_role='author'> <given_name>Recep</given_name> <surname>BODUR</surname> <ORCID>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4362-2403</ORCID> </person_name> </contributors> <jats:abstract xml:lang='en'> <jats:p>Ödön von Horvath (1901-1938), who did not have a great place in German literature and died at a young age, is one of the writers of exile literature who tried to convey the period he lived in to his works with all transparency. Von Horvath, who generally reflects the experiences in the period of National Socialism in his works, deals with the search for God and metaphysical change of a teacher who both mirrored his period and lost his belief in God with his work titled Youth Without God. This work, which opened Von Horvath to a wider audience, was generally accepted by literary circles as a school novel that reveals how young people were barbarized during Hitler's era and how the current mentality of the period was instilled in young people through education. However, with this study, the novel was approached from a completely different perspective and the young people were not put in the foreground, but on the contrary, it was tried to explain how the teacher, who is the protagonist of the novel, went in search of God and what he went through in the process. For this, Reception Aesthetics and hermeneutics methods were applied. Keywords:

The Second Republic of Poland implemented in the first years of independence a significant part of the achievements of Western European parliamentarism with regard to the control function of the executive (government). While in the West the parliament's powers of scrutiny over the government were mostly subject to regulation by ordinary law, in Poland and other states revived or established in Europe after World War I, the bulk of them became the subject of legal regulation at the level of constitutions, ordinary laws and/or parliamentary rules of procedure. In Poland, law and customs shaped through parliamentary practice played a relatively large role in this regard. During the Second Republic, there were three consecutive constitutional systems in force – the so-called Little Constitution of 1919, the March Constitution of 1921. (since December 1922) and the April Constitution of 1935.The control of the government by parliament was developed to the fullest extent during the period of so-called parliamentary rule, i.e. in the years 1919–1926. After the May coup began, visible mainly in the area of political and parliamentary practice, the process of gradual reduction of the control function of parliament, which found its final legal definition in the provisions of the Basic Law of April 1935. The control function of parliament was exercised at first by the Legislative Sejm, and then, from the end of 1922, by the Sejm and the Senate (the latter to a relatively modest extent). With regard to the criterion of the timing of control activities, parliamentary control of the government was divided in pre-war doctrine into preliminary and subsequent (follow-up). The post-war doctrine, following the position formulated in German science in the second half of the 19th century, also distinguished current control. Implementation of the parliament's control function in the Second Republic included a very rich catalog of tools (means) of influencing the government. The pre-war doctrine organized them according to the criterion of the timing of control measures or their expediency. After World War II, based on the systemic criterion, ordinary (plenary debate on government policy, parliamentary inquiries and interpellations) and extended (appointment of stand- ing and extraordinary parliamentary committees with, among other things, controlling or investigative powers) means of control were distinguished, as well as statutory preliminary control (passing the budget, giving consent to the ratification of international agreements and issuing certain administrative acts), which tools are characteristic of parliamentary systems assuming the supremacy of parliament over the government. In another view, the instruments of parliamentary control were divided (on the basis of the March Constitution) into traditional means of control (interpellations, committees of inquiry, discharge, control of state debts, approval of temporary restrictions on civil rights and freedoms) and those arising from the principles of the parliamentary-cabinet form of government (debate on the prime minister's exposé, asking questions, hearing government representatives in plenary and in committees, passing resolutions), as well as sanctions applied as a result of control (such as holding the government and individual ministers politically and constitutionally accountable). In doctrine and parliamentary practice, the greatest differences of opinion with regard to the characterized issues arose and continue to this day, in addition to systematizing issues, such issues as the scope and tools of preliminary parliamentary control, the control of decree legislation, the scope and effects of parliamentary interpellations and questions, extraordinary committees of inquiry, political and parliamentary and constitutional responsibility of the executive branch.

A Polish Patriot from a German Colony: An Analysis of Hagiographic Texts about Józef BilczewskiThe town of Wilamowice was established in the thirteenth century by settlers of Germanic origin, who came from Western Europe. The Germanic language Wymysorys and other elements of culture they developed are present in Wilamowice until today.The town is the birthplace of Józef Biba, the Archbishop of Lwów (today: Lviv) and a saint of the Catholic Church, born in 1860. The authors of his biographies have not only stressed his virtues and miracles, but also devoted considerable attention to the Polishness of his family home, which, as they write, involved the Polish patriotic attitude of his parents and Polish as his mother tongue. Apart from his family, also the entire Wilamowice was presented as "a nest of Polish patriotism". Yet, at that time most Vilamovians spoke Wymysorys at home and some of them did not know Polish at all. They used to have their specific, multidimensional identity, constructed in opposition to Germanness and Polishness. In censuses they declared that their mother tongue and nationality was German.The texts where the authors attempt to prove the Polishness of Bilczewski are an example of Polish nationalist discourse, which considers the values of the dominant group to be "neutral" and "normal". One case in point are the topoi of "a saint Pole" and "a poor saint", considered "obvious" by Polish authors. To make them more credible, they supported them with fabularised and folklorised stories, rewritten again and again in new texts they published. They rarely referred to sources, and if they did, it was without adequate critical apparatus. This article is an attempt to present the fabularisation and folklorisation of particular stories, which led to the development of one version shared by the community. Polski patriota z niemieckiej kolonii. Analiza tekstów hagiograficznych o Józefie BilczewskimWilamowice to miasto założone w XIII wieku przez osadników germańskiego pochodzenia przybyłych z zachodniej Europy. Do dzisiaj zachował się germański język wymysiöeryś oraz stroje i inne elementy kultury wytworzonej przez osadników. Wilamowianie to grupa etniczna, którą cechują odrębny język, strój, świadomość własnej odrębności (zarówno od Niemców, jak i Polaków), a także mit wspólnego (flamandzkiego lub holenderskiego) pochodzenia oraz wspólnota pamięci. Tożsamość Wilamowian była wielowymiarowa, gdyż starali się być lojalni wobec każdego organizmu państwowego, w którym się znaleźli, a jednocześnie zachowywali swoją odrębność i ją manifestowali.W tej miejscowości urodził się w 1860 roku Józef Biba, późniejszy arcybiskup lwowski Józef Bilczewski oraz święty Kościoła rzymskokatolickiego. Autorzy jego biografii, oprócz cnót i cudów mających potwierdzać jego świętość, wiele miejsca poświęcili podkreślaniu polskości jego domu rodzinnego. Składać miała się na nią zarówno polska patriotyczna postawa rodziców, jak i polski jako język ojczysty. Jako gniazdo polskiego patriotyzmu przedstawiono całe Wilamowice. Tymczasem wówczas większość Wilamowian mówiła w domu wyłącznie po wilamowsku, niektórzy nie znali języka polskiego w ogóle. Ponieważ swojej specyficznej tożsamości nie mogli podać w spisach powszechnych, zamiast niej podawali język ojczysty i narodowość niemiecką.Teksty, w których autorzy udowadniają polskość miejsca urodzenia Bilczewskiego są przykładem polskiego dyskursu nacjonalistycznego, który za "naturalne" i "normalne" uznaje wyłącznie wartości grupy dominującej. Taką "oczywistością" są dla polskich autorów toposy "świętego Polaka" oraz "ubogiego świętego". Aby je uwiarygodnić, stosowali sfabularyzowane i sfolkloryzowane opowieści, powtarzane w kolejnych tekstach drukowanych. Rzadko powoływali się na źródła, a jeśli już, to często bez odpowiedniego aparatu krytycznego. W tekście staram się pokazać, jak poszczególne opowieści ulegały fabularyzacji i folkloryzacji, wskutek czego stworzona została wspólnotowa wersja.

The authors acknowledge the financial support of the funding agencies: Agence Nationale de la Recherche (contract ANR-15-CE31-0020), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commission Europeenne (FEDER fund and Marie Curie Program), Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), LabEx UnivEarthS (ANR-10-LABX-0023 and ANR-18-IDEX-0001), Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation of Georgia (SRNSFG, FR18-1268), Georgia; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Germany; The General Secretariat of Research and Technology (GSRT), Greece; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Ministero dell'Universita e della Ricerca (MIUR), PRIN 2017 program (Grant NAT-NET 2017W4HA7S) Italy; Ministry of Higher Education Scientific Research and Professional Training, ICTP through Grant AF-13, Morocco; Nederlandse organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO), the Netherlands; The National Science Centre, Poland (2015/18/E/ST2/00758); National Authority for Scientific Research (ANCS), Romania; Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion, Investigacion y Universidades (MCIU): Programa Estatal de Generacion de Conocimiento (refs. PGC2018-096663-B-C41, -A-C42, -B-C43, -B-C44) (MCIU/FEDER), Generalitat Valenciana: Prometeo (PROMETEO/2020/019), Grisolia (ref. GRISOLIA/2018/119) and GenT (refs. CIDEGENT/2018/034,/2019/043,/2020/049) programs, Junta de Andalucia (ref. A-FQM-053-UGR18), La Caixa Foundation (ref. LCF/BQ/IN17/11620019), EU: MSC program (ref. 101025085), Spain. ; This article presents the potential of a combined analysis of the JUNO and KM3NeT/ORCA experiments to determine the neutrino mass ordering. This combination is particularly interesting as it significantly boosts the potential of either detector, beyond simply adding their neutrino mass ordering sensitivities, by removing a degeneracy in the determination of Delta M-31(2) between the two experiments when assuming the wrong ordering. The study is based on the latest projected performances for JUNO, and on simulation tools using a full Monte Carlo approach to the KM3NeT/ORCA response with a careful assessment of its energy systematics. From this analysis, a 5 sigma determination of the neutrino mass ordering is expected after 6 years of joint data taking for any value of the oscillation parameters. This sensitivity would be achieved after only 2 years of joint data taking assuming the current global best-fit values for those parameters for normal ordering. ; French National Research Agency (ANR) ; European Commission ANR-15-CE31-0020 ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) ; Commission Europeenne (FEDER fund) Commission Europeenne (Marie Curie Program) ; Institut Universitaire de France (IUF) ; LabEx UnivEarthS ANR-10-LABX-0023 ANR-18-IDEX-0001 ; Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation of Georgia (SRNSFG), Georgia FR18-1268 ; German Research Foundation (DFG) ; Greek Ministry of Development-GSRT ; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) ; Ministry of Education, Universities and Research (MIUR) NAT-NET 2017W4HA7S ; Ministry of Higher Education Scientific Research and Professional Training, ICTP, Morocco AF-13 ; Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) Netherlands Government ; National Science Centre, Poland 2015/18/E/ST2/00758 ; National Authority for Scientific Research (ANCS), Romania ; Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion, Investigacion y Universidades (MCIU): Programa Estatal de Generacion de Conocimiento (MCIU/FEDER) PGC2018-096663-B-C41 PGC2018-096663-A-C42 PGC2018-096663-B-C43 PGC2018-096663-B-C44 ; Generalitat Valenciana ; European Commission ; General Electric PROMETEO/2020/019 GRISOLIA/2018/119 CIDEGENT/2018/034 CIDEGENT/2019/043 CIDEGENT/2020/049 ; Junta de Andalucia A-FQM-053-UGR18 ; La Caixa Foundation LCF/BQ/IN17/11620019 ; EU: MSC program, Spain 101025085

The authors acknowledge the financial support of the funding agencies: Agence Nationale de la Recherche (contract ANR-15-CE31-0020), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commission Europeenne (FEDER fund and Marie Curie Program), Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), LabEx UnivEarthS (ANR-10-LABX-0023 and ANR-18-IDEX-0001), Paris ile-de-France Region, France; Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation of Georgia (SRNSFG, FR-18-1268), Georgia; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Germany; The General Secretariat of Research and Technology (GSRT), Greece; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Ministero dell'Universita e della Ricerca (MIUR), PRIN 2017 program (Grant NAT-NET 2017W4HA7S) Italy; Ministry of Higher Education Scientific Research and Professional Training, ICTP through Grant AF-13, Morocco; Nederlandse organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO), the Netherlands; The National Science Centre, Poland (2015/18/E/ST2/00758); National Authority for Scientific Research (ANCS), Romania; Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion, Investigacion y Universidades (MCIU): Programa Estatal de Generacion de Conocimiento (refs. PGC2018-096663-B-C41, -A-C42, -B-C43, -B-C44) (MCIU/FEDER), Generalitat Valenciana: Prometeo (PROMETEO/2020/019), Grisolia (ref. GRISOLIA/2018/119) and GenT (refs. CIDEGENT/2018/034, /2019/043, /2020/049) programs, Junta de Andalucia (ref. A-FQM-053-UGR18), La Caixa Foundation (ref. LCF/BQ/IN17/11620019), EU: MSC program (ref. 101025085), Spain. ; The KM3NeT research infrastructure is unconstruction in the Mediterranean Sea. KM3NeT will study atmospheric and astrophysical neutrinos with two multipurpose neutrino detectors, ARCA and ORCA, primarily aimed at GeV–PeV neutrinos. Thanks to the multiphotomultiplier tube design of the digital optical modules, KM3NeT is capable of detecting the neutrino burst from a Galactic or near-Galactic core-collapse supernova. This potential is already exploitable with the first detection units deployed in the sea. This paper describes the real-time implementation of the supernova neutrino search, operating on the two KM3NeT detectors since the first months of 2019. A quasi-online astronomy analysis is introduced to study the time profile of the detected neutrinos for especially significant events. Themechanism of generation and distribution of alerts, aswell as the integration into theSNEWSandSNEWS 2.0 global alert systems, are described. The approach for the follow-up of external alerts with a search for a neutrino excess in the archival data is defined. Finally, an overviewof the current detector capabilities and a report after the first two years of operation are given. ; French National Research Agency (ANR) ; European Commission ANR-15-CE31-0020 ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) ; Commission Europeenne ; Institut Universitaire de France (IUF) ; LabEx UnivEarthS ANR-10-LABX-0023 ANR-18-IDEX-0001 ; Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation of Georgia (SRNSFG), Georgia FR-18-1268 ; German Research Foundation (DFG) ; Greek Ministry of Development-GSRT ; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) ; Ministry of Education, Universities and Research (MIUR) ; PRIN 2017 program, Italy NAT-NET 2017W4HA7S ; Ministry of Higher Education Scientific Research and Professional Training, ICTP, Morocco AF-13 ; Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) Netherlands Government ; National Science Centre, Poland 2015/18/E/ST2/00758 ; National Authority for Scientific Research (ANCS), Romania ; Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion, Investigacion y Universidades (MCIU): Programa Estatal de Generacion de Conocimiento PGC2018-096663-B-C41 PGC2018-096663-A-C42 PGC2018-096663-B-C43 PGC2018-096663-B-C44 ; Generalitat Valenciana PROMETEO/2020/019 ; Grisolia program GRISOLIA/2018/119 CIDEGENT/2018/034 ; Junta de Andalucia A-FQM-053-UGR18 ; La Caixa Foundation LCF/BQ/IN17/11620019 ; EU: MSC program 101025085 ; Paris Ile-de-France Region, France ; GenT program CIDEGENT/2018/034 CIDEGENT/2019/043 CIDEGENT/2020/049

The article reveals the importance of combining the moral basis and the formal content in the nature of law. The practical significance of German legal philosopher Robert Alexy's theory of the dual nature of law is investigated. Duality presupposes that law necessarily includes both real, or factual, and ideal, or critical, dimensions. The actual dimension is represented by elements of official origin and social efficiency, while the ideal dimension is expressed in the element of moral correctness. Accordingly, the thesis of the dual nature of law presupposes non-positivism. Importance is being increasingly attached to the question of the conformity of legal certainty and correctness of the content of norms, which is connected with the principle of justice, requiring that the decisions of the authorities are morally correct. The principles of legal certainty and justice can often conflict with each other. However, no principle can displace another one under any circumstances. On the contrary, the dual nature of law requires that both of these principles be applied in correct proportionality and be balanced. And this seems possible only in the political form of democratic or discursive constitutionalism. Constitutional rights and democracy are the main elements of constitutionalism. They are mandatory in the discursive theory and both are dual in nature. Positivism has the weaknesses of legal certainty (openness of language, the presence of conflicting norms, the dynamics of social life, etc.).But they become strong arguments for the protection of human dignity, rights and freedoms. It is the orientation of the right to its further humane development, to its "humanization", based on the need to protect people based on justice, equality and freedom, that can be an argument filling the weaknesses of legal certainty. Then, and only then, the principle of formal legal certainty of the law is transformed into legal certainty as a component of the rule of law, which characterizes the stable and civilized development of the legal framework. ; У статті розкрито важливість поєднання в природі права його моральної основи і формального змісту. Досліджено практичне значення теорії німецького філософа права Р. Алексі про подвійну, або ж дуальну, природу права. Дуальність передбачає, що право обов'язково охоплює як реальний, або фактичний, так і ідеальний, або критичний, виміри. Фактичний вимір представлений елементами офіційного походження і соціальної ефективності, а ідеальний вимір знаходить своє вираження в елементі моральної правильності (коректності). Тож теза дуальної природи права передбачає непозитивізм (non-positivism). Важливого значення набуває питання відповідності юридичної визначеності і коректності змісту норм, що пов'язується з принципом справедливості, який вимагає, щоб рішення владних органів були морально правильними. Принципи юридичної визначеності і справедливості часто можуть конфліктувати між собою. Але жоден принцип за будь-яких обставин не може витіснити інший. Навпаки, дуальна природа права вимагає, щоб обидва ці принципи застосовувались у коректній пропорційності, урівноважено (balanced). А це можливо тільки в політичній формі демократичного або дискурсивного конституціоналізму. Конституційні права та демократія – головні елементи конституціоналізму. Вони обов'язкові в дискурсивній теорії, і обидва мають дуальну природу. Позитивізм має слабкі сторони юридичної визначеності (відкритість мови, наявність суперечливих норм, динаміка суспільного життя та ін.). Але вони стають сильними аргументами для захисту людини, її гідності, прав і свобод. І тільки орієнтація права на його подальший гуманний розвиток, на його «олюднення» – з огляду на необхідність захисту людини на засадах справедливості, рівності і свободи – може стати аргументом, що заповнює слабкі сторони юридичної визначеності. Тоді і тільки тоді принцип формальної юридичної визначеності закону перетворюється в правову визначеність як складову верховенства права, що характеризує стабільний та цивілізований розвиток правового простору.

In this paper, we outline the need for a coordinated international effort toward the building of an open-access Global Ocean Oxygen Database and ATlas (GO(2)DAT) complying with the FAIR principles (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable). GO(2)DAT will combine data from the coastal and open ocean, as measured by the chemical Winkler titration method or by sensors (e.g., optodes, electrodes) from Eulerian and Lagrangian platforms (e.g., ships, moorings, profiling floats, gliders, ships of opportunities, marine mammals, cabled observatories). GO(2)DAT will further adopt a community-agreed, fully documented metadata format and a consistent quality control (QC) procedure and quality flagging (QF) system. GO(2)DAT will serve to support the development of advanced data analysis and biogeochemical models for improving our mapping, understanding and forecasting capabilities for ocean O-2 changes and deoxygenation trends. It will offer the opportunity to develop quality-controlled data synthesis products with unprecedented spatial (vertical and horizontal) and temporal (sub-seasonal to multi-decadal) resolution. These products will support model assessment, improvement and evaluation as well as the development of climate and ocean health indicators. They will further support the decision-making processes associated with the emerging blue economy, the conservation of marine resources and their associated ecosystem services and the development of management tools required by a diverse community of users (e.g., environmental agencies, aquaculture, and fishing sectors). A better knowledge base of the spatial and temporal variations of marine O-2 will improve our understanding of the ocean O-2 budget, and allow better quantification of the Earth's carbon and heat budgets. With the ever-increasing need to protect and sustainably manage ocean services, GO(2)DAT will allow scientists to fully harness the increasing volumes of O-2 data already delivered by the expanding global ocean observing system and enable smooth incorporation of much higher quantities of data from autonomous platforms in the open ocean and coastal areas into comprehensive data products in the years to come. This paper aims at engaging the community (e.g., scientists, data managers, policy makers, service users) toward the development of GO(2)DAT within the framework of the UN Global Ocean Oxygen Decade (GOOD) program recently endorsed by IOC-UNESCO. A roadmap toward GO(2)DAT is proposed highlighting the efforts needed (e.g., in terms of human resources). ; All authors would like to thank IOC-UNESCO, International Ocean Carbon Coordination Project (IOCCP), NOAA, and the German SFB754. MG is funded by the Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique (FRS-FNRS) and received fundings from the FNRS BENTHOX program grant T.1009.15, the Copernicus Marine Service (CMEMS), and the European Union's Horizon 2020 BRIDGE-BS project under grant agreement No. 101000240. MG, VG, KI, and BDew are supported by the Project CE2COAST funded by ANR (FR), BELSPO (BE), FCT (PT), IZM (LV), MI (IE), MIUR (IT), Rannis (IS), and RCN (NO) through the 2019 "Joint Transnational Call on Next Generation Climate Science in Europe for Oceans" initiated by JPI Climate and JPI Oceans. MT, KC, and VG acknowledge support from the United States National Science Foundation grant OCE-1840868 to the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR, United States). BoD also acknowledges support from ANID grants R20F0008-CEAZA and 1190276. This research (through VG, AP and BoD) received fundings from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under grant agreement No. 869300 (FutureMARES). CB, AP, VG, LC, BrD, VR, VT, and CS acknowledge support of the French CES ODATIS Oxygen through INSU funding. SKL acknowledges support from the Research Council of Norway (Grant No. 269753). This manuscript is a contribution to the UN Decade Global Ocean Oxygen (GOOD) Program.

The paper focuses on a special status of the Patriotic War invalids as a social group in a post-war Ukrainian society as well as the attitude towards them by the Soviet state. The Purpose of the Research. The objective is historically to reconstruct the basic principles of the Soviet policy on social protection of veterans with disabilities and its first results during the first post-war years. The Methodological Basis. The principles of objectivity, historicism, system, and research comprise the methodology basis. There have been applied historical and genetic, comparative, statistic, diachronic, historical and anthropological methods. The scientific novelty of the study consists in doing for the first time the analysis of the Soviet regime's attitude to the Patriotic War invalids against the background of the Third famine in Ukraine. The Conclusions. The institutionalization of the social protection system for the Patriotic War invalids in the Ukrainian SSR took place during the period of 1940 – 1946. During the period of 1940 and 1941 the authorities legitimated pensioning for the potential war invalids. With the outbreak of the German-Soviet war, the Union and Republic Governments identified people with disabilitiesas a result of the war with Germany among other invalids officially calling the first "the Patriotic War invalids" and adding some new forms of social protection for them. The number of the Patriotic War invalids abruptly increased under conditions of the worsened economic situation and the beginning of the Third famine in the Ukrainian SSR. We have determined the fact of decreasing the number of registered war-disabled people with the help of "thorough medical and labour examination". Medical and Labour Examination Commissions took such actions under the pressure of the Party and Government of the Ukrainian SSR. They declared invalids as "fully recovered". Besides, many front-line invalids were transferred to lower groups of disability. The Ukrainian Republic governance had to turn to such actions to avoid the budget deficit for the system of social protection and additional economy of bread. Key words: The Patriotic War invalids, social protection, pensioning, social protection bodies, Medical and Labour Examination Commissions, group of disability. ; Досліджено статус особливої соціальної групи післявоєнного українського суспільства – інвалідів Вітчизняної війни і ставлення до неї з боку радянської держави. Метою роботи є історична реконструкція провідних елементів радянської політики соціального захисту ветеранів-інвалідів і її результатів у перші післявоєнні роки. Методологію складають принципи об'єктивності, історизму, системності, науковості. Застосовано історико-генетичний, порівняльний, статистичний, діахронний, історико-антропологічний методи. Наукова новизна полягає у тому, що вперше проаналізовано ставлення радянського режиму до інвалідів Вітчизняної війни на тлі Третього голоду в Україні. Висновки. Становлення системи соціального забезпечення інвалідів Вітчизняної війни в УРСР відбувалося упродовж 1940 – 1946 рр. У 1940 – 1941 рр. влада юридично впорядкувала пенсіонування майбутніх інвалідів війни. З початком німецько-радянської війни постановами союзного та республіканського урядів було виділено осіб з інвалідністю внаслідок війни з Німеччиною з-посеред інших контингентів інвалідів, присвоєно їм офіційну назву "інваліди Вітчизняної війни" й додано нові види соціального захисту. В умовах погіршення економічної ситуації в УРСР і початку Третього голоду в республіці відбулося різке зростання кількості інвалідів Вітчизняної війни. Встановлено, що під тиском партійно-урядового керівництва УРСР Міністерство соціального забезпечення і Лікарсько-трудові експертні комісії провели акцію скорочення кількості взятих на облік інвалідів війни за допомогою "глибокої лікарсько-трудової експертизи", оголошуючи їх такими, що "цілком одужали". Крім того, багатьом інвалідам-фронтовикам знизили групу інвалідності. Причиною таких дій керівництва республіки стала необхідність уникнути дефіциту бюджету системи соціального забезпечення й додаткова економія хліба. Ключові слова: інваліди Вітчизняної війни, соціальне забезпечення, пенсіонування, соцзабези, лікарсько-трудові експертні комісії, група інвалідності.

The authors acknowledge the financial support of the funding agencies: Agence Nationale de la Recherche (contract ANR-15-CE31-0020), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commission Europeenne (FEDER fund and Marie Curie Program), Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), LabEx UnivEarthS (ANR-10-LABX-0023 and ANR-18-IDEX-0001), Paris Ile-de-France Region, France; Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation of Georgia (SRNSFG, FR-18-1268), Georgia; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Germany; The General Secretariat of Research and Technology (GSRT), Greece; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Universita e della Ricerca (MIUR), PRIN 2017 program (Grant NAT-NET 2017W4HA7S) Italy; Ministry of Higher Education Scientific Research and Professional Training, ICTP through Grant AF-13, Morocco; Nederlandse organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO), the Netherlands; The National Science Centre, Poland (2015/18/E/ST2/00758); National Authority for Scientific Research (ANCS), Romania; Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion, Investigacion y Universidades (MCIU): Programa Estatal de Generacion de Conocimiento (refs. PGC2018-096663-B-C41, -A-C42, -B-C43, -B-C44) (MCIU/FEDER), Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence and MultiDark Consolider (MCIU), Junta de Andalucia (ref. SOMM17/6104/UGR), Generalitat Valenciana: Grisolia (ref. GRISOLIA/2018/119) and GenT (ref. CIDEGENT/2018/034) programs, La Caixa Foundation (ref. LCF/BQ/IN17/11620019), EU: MSC program (ref. 713673), Spain. ; The KM3NeT infrastructure consists of two deep-sea neutrino telescopes being deployed in the Mediterranean Sea. The telescopes will detect extraterrestrial and atmospheric neutrinos by means of the incident photons induced by the passage of relativistic charged particles through the seawater as a consequence of a neutrino interaction. The telescopes are configured in a three-dimensional grid of digital optical modules, each hosting 31 photomultipliers. The photomultiplier signals produced by the incident Cherenkov photons are converted into digital information consisting of the integrated pulse duration and the time at which it surpasses a chosen threshold. The digitization is done by means of time to digital converters (TDCs) embedded in the field programmable gate array of the central logic board. Subsequently, a state machine formats the acquired data for its transmission to shore. We present the architecture and performance of the front-end firmware consisting of the TDCs and the state machine. ; French National Research Agency (ANR) ANR-15-CE31-0020 ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) ; Commission Europeenne (FEDER fund), France ; Commission Europeenne (Marie Curie Program), France ; Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), France ; LabEx UnivEarthS, France ANR-10-LABX-0023 ANR-18-IDEX-0001 ; Paris Ile-de-France Region, France ; Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation of Georgia (SRNSFG), Georgia FR-18-1268 ; German Research Foundation (DFG) ; Greek Ministry of Development-GSRT ; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) NAT-NET 2017W4HA7S ; Ministry of Education, Universities and Research (MIUR) NAT-NET 2017W4HA7S ; PRIN 2017 program Italy NAT-NET 2017W4HA7S ; Ministry of Higher Education Scientific Research and Professional Training, ICTP, Morocco AF-13 ; Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) Netherlands Government ; National Science Centre, Poland 2015/18/E/ST2/00758 ; National Authority for Scientific Research (ANCS), Romania ; Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion, Investigacion y Universidades (MCIU): Programa Estatal de Generacion de Conocimiento (MCIU/FEDER), Spain PGC2018-096663-B-C41 PGC2018-096663-A-C42 PGC2018-096663-B-C43 PGC2018-096663-B-C44 ; Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence and MultiDark Consolider (MCIU), Spain ; Junta de Andalucia European Commission SOMM17/6104/UGR ; Generalitat Valenciana: Grisolia program, Spain GRISOLIA/2018/119 ; Generalitat Valenciana: GenT program, Spain CIDEGENT/2018/034 ; La Caixa Foundation LCF/BQ/IN17/11620019 ; EU: MSC program, Spain 713673

Andreas Holzinger acknowledges funding support from the Austrian Science Fund (FWF), Project: P-32554 explainable Artificial Intelligence and from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement 826078 (Feature Cloud). This publication reflects only the authors' view and the European Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information it contains; Natalia Diaz-Rodriguez is supported by the Spanish Government Juan de la Cierva Incorporacion contract (IJC2019-039152-I); Isabelle Augenstein's research is partially funded by a DFF Sapere Aude research leader grant; Javier Del Ser acknowledges funding support from the Basque Government through the ELKARTEK program (3KIA project, KK-2020/00049) and the consolidated research group MATHMODE (ref. T1294-19); Wojciech Samek acknowledges funding support from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No. 965221 (iToBoS), and the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (ref. 01IS18025 A, ref. 01IS18037I and ref. 0310L0207C); Igor Jurisica acknowledges funding support from Ontario Research Fund (RDI 34876), Natural Sciences Research Council (NSERC 203475), CIHR Research Grant (93579), Canada Foundation for Innovation (CFI 29272, 225404, 33536), IBM, Ian Lawson van Toch Fund, the Schroeder Arthritis Institute via the Toronto General and Western Hospital Foundation. ; Medical artificial intelligence (AI) systems have been remarkably successful, even outperforming human performance at certain tasks. There is no doubt that AI is important to improve human health in many ways and will disrupt various medical workflows in the future. Using AI to solve problems in medicine beyond the lab, in routine environments, we need to do more than to just improve the performance of existing AI methods. Robust AI solutions must be able to cope with imprecision, missing and incorrect information, and explain both the result and the process of how it was obtained to a medical expert. Using conceptual knowledge as a guiding model of reality can help to develop more robust, explainable, and less biased machine learning models that can ideally learn from less data. Achieving these goals will require an orchestrated effort that combines three complementary Frontier Research Areas: (1) Complex Networks and their Inference, (2) Graph causal models and counterfactuals, and (3) Verification and Explainability methods. The goal of this paper is to describe these three areas from a unified view and to motivate how information fusion in a comprehensive and integrative manner can not only help bring these three areas together, but also have a transformative role by bridging the gap between research and practical applications in the context of future trustworthy medical AI. This makes it imperative to include ethical and legal aspects as a cross-cutting discipline, because all future solutions must not only be ethically responsible, but also legally compliant. ; Austrian Science Fund (FWF) P-32554 ; European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program 826078 965221 ; Spanish Government Juan de la Cierva Incorporacion IJC2019-039152-I ; DFF Sapere Aude research leader grant ; Basque Government KK-2020/00049 ; consolidated research group MATHMODE T1294-19 ; Federal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF) 01IS18025 A 01IS18037I 0310L0207C ; Ontario Research Fund RDI 34876 ; Natural Sciences Research Council NSERC 203475 ; Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) 93579 ; Canada Foundation for Innovation CGIAR CFI 29272 225404 33536 ; International Business Machines (IBM) ; Ian Lawson van Toch Fund ; Schroeder Arthritis Institute via the Toronto General and Western Hospital Foundation

Inclusive education has become a leading theme internationally over the past several decades, as it addresses key issues, often controversial, of exclusion/inclusion, learning opportunities, and educational equality and justice. Among international organizations as well as supranational governments, we find an increasing emphasis on recognizing diversity and enabling education for all. This is visible in the Salamanca Declaration (1994), the overall "education-for-all" agenda, the Sustainable Developments Goals (e.g., Education, SDG 4), and the worldwide ratification of the UN Convention on the Rights of People with Disabilities (e.g., Article 24 on Education), which mandates among state parties the establishment of an inclusive education system across levels, from early childhood to lifelong learning. This frame of reference is not only significant in terms of definitions and contents but also in the context of the strengthening of world society. The world societal level is not the same as what occurs in the relations between nation states, as important as such learning in policies and practices may be but extends beyond. This is evident in the definition of "inclusion" that has become significant internationally as a category signifying attempts to guarantee access and participation in different levels of education systems, but one that has contrasting and divergent understandings, implications, and implementation consequences between national and local contexts. The goal of participation that follows normatively and legally from such understandings of inclusion, is recontextualized differently, sometimes even paradoxically, when in fact segregated and separate settings are extended under the banner of inclusion. In Germany, for example, despite inclusion discourse flowing from such international agendas that focus on processes of integration and participation, the structures, cultures, and practices that disadvantage and disable continue to exist or even become strengthened. Even if the myriad dimensions of diversity are increasingly discussed and intersectional approaches become more important, the emphasis on difference of disability or "special educational needs" continues. In educational research, numerous publications have delineated the establishment of inclusive education from diverse perspectives. Over the past decade in particular, this has occurred in relation to the UN CRPD, which also implies a connection to the world society-frame; however, theorization and in-depth empirical analyses are lacking to explain more recent developments on multiple levels. Even for nation-states, few systematic and comparative studies have analyzed the diverse forms of inclusive education in different contexts. The consequence has been a divergence between the national discourses of inclusive education, for example, in the German-speaking countries, that remain focused on special educational needs, and the more global discourse that understands inclusive education in human rights terms and a key developmental process in democracies. Although some recent comparative research projects and dissertations provide insights into specific country contexts, a more comprehensive publication that collects such research results of international inclusive educational research has been lacking. Furthermore, the opportunity presents itself to extend the dialogue through a world society perspective on inclusion to reflect global inequalities via integrating case studies from the Global South. International and intercultural perspectives enable the investigation of structures, cultures and practices of different countries to the crucial comparison of educational processes. This is especially necessary in the case of inclusive education, whether as a source of inspiration, a reflexive critique of taken-for-grantedness or as a means to identify disparities and social inequalities. Thus, in several dozen chapters, the Handbook Inclusion International presents diverse global, national, and local perspectives on inclusive education.