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Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- CHAPTERS 1 AND 2 -- CHAPTER 3 -- CHAPTER 4 -- CHAPTERS 5, 6, AND 7 -- CHAPTER 8 -- CHAPTERS 9, 10, AND 11 -- CHAPTER 12 -- Acknowledgments -- PART I: Where We Are and How We Got Here -- CHAPTER 1: Efforts to Achieve Universal Health Care: From Clinton to Trump -- THE RISE AND FALL OF THE HEALTH SECURITY ACT: 1988-96 -- PROPOSALS FOR A SINGLE-PAYER PLAN -- CLINTON'S PROPOSAL: THE HEALTH SECURITY ACT OF 1993 -- WHY THE ACT FAILED -- HEALTH INSURANCE PORTABILITY AND ACCOUNTABILITY ACT -- STATE CHILDREN'S HEALTH INSURANCE PROGRAM -- MENTAL HEALTH PARITY ACTS (1996 AND 2008) -- HEALTH CARE IN THE 2004 AND 2008 ELECTIONS -- AFFORDABLE CARE ACT 2010 -- CHALLENGES TO THE ACA DURING THE OBAMA ADMINISTRATION -- CHALLENGES TO THE ACA UNDER THE TRUMP ADMINISTRATION -- HIGHLIGHTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 2: The Early Years: The Road to Employer-Based Coverage, Medicare, and Medicaid -- INITIAL REFORM EFFORTS (1865-1912): THE BEGINNINGS OF SOCIAL WORK AND PUBLIC HEALTH -- THE NEED FOR PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICES -- THE MENTAL HYGIENE MOVEMENT -- COMPULSORY HEALTH INSURANCE EFFORTS (1912-20) -- AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABOR LEGISLATION -- ESTABLISHMENT OF THE U.S. PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE -- FEDERAL-STATE REFORMS AND PRIVATE INSURANCE (1920-32) -- SHEPPARD-TOWNER INFANCY AND MATERNITY BILL -- THE CREATION OF BLUE CROSS AND BLUE SHIELD AND THE VETERANS HEALTH ADMINISTRATION -- THE NEW DEAL REFORMS (1932-40) -- MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH SERVICES -- THE FAILURE TO ENACT COMPULSORY INSURANCE -- FEDERAL HEALTH AND MENTAL HEALTH POLICY AND SERVICES (1941-46) -- EMERGENCY MATERNAL AND INFANT CARE PROGRAM -- PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICES ACT -- NATIONAL MENTAL HEALTH ACT -- HILL-BURTON HOSPITAL SURVEY AND CONSTRUCTION ACT

Intro -- Contents -- Abbreviations -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Chapter 1 Introduction -- References -- Chapter 2 Benefit Sanctions as a Matter of Public Concern -- Ken Loach 's Film I Daniel Blake -- The Public's Response to Benefit Sanctions -- Benefit Claimants as a Matter of Public Disapproval -- Are Benefits Enough to Live On? -- Are Benefit Claimants Deserving of Help? -- Should Spending on Benefits be Reduced or Raised? -- Conclusion: Why Are Benefit Sanctions not a Matter of Greater Public Concern? -- References -- Chapter 3 The Historical Development of Benefit Sanctions in the UK -- The Basic Narrative -- A Brief Look Sideways -- 'Passive' and 'Active' Approaches to Social Security -- The Jobseeker's Act 1995 -- The Welfare Reform Act 2007 -- Reviewing Conditionality and Sanctions -- The Welfare Reform Act 2009 -- The Welfare Reform Act 2012 -- The Increasing Use of Online Procedures -- Recent Changes in Conditionality -- Conclusion: What can be Learned from History? -- References -- Chapter 4 Changes in the Scope, Severity and Incidence of Benefit Sanctions -- Changes in the Scope and Severity of Benefit Sanctions -- Changes in the Incidence of Benefit Sanctions -- Reasons for the Rise and Fall of Benefit Sanctions -- The Proportion of JSA Claimants who are Sanctioned -- What Offences Are Sanctions Imposed for? -- Conclusion: Benefit Sanctions Today -- References -- Chapter 5 Conditionality and the Changing Relationship between the Citizen and the State -- The Two Sides of Conditionality -- Three Forms of Conditionality -- Rethinking the Balance Between Rights and Responsibilities -- The Emphasis on Rights -- Conclusion: Recalibrating the Balance Between Rights and Responsibilities -- References -- Chapter 6 The Impact and Effectiveness of Benefit Sanctions -- The Logic of Conditionality.

Joseph Stalin had been dead for three years when his successor, Nikita Khrushchev, stunned a closed gathering of Communist officials with a litany of his predecessor's abuses. Meant to clear the way for reform from above, Khrushchev's "Secret Speech" of February 25, 1956, shattered the myth of Stalin's infallibility. In a bid to rejuvenate the Party, Khrushchev had his report read out loud to members across the Soviet Union that spring. However, its message sparked popular demands for more information and greater freedom to debate. Moscow 1956: The Silenced Spring brings this first brief season of thaw into fresh focus. Drawing on newly declassified Russian archives, Kathleen Smith offers a month-by-month reconstruction of events as the official process of de-Stalinization unfolded and political and cultural experimentation flourished. Smith looks at writers, students, scientists, former gulag prisoners, and free-thinkers who took Khrushchev's promise of liberalization seriously, testing the limits of a more open Soviet system. But when anti-Stalin sentiment morphed into calls for democratic reform and eventually erupted in dissent within the Soviet bloc--notably in the Hungarian uprising--the Party balked and attacked critics. Yet Khrushchev had irreversibly opened his compatriots' eyes to the flaws of monopolistic rule. Citizens took the Secret Speech as inspiration and permission to opine on how to restore justice and build a better society, and the new crackdown only reinforced their discontent. The events of 1956 set in motion a cycle of reform and retrenchment that would recur until the Soviet Union's collapse in 1991.--

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgements -- CHAPTER 1 1925-1943 My childhood and life as an evacuee -- CHAPTER 2 University and the army -- CHAPTER 3 From lorry driver to principal in general practice -- CHAPTER 4 My involvement in abortion law reform -- CHAPTER 5 I get further involved in medical politics -- CHAPTER 6 I get started in medical politics at the national level -- CHAPTER 7 A Royal College, an academic approach and a doctorate -- CHAPTER 8 Early attempts at NHS reform and heart transplants -- CHAPTER 9 An outdated constitution and Sir Paul Chambers' report -- CHAPTER 10 I become involved in national negotiations -- CHAPTER 11 I appear before a disciplinary body and I lose some friends -- CHAPTER 12 I represent the profession at home and abroad -- CHAPTER 13 AIDS and the BMA -- CHAPTER 14 A Royal sesquicentennial year -- CHAPTER 15 International problems and political speculation -- CHAPTER 16 Two crises and one election -- CHAPTER 17 Princess Diana opens the library and I have a rough ARM -- CHAPTER 18 The approaching storm -- CHAPTER 19 A storm breaks: The White Paper -- CHAPTER 20 The profession rejects the Reforms -- CHAPTER 21 The campaign continues -- CHAPTER 22 The Bill and reactions to it -- CHAPTER 23 The campaign continues: mysterious faxes and the Oxford debate -- CHAPTER 24 My last few months in the chair -- CHAPTER 25 I am a past Chairman -- CHAPTER 26 A variety of activities including boxing and lecturing and a disputed SRM -- CHAPTER 27 Doctors in the Dock -- CHAPTER 28 A quiet retirement, a general election and a question mark -- Index

Desistance from Crime -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- 1 Introduction -- Jack -- Edward -- Why Do We Need a Book on Desistance? -- Plan of the Book -- 2 Desistance in Perspective: Historical Work and the Identification of a Field of Study -- A Murder and a Debate about Crime over the Life-Course -- An Overview of Early Research on Age and Crime -- Adolphe Quetelet and the Influence of Age -- G. Stanley Hall's Adolescence: Birth of a New Field of Study -- Criminological Views of the Age-Effect in the Early Twentieth Century -- The Gluecks: Maturation and Behavioral Reform -- Studies of Behavioral Reform in the Mid to Late Twentieth Century -- Early Theoretical Accounts of the Age-Crime Curve and Desistance -- When Did the Term 'Desistance' Emerge? -- Summary and Conclusion -- 3 Desistance under the Microscope: The Definition and Measurement of Desistance in Modern Criminology -- Definition and Measurement: Central Aspects of Life and Social Science -- The Age-Crime Curve and Desistance: What Does It Tell Us? -- A Collection of Definitions of Desistance -- Expanding the Definition and Measurement of Desistance -- Steps toward Desistance: Stages of Behavioral Reform -- Analytical/Measurement Issues: Desistance as a Process -- Quantitative vs. Qualitative Research and Desistance -- Consequences of a Lack of Measurement/Analytic Agreement -- Conclusion: Definitions and Measurement Matter -- 4 What Do We Know? Longitudinal Studies and Correlates of Desistance -- Major Longitudinal Studies Examining Desistance -- The Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development -- Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health & Development Study -- The Montreal Two Sample Longitudinal Study -- National Youth Survey -- National Longitudinal Survey of Youth -- Add Health -- Ohio Life-Course Study -- PYS/DYS/RYDS -- Pathways to Desistance

Series Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Prologue: Regulating Income Distribution to Promote Equity and Inclusivity -- The Role of the Social Security System in Regulating Income Distribution in China -- Realizing Equity, Inclusivity and Effective Social Governance Through a Bigger Role of the Social Security System -- 1 The Development of China's Social Welfare System -- 1.1 The Preliminary Establishment of the Chinese Social Welfare System Framework -- 1.2 Uneven Development of China's Social Welfare Services -- 1.3 The Recovery, Adjustment and Pilot Reform of China's Social Welfare Services -- 1.4 From Unit Security to Social Security: "Three Lines of Security" and "Two Guarantees" -- 1.5 Gradually Establishing the Basic Framework of a Modern Social Security System -- 1.6 Developing a Modern Social Welfare System -- 2 The Deviation of China's Social Insurance Fund Mode and Its Corrections -- 2.1 Debates on the Social Insurance Fund Modes -- 2.2 Institutional Deviation of the Hybrid Mode of the Social Insurance Fund in China -- 2.3 Difficulties in the Practice of the Hybrid Mode of Social Pooling and Personal Accounts -- 2.4 The Approaches and Measures for Deepening the Reform of the Social Insurance Fund System in China -- 3 Health Problems and Health Equality in the Transitional Period -- 3.1 Health Security Challenges and Outstanding Problems Caused by Economic Transformation -- 3.2 The Progress and Perplexity of the "Three Reforms" in China's Health Care System -- 3.3 Suggestions on Promoting Health Development, Health Equality and the Construction of a Harmonious Society -- 4 Establishing a Basic Rural Medical Security System -- 4.1 The Feasibility of Establishing a New Rural Medical Security System -- 4.2 Suggestions and Measures for Establishing a New Rural Medical Security System

Intro -- Box 1 A selection of titles -- The author -- Foreword -- Summary -- Tables, figures and boxes -- 1 An alternative history: what Britain would have been like without the NHS -- In a universe not far from our own -- Back to reality -- 2 Who should envy whom? NHS performance from an international perspective -- Cancer -- Stroke -- Amenable mortality -- Waiting times -- The Commonwealth Fund study -- Spending and efficiency -- Robustness to demographic challenges -- Choice and accountability -- Conclusion -- 3 A quarter century of NHS reforms: what worked, what failed -- The internal market of the 1990s -- The period of 'ultra-managerialism' -- The quasi-market reforms of the 2000s -- Recent reforms -- Conclusion -- 4 Other games in town -- The NHS debate: insular and inward-looking -- How social health insurance systems work -- Notable features of the Dutch system -- Notable features of the Swiss system -- Notable features of the German system -- Notable features of the Israeli system -- Conclusion -- 5 Towards a pluralistic, sustainable healthcare system: a strategy for an orderly transition -- The quasi-market: finishing the job -- Free entry and exit -- Free choice of Clinical Commissioning Group -- The freedom to opt out of NHS commissioning -- Vertical and horizontal integration -- Freedom of choice over the depth and scope of coverage -- Prefunding healthcare costs -- Selective contracting -- Conclusion -- References -- About the IEA -- Table 1 Waiting times for GP appointments and at A&E departments, 2014 -- Table 2 Waiting times for surgery and cancer therapy, 2014 -- Table 3 Access to specialist care and waiting time for diagnostics -- Table 4 The CF's ranking for health outcomes (the 'healthy lives' category), 2014 -- Table 5 The top five in the Commonwealth Fund study, 2004-14.

Preface and introduction / Yahia H. Zoubir and Gregory White -- A political economy perspective on North African transitions / Gonzalo Escribano -- Maghrebi youth in the wake of the Arab Spring : general observations and evidence from Tunisia and Algeria / Mark Tessler and Jennifer Miller-Gonzalez -- Civil-military relations in Algeria and Egypt : a comparative analysis / Miloud Chennoufi -- Security sector reforms in North Africa / Eduard Soler i Lecha -- Berbers in an Arab Spring : the politics of amazigh identity and the North African uprisings / Michael J. Willis -- Civil insurrections in North Africa : history and prospects / Stephen Zunes -- Social media and mobilization in the Arab Spring and beyond / Lina Khatib -- Western Sahara : change under the radar / Alice Wilson -- Algeria : reforms without change? / Ahmed Aghrout and Yahia Zoubir -- The making and unmaking of the 2012 constitution in Egypt / Ibrahim Awad -- Libya : from 'reform' to revolution / Alison Pargeter -- Political change in Mauritania : desperately seeking its 'Arab Spring' / Abdoulaye Diagana -- Morocco : keeping revolution at bay with an enhanced status quo / Azzedine Layachi -- From democratic consensus to a struggle for power : the fragility of transition in Tunisia / Emma C. Murphy -- The evolving foreign policies of North African states (2011-2014) : new trends in constraints, political processes and behavior / Miguel Hernando de Larramendi and Irene Fernandez Molina -- The United States and North Africa / Yahia H. Zoubir and Stephen Zunes -- Barcelona, twenty years on / George Joffe -- China in North Africa : a strategic partnership / Imen Belhadj and Degang Sun, with the collaboration of Yahia Zoubir -- The role of the GCC in North Africa in light of the Arab Spring / Elena Maestri -- North Africa's energy challenges / Hakim Darbouche and John Hamilton.

Intro -- Table of contents -- Basic Statistics of Slovenia, 2013 -- Acronyms -- Executive summary -- Main findings -- Key recommendations -- Assessment and recommendations -- Figure 1. Growth was strong after independence -- Figure 2. Rapid catch-up stalled after the crisis -- Figure 3. Income inequality is low -- Figure 4. Well-being outcomes: Better Life Index -- Table 1. Reforms approved and being implemented -- Macroeconomic outlook -- Economic recovery remains fragile -- Table 2. The impact of recent structural reforms on GDP over 5 and 10 years -- Figure 5. Key macroeconomic developments -- Table 3. Macroeconomic indicators and projections -- Restoring the financial sector and corporate deleveraging -- Figure 6. The banking sector was hit hard by the boom-bust credit cycle, but restructuring efforts have resulted in improvements -- Figure 7. The banking sector remains weak and credit activity is subdued -- Enhancing the role of BAMC in dealing with bad assets -- Improving bank supervision and business practices of banks -- An improved insolvency framework will speed up corporate restructuring -- Figure 8. The debt overhang is concentrated in a few companies -- Figure 9. Deleveraging has been under way, while corporates still face elevated funding costs -- Recommendations on restructuring and deleveraging the banking sector and the corporate sector -- Ensuring sustainable public finances -- Figure 10. The government pursues fiscal consolidation but public debt keeps rising -- Figure 11. Structural primary surpluses will be needed to stabilise debt while age-related expenditures will exert additional pressure -- Figure 12. Public expenditure is high and rising -- Structural reform of public expenditure is key to reducing public debt -- Table 4. Inactivity traps and unemployment traps are high in international comparison.

Cover -- Half-Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- List of Maps, Boxes, Figures and Tables -- Preface to the Fourth Edition -- Romanization, Chinese Units of Measurement and Statistics -- List of Abbreviations -- Introduction -- 1 Diversity within Unity -- A land of diversity -- The impact of CCP policy -- 2 Political History: 1949-2012 -- Parameters of policy debate -- Leaning to one side - China and the Soviet model: 1949-55 -- The origins of a Chinese path to socialism: 1955-62 -- The radicalization of politics and the resurrection of class struggle: 1962-78 -- The Third Plenum and the initial reform agenda: 1978-84 -- Economic troubles and political instability: 1985-91 -- Return to economic reform, boom and moderation: 1992-97 -- Managing reform without Deng: 1997-2002 -- Attempting to balance growth with social equity: 2002-12 -- 3 China's New Leaders and Their Challenges: 2012-Present -- Succession and the purge of Bo Xilai -- CCP and NPC congresses: November 2012-March 2013 -- Political priorities -- Third Plenum of the Eighteenth Central Committee (November 2013): outlining a platform for action -- 4 The Chinese Communist Party -- Party organization and membership -- The political culture of the CCP -- The role of the CCP in the political system -- 5 The Central Governing Apparatus -- Evaluation and perception of government performance -- Central government -- The legal system, coercive control and rights -- The military and the political system -- 6 Governance Beyond the Centre -- The organization of local government -- The province as a unit of analysis -- Regional inequality -- Relations between the centre and the localities: the fiscal picture -- The consequences for local governance -- Perceptions of local government performance -- Analysing the local state: corporatism, predation and negotiation.

According to the health data released by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), the United States spends more per capita on healthcare than any other OECD country. To make it worse, the United States has one of the highest growth rates in healthcare spending. For example, the share of GDP devoted to healthcare spending grew from 9 percent of GDP in 1980 to 16 percent of GDP in 2008. This 7 percent increase in healthcare spending as a share of GDP is one of the largest across the OECD. Currently, U.S. healthcare spending constitutes $2.5 trillion, or 17.3 percent of GDP, with healthcare costs increasing 9 percent annually. To reverse this alarming trend, the Obama administration recently led the effort to dramatically reform healthcare policy, laws, and regulations. One of the most iconic reforms includes the enactment of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act on March 23, 2010. Although this act aims to increase the access, fairness, quality, and affordability of health insurance, it is likely to increase the financial burden of some individuals and organizations through higher fees and taxes. That is to say, the success of healthcare reforms often hinges on our ability to find innovative solutions that can allow us to streamline healthcare practices and enhance productivity to the fullest potential. Such solutions that are increasingly put forward by many managerial experts is the adaptation of supply chain principles for healthcare management that are designed to reduce wasteful spending, strengthen connectivity among healthcare partners, and increase visibility of required care and resources.

This book investigates the reasons for persistent public deficits and delayed fiscal reform in Japan, placing a special emphasis on political economy aspects. Japan is confronted with the need to pursue fiscal discipline for fiscal consolidation and implement structural reforms for reorganizing fiscal expenditures. Focusing on particular policy fields including social security, female labor supply, public works, and intergovernmental transfer schemes, the book clarifies economic and political elements that have hindered effective steps toward these two goals. Facing population aging and a business downturn, the Japanese government was urged to increase social security expenditures and the budget for Keynesian stimulus policies. As elucidated in the book, the institutional design has worked to over-represent the demands of elderly generations and local interest groups and to expand these expenditures. Rigorous theoretical and numerical analyses reported throughout the book consequently provide readers with insights into incentive designs and institutional reforms necessary for fiscal consolidation, also presenting points of view for public policy and public debate. EditorsToshihiro Ihoriis a professor of economics at The University of Tokyo. He has a B.A. and an M.A. from The University of Tokyo and a Ph.D. in economics from Johns Hopkins University. His major field of research is public economics. Details are at the web site of the Graduate School of Economics, Faculty of Economics, The University of Tokyo.Kimiko Teraiis a professor of economics at Keio University. She has a B.A. in education from Tokushima University and an M.A. and a Ph.D. in economics from The University of Tokyo. Her major field of research is public economics. Details are at her website.

"Property rights" and "Russia" do not usually belong in the same sentence. Rather, our general image of the nation is of insecurity of private ownership and defenselessness in the face of the state. Many scholars have attributed Russia's long-term development problems to a failure to advance property rights for the modern age and blamed Russian intellectuals for their indifference to the issues of ownership. A Public Empire refutes this widely shared conventional wisdom and analyzes the emergence of Russian property regimes from the time of Catherine the Great through World War I and the revolutions of 1917. Most importantly, A Public Empire shows the emergence of the new practices of owning "public things" in imperial Russia and the attempts of Russian intellectuals to reconcile the security of property with the ideals of the common good. The book analyzes how the belief that certain objects—rivers, forests, minerals, historical monuments, icons, and Russian literary classics—should accede to some kind of public status developed in Russia in the mid-nineteenth century. Professional experts and liberal politicians advocated for a property reform that aimed at exempting public things from private ownership, while the tsars and the imperial government employed the rhetoric of protecting the sanctity of private property and resisted attempts at its limitation. Exploring the Russian ways of thinking about property, A Public Empire looks at problems of state reform and the formation of civil society, which, as the book argues, should be rethought as a process of constructing "the public" through the reform of property rights.

Intro -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of Illustrations -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- Terminology -- Introduction -- Part 1. Problems and Solutions -- 1. Images of the Inuit -- Film Imagery of the Happy-Go-Lucky Eskimo -- Nanook Reborn as Joseph Idlout -- Stark Images of Another North -- Henry Larsen's Views on Inuit Welfare -- Publicly Identifying the "Eskimo Problem" -- The Fur Trade and Inuit Dependency -- Competition to Exert Social Control over the Inuit -- Bringing Order to a "Disordered" People -- 2. The People of the Crown -- Port Harrison and the Problems of Arctic Quebec -- "White Man's Handouts" and the Reform Movement -- Inuit Settlement Patterns and the Argument for Rehabilitation -- Self-Reliance, Resources, and Relocation -- Geopolitical Perceptions of the Northern Frontier -- Re-establishing "Effective Occupation" of the High Arctic -- Ultima Thule: Reoccupation of the High Arctic Islands -- The Eskimo Loan Fund and Resettlement Initiatives -- Part 2. South of Eden-Relocation of the Inukjuamiut -- 3. Relocation to the High Arctic -- Officials Take Remedial Action -- The "Migration" Selection Process: Recruits for Reform -- Classification of Inuit for Relocation -- The Relocation and Dividing of the Families -- Controversy and External Perspectives -- Thule Ruins and Site Selection -- Social Reform and Survival -- A Lack of Services -- 4. The Process of Adaptation -- The "Garden of Eden" -- Guards and Guides -- Looking for Eve -- Relocating the Carvers -- Right of Return -- Part 3. The Flight from Eden-Relocation of the Ahiarmiut -- 5. "Eskimos Fly to New Hunting Grounds" -- The Ahiarmiut of Ennadai Lake -- Relocation to Nueltin Lake -- Back at Ennadai Lake -- Plans for a Second Ahiarmiut Relocation -- Before and After Life -- Relocation from Ennadai Lake to Henik Lake

This book examines the policy implications of the fundamental theoretical errors exposed in the companion volume on Toxic Economic Theory: Correction of the microeconomic market-value fallacy (the root cause of the economic crisis) suggests radical accounting reform based on the segregation of fact from opinion. Disclosure of planned investment rates and their continuous monitoring are essential for curing "balance-sheet myopia" and for bringing the management of banks and large corporations under the control of market forces. Correction of the macroeconomic single-gear fallacy (the main obstacle to economic recovery) indicates that the economy is a multi-gear machine. To operate efficiently at its full employment potential, structural reform to improve the lubricant of free competition is necessary but not sufficient. Freedom of circulation to maintain the economy in top gear is equally vital. Counter-productive attempts to shrink economies out of debt stem from the single-gear obsession with competition to the exclusion of circulation. A multi-gear strategy for economic recovery requires the repudiation of two centuries of tax mythology. Radical reform of the current dysfunctional tax system and its integration with macroeconomic policy can create an automatic mechanism, not only for economic gear-changing, but also for the disposal of inflationary waste. By establishing regional fiscal autonomy, multi-gear strategy can solve the problem of imbalances between or within countries, and also within single-currency unions. Rapid economic growth without inflation -- essential for economic recovery ₆ is impossible until economic policy is liberated from the stranglehold of single-gear fundamentalism. As a science, economics may be dismal; as a religion, it is positively lethal