Suchergebnisse

Part I: Scientific context --Ocean acidification : scientific understanding and challenges /Dan Laffoley, John M Baxter, Elizabeth B Jewett, Maureen T Brooks and Nelson A Lagos --Part II: Global law and policy --Implications of the Paris Agreement for action on ocean acidification within the UNFCCC /Ellycia R Harrould-Kolieb --Ocean acidification and multilateral environmental agreements /Naporn Popattanachai and Elizabeth A Kirk --Maritime transport and ocean acidification /Beatriz Martinez Romera --Ocean acidification and a new treaty on marine biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction /Joanna Mossop --Food security, fisheries and ocean acidification : a human rights based approach /Hilal Elver and Nilüfer Oral --Part III: Regional law and policy --Regional seas programs and ocean acidification /Kerry Tetzlaff --Regional fisheries bodies and ocean acidification /Rosemary Rayfuse --Ocean acidification and the Arctic : regional scientific and governance responses /Nadja Steiner and David L VanderZwaag --Southern Ocean acidification and the Antarctic Treaty System /Karen N Scott --Ocean acidification and Pacific Island countries and territories : sounding the alarm on an existential threat /Clement Yow Mulalap --Part IV: National law and policy --Ocean acidification : science, policy and law in Australia /Ellycia R Harrould-Kolieb and Tim Stephens --Brazilian policy and law review on ocean acidification and climate change : achievements and challenges /Maria Helena Fonseca de Souza Rolim and Victor Alencar Mayer Feitosa Ventura --Ocean acidification and China's response /Jiayu Bai and Jiaxin Sui --The battle against ocean acidification in the United States /Sherry P Broder.

The regulation of risk is a preoccupation of contemporary global society and an increasingly important part of international law in areas ranging from environmental protection to international trade. This book examines a key aspect of international risk regulation - the way in which science and technical expertise are used in reaching decisions about how to assess and manage global risks. An interdisciplinary analysis is employed to illuminate how science has been used in international legal processes and global institutions such as the World Trade Organization. Case studies of risk regulation in international law are drawn from diverse fields including environmental treaty law, international trade law, food safety regulation and standard-setting, biosafety and chemicals regulation. The book also addresses the important question of the most appropriate balance between science and non-scientific inputs in different areas of international risk regulation.

This article which is based on my (Dutch) Ph.D. thesis De implementatie van het EG-milieurecht door Nederlandse decentrale overheden (Deventer, 1998) focuses on the role the decentralized authorities have in implementation of EC environmental law in the Netherlands. Decentralized authorities must observe EC law. After all, the principle of loyalty to the Community is not only addressed to the central government but to all bodies invested with public power. Consequently, the obligation of Article 10 (ex Article 5) EC Treaty applies also to decentralized authorities. In the Netherlands decentralized authorities play an important part in the implementation and application of environmental law. The importance of European environmental law has grown steadily in recent decades. In many cases, in the Netherlands, decentralized authorities are the competent authorities for implementing EC directives and regulations in the field of the protection of the environment. The central question to be discussed in this article is therefore which requirements Community law imposes on the implementation of Community environmental legislation by national decentralized authorities.

The numerous interconnections between the environment and human rights are well established internationally. It is understood that environmental issues such as pollution, deforestation or the misuse of resources can impact on individuals' and communities' enjoyment of fundamental rights, including the right to health, the right to an adequate standard of living, the right to self-determination and the right to life itself. These are rights which are guaranteed under international human rights law and in relation to which governments bear certain responsibilities. Further, environmental issues can also impact on governments' capacity to protect and fulfil the rights of their citizens. In this way human rights and environmental protection can be constructed as being mutually supportive. In addition to these links between the environment and human rights, human rights principles arguably offer a framework for identifying and addressing environmental injustice. The justice implications of environmental problems are well documented and there are many examples where pollution, deforestation or other degradation disproportionately impact upon poorer neighbourhoods or areas populated by minority groups. On the international level, environmental injustice exists between developed and developing States, as well as between present and future generations who will inherit the environmental problems we are creating today. This paper investigates the role of human rights principles, laws and mechanisms in addressing these instances of environmental injustice and argues that the framework of human rights norms provides an approach to environmental governance which can help to minimise injustice and promote the interests of those groups which are most adversely affected. Further, it suggests that the human rights enforcement mechanisms which exist at international law could be utilised to lend weight to claims for more equitable environmental policies.