Suchergebnisse

From yesterday's decision by Judge John T. Copenhaver, Jr. (S.D. W. Va.) in W. Va. Coalition Against Domestic Violence, Inc. v. Morrisey (some formatting changed); note that the court upheld some other provisions of the law, which I discuss in a separate post: In March 2018, the West Virginia Legislature enacted House Bill 4817 [the Parking…

"Law and the Islamization of Morocco under the Almoravids. The Fatwās of Ibn Rushd al-Jadd to the Far Maghrib" investigates the development of legal institutions in the Far Maghrib during its unification with al-Andalus under the Almoravids (434-530/1042-1147)

Introduction / Malgosia Fitzmaurice and Dai Tamada -- Methodologies and motivations : was Japan's whaling programme for purposes of scientific research? / Caroline E. Foster -- From the requirement of reasonableness to a 'comply and explain' rule : the standard of review in the whaling judgment / Shotaro Hamamoto -- The whaling convention and thorny issues of interpretation / Malgosia Fitzmaurice -- The 'margin of appreciation' in the use of exemptions in international law : comparing the ICJ whaling judgment and the case law of the ECtHR / Theodore Christakis -- Unfavourable but unavoidable procedures : procedural aspects of the whaling case / Dai Tamada -- Roads not taken, opportunities missed : procedural and jurisdictional questions Sidestepped in the Whaling Judgment / Christian J. Tams -- Whaling judgment and the challenges of dynamic treaty regimes / Mika Hayashi -- IWC and the ICJ judgment / Joji Morishita -- The whaling case : an Australian perspective / Donald R Rothwell -- After the whaling in the Antarctic judgment : its lessons and prospects from a Japanese perspective / Hironobu Sakai -- Science in the court! : the role of science in 'Whaling in the Antarctic' / Anthony Press -- Conclusion : the judgment, its implications and prospects / Akiho Shibata -- Conference report on 'Whaling in the Antarctic : the ICJ judgment and its implications', 31st May-1st June 2014, Kobe University, Japan / Yuri Takaya

Abstract Environment has been widely recognized as international interest and all states shall avoid any activities that may damage the environment. The adoption of Stockholm Declaration 1972, World Charter for Nature 1982, and Rio Declaration 1992 denotes that protection of the environment reflects customary international law. War or armed conflict was one of the principal contributors to the environmental damages. As in the Vietnam War, the United States attempted to create artificial rain by seeding the cloud which led to the establishment of the 1976 Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques (ENMOD Convention) and the Additional Protocol I 1977. However, the Gulf War 1990-1991 gave rise to the questions whether those two instruments were sufficient to encompass the environmental damages caused by the Iraqi methods of warfare by burning oil wells and spilling oil to the sea. This issue was raised by the author since these two instruments set a high threshold and unclear terms on a degree of environmental damages to be considered as a violation. Accordingly, this paper discusses whether the environmental damages caused by the Persian Gulf War meets the threshold set by the Additional Protocol I and the ENMOD Convention, and further discusses the international responsibility that arose from the damages caused by the War. The result of this research shows that environmental damages caused by Iraqi burning oil wells and oil spill apparently did not satisfy the threshold set by the Additional Protocol I and the ENMOD Convention. Keywords: Armed Conflict, Environment, Gulf War, International Humanitarian Law, Responsibility Abstrak Lingkungan sudah diakui sebagai permasalahan internasional dan semua negara wajib untuk menghindari kegiatan yang berakibat kerusakan terhadap lingkungan. Pembentukan Deklarasi Stockholm 1972, Piagam Dunia Untuk Lingkungan 1982 dan Deklarasi Rio 1992 menunjukkan bahwa perlindungan terhadap lingkungan telah merefleksikan hukum kebiasaan internasional. Perang atau konflik bersenjata merupakan salah satu penyebab utama kerusakan lingkungan. Seperti percobaan untuk membuat hujan buatan yang dilakukan oleh Amerika Serikat dalam Perang Vietnam yang berujung dibentuknya Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques 1976 (Konvensi ENMOD) dan Protokol Tambahan I 1977. Namun, Perang Teluk 1990-1991 menimbulkan pertanyaan apakah kedua instrumen tersebut dapat mencakup kerusakan lingkungan yang diakibatkan oleh metode berperang Irak dengan membakar dan menumpahkan minyak. Permasalahan tersebut diangkat oleh penulis karena kedua instrumen tersebut menetapkan kriteria kerusakan lingkungan yang kurang jelas dan standar yang terlalu tinggi untuk dinyatakan sebagai pelanggaran. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini akan membahas apakah kerusakan lingkungan yang diakibatkan oleh Perang Teluk memenuhi syarat yang ditetapkan oleh Protokol Tambahan I dan Konvensi ENMOD, dan juga membahas tanggung jawab internasional yang timbul sebagai akibat dari kerusakan lingkungan yang diakibatkan oleh perang. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kerusakan lingkungan yang diakibatkan oleh Irak dengan membakar dan menumpahkan minyak ternyata tidak memenuhi standar yang ditetapkan oleh Protokol Tambahan I dan Konvensi ENMOD. Kata kunci: Hukum Humaniter Internasional, Konflik Bersenjata, Lingkungan, Perang Teluk, Pertanggungjawaban

The striving of the Republic of Kazakhstan for international integration and entry into influential international structures is impossible without the introduction of advanced experience in the field of labour law. Therewith, the labour law of each country is a unique and very broad branch of law; therefore, for the purposes of this study, such parameters as wages, provisions on weekends and holidays, as well as the issue of concluding and terminating an employment contract as the most fundamental labour law issues. To achieve the objectives of the study, the comparative method is used as the main one, both in horizontal and vertical as-pects. At the same time, the classical inductive method is used to formulate many provisions as an addition. For comparison, the authors of the study take the expe-rience of the United States, Russia, and China as the main trading partners of Ka-zakhstan, relations with which are of decisive importance for the country. From the stated provisions, it was concluded that the labour law of the Republic of Ka-zakhstan is quite progressive, although they need to be adjusted. Among the ana-lysed provisions, first of all, it is necessary to correct the size of the minimum wage, as the most important economic and legal indicator, and also to consider the pos-sibility of extending the minimum paid leave from 24 to 28 days. Therewith, the provisions on a written employment contract and the protection of employees from unjustified dismissal are quite progressive.

In case C-741/19 Republic of Moldova v Komstroy LLC ECLI:EU:C:2021:655, the Grand Chamber of the Court of Justice of the European Union found that the acquisition of a claim arising from a contract for the supply of electricity does not constitute an "investment" within the meaning of the Energy Charter Treaty (ECT). Yet the impact of the case goes far beyond this finding. In coming to this conclusion, the Court found that i) it has jurisdiction to give a preliminary ruling in a dispute that has little or no connection to the EU legal order and ii) the intra-EU application of the ECT's investor-state dispute settlement mechanisms is incompatible with EU law. The Court thus answered the question, debated in academia and before arbitral tribunals, whether the reasoning in its 2018 Achmea judgment applied in relation to the ECT's dispute settlement provisions. Whereas arbitral tribunals have approached the issue through the lens of public international law, in particular the law of treaties, the EU Court approaches the question as one about the autonomy of the EU legal order. Like Achmea, the effects Komstroy outside the EU legal order are likely to be limited.

The principle of subsidiarity embodies the idea of conferring a specific power to the higher level or wider community only provided that it is more effective for accomplishing the envisaged objectives than the action taken at the lower level of authority. Taken from the constitutions of some of the EU Member States, this principle was first introduced into the primary law of the European Communities, although without an explicit reference, as a guiding principle in the field of environmental protection. With the establishment of the European Union, the subsidiarity principle has substantially developed, both as a main principle of political organisation for the EU and as a governing principle in the exercise of non-exclusive powers which are conferred to the EU. The Lisbon Treaty has retained the principle of subsidiarity in both aforementioned forms, but it extends the scope of its application to all areas of the EU activities, including the former second and the third pillar. Concurrently, it establishes mechanisms which enable the implementation and continuous monitoring of the application of the subsidiarity principle in the process of adopting legislative acts. It is actually a mechanism that ensures ex ante control, which entails an early warning system involving the scrutiny of national parliaments of Member States. On the other hand, the judicial or ex post control is carried out by the Court of Justice in the process of judicial review, on the basis of filed actions for annulment on the ground of violation of the subsidiarity principle. In addition to the Members States, the applicants authorized to initiate this proceeding are also the national parliaments, their chambers or the Committee of the Regions. ; Načelo supsidijarnosti izražava ideju da se višem nivou ili široj zajednici prepušta samo ono što se može bolje i efikasnije ostvariti nego na nižem nivou vlasti. Preuzeto iz ustavnog prava pojedinih država članica, ovo načelo ušlo je bez izričitog pominjanja u primarno pravo Evropskih zajednica kao rukovodni princip u oblasti zaštite životne sredine. Sa osnivanjem Evropske unije načelo supsidijarnosti je doživelo značajan razvoj postajući kako politički princip njene organizacije, tako i rukovodeće načelo u vršenju ovlašćenja koja nemaju isključivi karakter. Lisabonski ugovor zadržava supsidijarnost u oba ova vida, ali proširuje domen njene primene na sve oblasti delovanja Evropske unije, uključujući bivši drugi i treći stub. U isto vreme uspostavljaju se mehanizmi koji omogućavaju implementaciju i stalni nadzor nad primenom načela supsidijarnosti u postupku usvajanja zakonskih akata. Radi se zapravo o mehanizmu koji obezbeđuje ex ante kontrolu, odnosno sistem ranog upozoravanja u koji su uključeni nacionalni parlamenti država članica. S druge strane, pravosudnu ili ex post kontrolu vrši Sud pravde u postupku ocene zakonitosti legislativnih akata povodom podnetih tužbi za poništaj zbog povrede načela supsidijarnosti. Kao ovlašćeni tužioci u ovom postupku, pored država članica, pojavljuju se nacionalni parlamenti, njihovi domovi ili Komitet regiona.

Vol. 3 has title: A history of the English poor law, volume III, from 1834 to the present time; being a supplementary volume to "A history of the English poor law" by Sir George Nicholls . by Thomas Mackay. London, P.S. King & son; New York, G.P. Putnam's sons, 1899. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Advanced technology and the rise of social media networks have led to a vast increase in video sharing, whether it be for entertainment or news. Recent innovations in technology have also allowed people to edit videos, creating falsified or fabricated content. The popular term millennials have come to associate with this trend is "fake news." Fake news is defined as information that is invented by people or governments that are "fictions deliberately fabricated and presented as nonfiction with the intent to mislead recipients into treating fiction as fact or into doubting verifiable fact." This post was originally published on the Cardozo Arts & Entertainment Law Journal website on January 19, 2020. The original post can be accessed via the Archived Link button above.

The devolution of immigration law has increased local police involvement in the enforcement of federal immigration law. But only some departments have responded by implementing policies that restrict their officers' involvement in order to protect residents from overzealous policing. We test theories of economic and ethnic threat to explore the structural characteristics of cities that explain this variation. Multiple regression results show that the most unequal cities that have large Hispanic populations are less likely to have a policy. Hispanic white segregation and high unemployment also reduce the likelihood of policy implementation. We discuss theoretical and policy implications.

National law is increasingly influenced by European developments in a process characterized by the term 'Europeanization'. This contribution illustrates the magnitude by which this process of Europeanization continues to shape national contract law in the Member States. In particular, the focus is placed on the dynamic and interwoven interaction of legal scholars, legislators and the courts, on both a national and European level and hence they collectively form the driving force behind the process of Europeanization. The author demonstrates that employing a solely national approach is no longer a sustainable preference in the emerging European legal landscape. For this reason, the author calls for all stakeholders to partake in further debate concerning the future of contract law in the Member States.

Abstract
Fundraising fraud is one of the most serious and complicated financial crimes in China. It has an intertwined relationship with a regulatory offence, known as illegally taking in deposits from the general public (ITIDFGP). In judicial practice, ITIDFGP works as the downgraded form of fundraising fraud. This article explores why fundraising fraud is identified as financial fraud whereas ITIDFGP is a regulatory offence. The paper discerns the essence of fraud in Chinese criminal law and critically examines the concept of "intention to possess illegally." It argues that ITIDFGP should be classified as a form of fraud de jure, although, in reality, there are policy considerations behind its categorization as a regulatory offence. The paper also suggests that the role played by the socioeconomic policy in Chinese criminal-law legislation should be fully acknowledged.