Suchergebnisse

The purpose of this project is to increase our knowledge about trade-offs between productivity and labour market participation across the OECD, and more specifically in the European Union. The inquiry is focused around the question whether there is a trade-off between labour participation and productivity and, if so, how big it is and how long does it last. In particular, through a series of panel regressions we isolate the structural or long-term relationships, as well as identify how long the "longterm" is. We also investigate the extent to which the trade-offs can be associated with particular types of workers (in terms of age or gender). Our main findings are, firstly, that the negative productivity response elasticity to a 1% rise in participation (measured as the employment rate) is less than 0.3 and peters out in less than 5 years. Secondly, increased participation is the key factor related to this productivity growth tradeoff. We find little effect of hours per worker on productivity. Thirdly, female participation has the strongest negative impact on productivity growth, but it is associated with specific age and/or cohort effects that are likely to diminish in the longer run. Finally, we investigate simple scenarios to look at the effect of increases in participation on productivity and per capita income, showing the large potential for income gains without much loss in productivity.

We aim to clarify the role of research partnerships on the success and failure of innovation projects by examining the geographic proximity and diversity of partners. First, we argue that collaboration with geographically near partners will contribute relatively more to innovation success than it does to innovation failure, while collaboration with geographically distant partners will contribute relatively more to innovation failure than it does to innovation success. Second, we postulate that lower levels of international diversity will contribute relatively more to innovation success than it does to innovation failure, while higher levels of international diversity will contribute relatively more to innovation failure than it does to innovation success. Using a large dataset of firms for the period 2008–2013, we perform a joint analysis of failed and successful innovations. Our empirical findings support our theoretical arguments. Our results highlight the relevance of studying both failed and successful innovations and the importance of knowing their determinants to manage the innovation process successfully. Moreover, our findings should alert managers to the importance of geographic location when choosing collaboration partners. It is noteworthy that beyond a certain threshold, international diversity begins to act as a brake on innovation success and to increase the likelihood of failure. ; This project was funded by the Government Research Agency of Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (PID2019-106874GB-I00/AEI/10.13039/501100011033) and Spanish Ministry of Economy and Business (ECO2017-87514-P). All authors have contributed equally to this paper.

Rent-sharing between firm owners and workers is a robust empirical finding. If workers bargain with firms, information on the actual surplus is essential. When the firm can use profit shifting to create private information on the surplus, it can thereby reduce its wage bill. We study how rent sharing and this wage incentive for profit shifting affect the ability of governments to tax multinational companies in a standard model of international tax competition. We find that if firms only have a tax incentive for profit shifting, rent-sharing decreases the competitive pressure on the large country and leads to higher equilibrium tax rates. When we allow for the wage channel, this result can change. If the wage incentive is sufficiently strong, rent-sharing increases the competitive pressure on the large country, implying a lower equilibrium tax rate.

The International Law Commission (ILC) held its seventy-second session from April 26 to June 4 and from July 5 to August 6, 2021 in Geneva, under the chairmanship of Mahmoud Hmoud (Jordan). This session was originally scheduled for the summer of 2020, but had to be postponed due to the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. The pandemic continued in 2021 to present health risks and travel difficulties for certain members; consequently, the Commission for the first time in its history held its session in a hybrid manner, with many members physically present in Geneva, while others participated online by means of Zoom. That approach required certain adjustments to the Commission's methods of work, but allowed the Commission to move forward in addressing the several topics on its current program of work.

AbstractWhat explains the reversal of transnational private rule‐making authority? Embedding constructivist insights within a rational principal–agent model, this article advances a five‐step sequential process that nuances the traditional explanation of delegitimation. It argues that entrepreneurs must first successfully promote the belief that the high costs of ineffective private policies follow from the private rule‐setter's flawed institutional attributes. Subsequently, a de‐delegation solution that minimizes transaction and uncertainty costs must be proposed. The examination of two cases in the field of international sport governance, namely the deliberate reversal of private authority in anti‐doping governance and the lack thereof in anti‐match‐fixing governance, lends support to these propositions. It sheds new light on the creation of the World Anti‐Doping Agency (WADA) and explains why there will probably be no counterpart to fight match‐fixing.

While divisive inter- & intraparadigm debates over theories & methodology abound in the discourse of international relations, issues surrounding geographically based divides between developed & developing world international relations scholars have received considerably less attention. Trends of globalization & internationalization in the past decade have strengthened the argument that such divides must be bridged. This article first investigates whether there have been changes in the level of dialogue between core & periphery IR scholars throughout the 1990s by looking at publishing practices in twenty leading IR journals worldwide over seven years. It suggests explanations for the continuing lack of communication based on interviews with IR scholars from the developing world. 4 Figures, 22 References. Adapted from the source document.

Collective participation of African countries within the framework of the U.N., the nonaligned movement, the Organization of African Unity, and other organizations.

Cover -- CONTENTS -- CONTEXT -- OUTLOOK AND RISKS -- POLICY DISCUSSIONS -- A. Addressing External Imbalances by Restoring Household Purchasing Power -- B. Fiscal Policy to Boost Potential Growth and Support Rebalancing -- C. Boosting Productivity Growth and Private Investment -- D. Shoring up Financial-Sector Profitability while Preventing Buildup of Financial Risks -- E. Tackling the Supply-Side of Corruption -- STAFF APPRAISAL -- BOXES -- 1. Corporate Saving, Top Income and Wealth Inequality, and External Imbalances -- 2. The Impact of Potential US Auto Tariffs on Germany -- FIGURES -- 1. Evolution of Unemployment and Stagnation of Lower Incomes -- 2. Bank Credit to the Nonfinancial Sector -- 3. Evolution and Distribution of Real Income -- 4. Fiscal Positions at Länder Level -- 5. Labor Productivity Growth -- 6. Supply-Side Constraints -- 7. Residential and Commercial Real Estate Indicators -- 8. German Banks' Risk Provisioning and Tier 1 Capital Ratio -- 9. Change in LTV for New Mortgage Loans -- 10. Growth Developments -- 11. Prices and Labor Market -- 12. Balance of Payments -- 13. Fiscal Developments and Outlook -- 14. Credit Conditions and Asset Prices -- 15. Recent Developments in the German Banking Sector -- 16. Housing Market Developments -- 17. Product Market Competition, Innovation, and Digitalization -- TABLES -- 1. Selected Economic Indicators, 2016-20 -- 2. General Government Operations, 2016-24 -- 3. Medium Term Projections, 2016-24 -- 4. Balance of Payments, 2016-24 -- 5. International Investment Position, 2010-18 -- 6. Core Financial Soundness Indicators for Banks, 2013-18 -- 7. Additional Financial Soundness Indicators, 2013-18 -- ANNEXES -- I. External Sector Assessment -- II. Risk Assessment Matrix -- III. Public Debt Sustainability Analysis -- IV. Authorities' Response to Past IMF Policy Recommendations.