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AbstractThe study of reintegration after return is often disconnected from research into the intention and realization of return. This article develops a new conceptual framework, linking the intention and realization of return with the reintegration process. This framework is used to study the cases of Senegalese and Congolese migrants through a mixed‐methods approach. Quantitative data from the Migration between Africa and Europe (MAFE) project, which collected the life stories of migrants and return migrants in origin and destination countries, are combined with qualitative interviews with returnees. In line with the conceptual framework, the analyses highlight the role of migrants' projections about their potential reintegration on return as well as the importance for reintegration in the preparation for return. Along with importance of migrants' aspirations, the authors emphasise the role of external factors, such as family and context in origin and destination countries.

AbstractBackgroundFor people with intellectual disabilities (ID), social networks play a key role in facilitating social inclusion, health, and quality of life. This study shows that a multi‐informant approach to collecting social network data improves our understanding of the social worlds of people with Down Syndrome (DS).MethodA mixed methods egocentric network approach was employed to investigate 27 dyads comprised of people with DS and their family members as proxy reporters to examine variability in network characteristics across self‐ and proxy reports.ResultsThe self‐reported total network size of people with DS was significantly smaller than the network size based on proxy reports. Significant differences were found between self‐ and proxy‐reported networks with respect to most relationship groups. Proxy informants reported more "paid staff".ConclusionOur study showed that multiple perspectives on the social networks of people with DS are advantageous for researchers, policy makers, and practitioners.

AbstractReligious freedom in the United States is negotiated in local conflicts arising from proposals from religious groups to municipalities in order to use or alter land and buildings. This study examines 116 cases of zoning conflict involving religious buildings in the New York City region between 1992 and 2017 as reported by the New York Times. Jewish and Muslim congregations experienced opposition at higher rates compared to their proportion in the region's population and to Christians. Proposing to use a single-family home for worship or use a building near residences topped local concerns. Neighbors regularly expressed worries about traffic, parking, and preservation. More zoning controversies occurred in the suburbs. These findings advance our knowledge of religious freedom and pluralism in detailing how local religious land conflicts involving multiple social actors operating at different levels engage larger questions about religious gatherings, ideal land uses, and the character of communities.

Sweden's proven ability to enact family-friendly policies to support its gender equality ambitions has made it an exemplar of gender equality to emulate among developing countries. The aim of this article is to demonstrate that while Swedish gender equality has become an important part of Swedish identity, paradoxically, the foundations upon which this identity was built has gradually been eroded––Sweden has shifted from a welfare state with collective solutions and inclusiveness towards one of neoliberal governmental rationalities where individual autonomy and freedom of choice are seen as means of achieving gender equality. This new direction has implications for how gender equality policy is formulated. Using Bacchi's 'What is the problem approach?' this article traces the Swedish gender equality discourse from the 1960s to the present while at every stage interrogating how equality was problematised and what solutions were offered.

Marriage, family reunification, forced labour and trafficking are some of the most widely attributed causes of women's migration within South Asia. This paper contributes to a small but growing literature about women's migration within South Asia for employment amidst social, cultural and policy level barriers that hinder women's mobility choices. It examines the experiences of 45 migrant women from economically poorer backgrounds comprising both cross-border, undocumented migrants from Nepal and Bangladesh and internal migrants from India working in informal jobs within India. This paper also explores similarities and differences between migration and labour market experiences of women migrants in South Asia showing how migration for employment can contribute towards agency formation but at the same time increase vulnerability by bringing about a reduction in well-being, security and dignity in the absence of secure policies that address challenges of women migrants in the region.

Non-entrepreneur refers to a person who is non-actor and absent from entrepreneurial actions and not making intention towards entrepreneurship. An exploratory case study method (Yin, 2014) was used to carry out the research. Unstructured interviews were conducted with four non-entrepreneurs and field notes were written down on the notebook with the pencil to save the data. Thematic analysis was applied to the text to reach the important themes deducted from views and perceptions of the participants. Finding of the study depicted that lack of personal intention and will, lack of knowledge and information about entrepreneurship, lack of understanding the entrepreneurship, no familial association with business, family involvement in the selection of career and education were major impediments. In the end, important implications were drawn i.e. seminars and conferences must be conducted to overcome the hurdles of lacking the understanding of entrepreneurship.

The problem of the study was to explore the impact of academic achievement orientation in the context of private and public sector university students; it further aimed to investigate the impact of demographic variations such as gender, age, semester, birth order, number of siblings, discipline and family income in determining the level of academic achievement orientation of private and public sector university students. The achievement orientation attitude scale developed by Ansari was used to measure achievement orientations, which was consisted of 10 items. Data was collected through a stratified random sampling technique. Data were analyzed with various statistics, which provided an insight that students differ in terms of academic achievement orientations. Results revealed that students of public sector universities have higher academic achievement orientations. It is also recommended that at the university level, students may also learn self-management and ought to work hard in order to achieve their academic goals without an external push.

This paper provides a feminist critique of theories of liberty in two of Thomas Middleton's city tragedies. Expanding on the neo-Roman theories of liberty presented by Quentin Skinner in Liberty Before Liberalism, I connect Middleton's city tragedies to feminist critiques from Mary Nyquist and Ellen Mieksins Wood. Close readings of Women Beware Women and The Revenger's Tragedy reveal connections between Middleton's radical critiques of tyranny in later theories of liberty of the English Civil War. Because Middleton's critiques are explored through both the state and marriage relations, I argue that Middleton exposes the same contradictions of liberty in the institution of the family, providing insight into notions of slavery, servitude, and coercion under the public rule of the sovereign and in the privacy of the home. Reading such contradictions back through Middleton, can, I argue, allow for a better understanding of feminist critiques of such theories of liberty.

AbstractItaly and Spain are extreme cases of low fertility linked to postponement of childbearing. Demographers continue to debate causes of postponement. This qualitative study was designed to contribute, by purposively selecting Italian and Spanish women in different socio‐economic circumstances who are partnered, childless and aged 30 to 35. Most want children but "not now" or are deferring the decision whether to have children. Their different circumstances inflect explanations of postponement in a language of choice, either "taking time" to achieve other goals or "holding on" for conditions to change. They are encouraged to postpone by optimism about their capacity to conceive, flexible norms about "the right age," prolonged dependence on their parents, the normative salience of "total motherhood," and family‐unfriendly, gender‐unequal workplaces. Elements of competing demographic theories often coexist in interviewees' accounts. The "desires‐intentions gap" does not always capture their flow or complexity.

We investigated the prevalence of Chinese children's imaginary companions (ICs) and the internal variables of IC types (personified object or invisible friend) and child–IC relationship qualities (egalitarian or hierarchical child–IC relationship). Participants were 266
children aged 4 to 6 years. Only in the 5-year-old group was the proportion of children with ICs significantly higher among girls than among boys, implying that the relationship between gender and IC was not consistent across age groups. Children from families in the highest annual income
group engaged in more IC play than did children from families in the lowest annual income group, indicating a relationship between family socioeconomic environment and children's imaginary play. IC types were not associated with child–IC relationship qualities in any of the age groups,
implying that these qualities may represent different dimensions of IC play as early as 4 years old.

In this article, we examine the case history of a young multi-ethnic Norwegian girl, whom we call Anna, from the age of 15 to 17 to show how her self-understanding of positionings within her educational transitions illustrates how gendered expectations in a Norwegian context influence girls' future trajectories. We use the concepts of social positional identities in figured worlds and performativity to explore self-understanding. Anna's case history illustrates how gender performativity comes about out of a complex web of family, school, and societal expectations. We discuss the tensions Anna experienced in her educational trajectory and the changes in her performative positioning when she entered upper secondary school. We consider the ways in which this had implications for her future life trajectory and offer suggestions to educators on how to understand and support the different learning trajectories of multi-ethnic students.

In this introductory article for the special issue 'Childhood, Parenting Culture and Adult-Child Relations in Global Perspectives', we provide an overview of our fields of study (childhood studies and parenting culture studies) by placing them in dialogue. We do so as a basis for drawing out themes emerging from the special issue, in order to explore potential synergies and open broader debates. We begin by tracing moves towards more relational approaches in the social sciences indicating their epistemological and methodological implications. Relational thinking provides a basis for countering antagonistic positionings of children and adults, allowing for circulations of childhood and parenting cultures to be interrogated in relation to new and enduring forms of inequity and changing state-family-capital relations. We suggest that this complicates existing conceptualisations of neoliberalisation while drawing attention to the need for further interrogation of the transnational nature of adult-child relations.

The aim of this article is to give insights on the role and usage of metaphors in political communication. The article studies the use of conceptual metaphors by politicians in two different scenarios, namely election campaign and addresses of a prime minister to a global audience. Both these settings are important from political image building perspective. For studying political communication during election campaigns, we have examined the text of newspaper articles and social media handles of politicians. For analysing metaphors used while addressing an international audience, select speeches delivered abroad by Indian Prime Minister Modi have been studied. The analysis is carried out on the basis of Lakoff and Johnson's Conceptual Metaphor Theory. For this, important metaphors are culled out and analysed, including POLITICS IS WAR, A POLITICIAN IS A WATCHMAN, WORLD IS COMMUNITY, WORLD IS FAMILY AND NATION IS PERSON.

There is much discussion on the issue of reservation and its impact on the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. It is essential to know how far the socially marginalized group of Scheduled Castes lag behind the other sections of the Indian population with respect to human development. The present article has made an attempt to assess the different human development factors like literacy and health status of the Scheduled Caste population in India. For this purpose, secondary data have been collected. The population- and literacy-related information has been obtained from the Census 2011 Report and health-related information has been collected from the National Family Health Survey-2015–2016 (NFHS -2015–2016). This study depicts the SCs population's literacy status, sex ratio, child sex ratio and other health-related aspects. Also, the study compares the Scheduled Caste population status with that of other population categories.