Suchergebnisse

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Belagunda-2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 493 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 473 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 21 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 5 soil series and 5 soil phases (management units) and 3 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 96 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep to very deep (75 - >150 cm) and 200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 9 per cent is medium (101-150 mm/m) and 0.75).  About 53 per cent area is low in available phosphorus and 43 per area is medium (23-57 kg/ha).  About 25 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in available potassium and 71 per cent is high (>337 kg/ha).  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 88 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm) in 55 per cent area.  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in 63 per cent area and deficient in 33 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 4 per cent area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 26 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 425(86) 47(9) Sapota - - Maize - 471(96) Pomegranate - 367(15) Bajra - 472(96) Musambi 367(75) 104(21) Groundnut - - Lime 367(75) 104(21) Sunflower 367(75) 104(21) Amla 57(12) 414(84) Redgram - 414(84) Cashew - - Bengal gram 425(86) 47(9) Jackfruit - - Cotton 425(86) 47(9) Jamun - 424(86) Chilli - 472(96) Custard apple 471(96) - Tomato - 367 (75) Tamarind - 424(86) Drumstick - 472(96) Mulberry - - Mango - - Marigold - 472(96) Guava - - Chrysanthemum - 472(96)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUSs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Belagunda-2 is located at North latitude 160 33' 45.008" and 160 31' 56.225" and East longitude 770 13' 48.438'' and 770 11' 46.97" covering an area of about 474.74 ha coming unde Bheemanalli and Belagundi Villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Belagunda-2 micro watersheds of Belagunda subwatershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 farmers were sampled in Belagunda-2 micro-watershed among households surveyed 8 (22.86%) were marginal, 11 (31.43%) were small, 9 (25.71 %) were semi medium, 2 (5.71 %) were medium and 1 (2.86 %) were large farmers. 4 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 84 (50.91%) men and 81 (49.09 %) were women.  Majority of the respondents (42.42%) were in the age group of 16-35 years. The average population of landless was 5.5, marginal farmers were 4.5, small farmers were 4.4, semi medium farmers were 4.7, medium farmers were 6.5 and large farmers were 4.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 21.21 per cent illiterates, 83.64 per cent pre university education and 3.03 per cent attained graduation.  About, 82.86 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 5.71 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 41.21 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 80.00 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 2.86 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 48.57 per cent possess TV, 5.71 per cent possess mixer grinder, 100.00 per cent possess mobile phones and 5.71 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 25.71 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.86 per cent possess tractor, 5.71 per cent possess bullock cart and 2.86 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 2.86 per cent possess local cow.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.26, women available in the micro watershed was 1.17, hired labour (men) available was 7.43 and hired labour (women) available was 13.6. 2  Further, 34.29 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 53.69 per cent (46.89 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 46.31 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 10.00 live bore wells and 5.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 25.71 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Paddy, Jowar, Cotton and cropping intensity was recorded as 100.00 per cent.  Out of the sample households 74.29 percent possessed bank account and 31.43 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 100.00 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 71.43 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 100.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Paddy, Jowar, Cotton was Rs.44928.33 , 24733.19, 36434.67 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.10, 1: 1.40, 1: 2.40 respectively.  Further, 25.71 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 97065.71 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 62608.57 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 2 horticulture trees and 6 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  About 34.29 per cent of the households shown interest to cultivate horticultural crops.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs.2914.29 for land development and Rs. 4285.71 for irrigation facility.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 17.14 per cent depends on own funds.  Regarding marketing channels, 22.86 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 65.71 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 62.86 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity. 3  Majority of the farmers (51.43%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 77.14 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 60.00 per cent of the households and 40.00 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 91.43 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 40.00 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (80.00%), pulses (65.71%) and oilseeds (57.14%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (80.00%) wild animal menace on farm field (51.43%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (54.29%), inadequacy of irrigation water (62.86%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (88.57%), high rate of interest on credit (85.71%), low price for the agricultural commodities (88.57%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (88.57%), inadequate extension services (11.43%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (62.86%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Chilavadgi-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 509 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 97 per cent is covered by soils, 150 cm).  About 9 per cent of the area is having sandy soils, 69 per cent loamy soils and 20 per cent has clayey soils at the surface.  About 29 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200mm/m).  An area of about 20 per cent has nearly level (0-1%) lands, 77 per cent has gently sloping (1-3%) lands and less than one per cent has very gently sloping lands (3-5%).  An area of about 37 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 60 per cent is moderately eroded (e2) lands.  An area of about 2 per cent has strongly acid (pH 5.0 to 5.5) soils, 3 per cent moderately acid (pH 5.5 to 6.0),9 per cent slightly acid (pH 6.0 to 6.5), 33 per cent neutral (pH 6.5 to 7.3) soils, 16 per cent slightly alkaline (pH 7.3 to 7.8), 22 per cent moderately alkaline (pH 7.8 to 8.4), 8 per cent strongly alkaline (pH 8.4 to 9.0) and 5 per cent soils are very strongly alkaline (pH>9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75% ) in 33 per cent area of the soils.  Available phosphorus is low (337 kg/ha) in 33 per cent of the soils.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 5 per cent area of the soils  Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) in 62 per cent of the area.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 32 per cent of the area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area.  The land suitability for 28 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (Class S1) and moderately suitable (Class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 20(4) 120(24) Pomegranate 18(4) 194(38) Maize 14(3) 98(19) Guava 18(4) 165(33) Bajra 18(4) 213(42) Jackfruit 18(4) 166(33) Redgram 18(4) 76(15) Jamun 6(1) 197(39) Bengal gram 3(<1) 137 (27) Musambi 20(4) 192(38) Groundnut 5(<1) 414 (81) Lime 20(4) 192(38) Sunflower 20(4) 74(15) Cashew 16(3) 186(37) Cotton 6(1) 133(26) Custard apple 56(11) 421(83) Chilli 16(3) 95(19) Amla 55(11) 423(83) Tomato 16(3) 95(19) Tamarind 6(1) 129 (26) Drumstick 55(11) 239(47) Marigold 16(3) 124(24) Mulberry 53(10) 351(69) Chrysanthemum 16(3) 124(24) Mango 6(1) 59(12) Jasmine 16(3) 96(19) Sapota 18(4) 174(34) Crossandra 18(4) 93(18) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 7 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Chilayadgi-2 is located at North latitude 150 24' 50.658" and 150 23' 50.5'' and East longitude 760 11' 48.216'' and 760 9' 17" covering an area of about 509.47 ha coming under Chilavadagi, Kalakeri and Tenakanakallu Villages of Koppal taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Chilayadgi-2 micro watersheds of Bhagyanagar subwatershed, Koppal taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 total respondents, 9 (25.71%) were marginal, 11(31.43%) were small, 8 (22.86 %) were semi medium and 2 (5.71 %) were medium farmers. 5 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 95 (51.91%) men and 88 (48.09 %) were women. The average population of landless was 4.8, marginal farmers were 5.1, small farmers were 4.7 and medium farmers were 5.5.  Majority of the respondents (39.89%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 36.61 per cent of illiterates, 2.73 per cent of functional literate, 43.17 per cent of them had primary school education, 2.73 per cent middle school education, and 8.20 per cent high school education, 2.19 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.55 per cent of them had Diploma and 3.28 per cent attained graduation education.  About, 82.86 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 14.29 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 18.03 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 91.43 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 8.57 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 88.57 per cent possess TV, 62.86 per cent possess mixer grinder, 77.14 per cent possess mobile phones and 34.29 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 34.29 per cent of the households possess plough, 5.71 per cent possess tractor, 17.14 per cent possess bullock cart and 31.43 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 17.14 per cent possess local cow and 2.86 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.58, women available in the micro watershed was 1.28, hired labour (men) available was 10.67 and hired labour (women) available was 12.11. 2  Further, 2.86 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was adequate and 97.40 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was Inadequate.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 55.92 per cent (36.66 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 44.08 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 11.00 live bore wells and 1.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 31.43 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Paddy, Maize, Bajra, Cotton and Sugarcane and cropping intensity was recorded as 89.18 per cent.  Out of the sample households 42.86 percent possessed bank account and 42.86 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 42.86 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Per hectare cost of cultivation for Paddy, Maize, Bajra, Cotton and Sugarcane was Rs.164281.29 , 34311.18, 36657.05, 30777.03 and 20719.54 with benefit cost ratio of 1:0.90, 1: 1.30, 1: 0.90, 1: 3.40 and 1:2.90 respectively.  Further, 5.71 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 17.14 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 147638.57 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 77010.00 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 29 horticulture trees and 42 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 142.86 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 2.86 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 20.00 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 74.29 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 108.57 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (45.71%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 45.71 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Firewood was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 97.14 per cent of the households.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 60.00 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 42.86 per cent of the households possess toilet facility. 3  Regarding possession of PDS card, 85.71 per cent of the households possessed BPL card and 14.29 per cent of the household's possessed APL.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (100.00%), pulses (51.43%) and oilseeds (11.43%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (48.57%) wild animal menace on farm field (62.86%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (31.43%), inadequacy of irrigation water (2.86%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (22.86%), high rate of interest on credit (8.57%), low price for the agricultural commodities (8.57%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (11.43%), inadequate extension services (5.71%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (17.14%), Less rainfall (62.86%) and Source of Agritechnology information (Newspaper/ TV/Mobile) (68.57%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Chilayadgi-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 450 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 92 per cent is covered by soils, 2 per cent by rock outcrops and six per cent water bodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 15 soil series and 23 soil phases (management units) and 6 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 cm) in soil depth.  About 20 per cent area has clayey soils at the surface and 68 per cent area has loamy and 5 per cent area sandy soils.  About 37 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 8 per cent area has nearly level (0-1%), 76 per cent area has very gently sloping (1-3%) and 9 per cent area has gently sloping (3-5%) lands.  An area of about 33 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 60 per cent moderately eroded (e2) lands.  An area of about 17 per cent has soils that are moderately to lightly acid (pH 5.5- 6.5), 27 per cent soils are neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) and 48 per cent are slightly to strongly alkaline (pH 7.3 to 9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the entire soils is 0.75%) in organic carbon.  Available phosphorus is low (57 kg/ha) in 35 per cent area of the microwatershed.  About 15 per cent of the soils are low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium content.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm).  Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 44 per cent area, 41 per cent area is medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) and high (>1.0 ppm) in about 7 per cent.  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in 63 per cent and deficient (0.6 ppm) in about 41 per cent area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  The land suitability for 28 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 88 (20) 74 (17) Pomegranate 73 (16) 119 (26) Maize 72 (16) 73 (16) Guava 67 (15) 107 (24) Bajra 81 (18) 112 (25) Jackfruit 73 (16) 102 (23) Red gram 52 (12) 92 (21) Jamun 21 (5) 151 (33) Bengalgram 31 (7) 152 (34) Musambi 89 (20) 103 (23) Groundnut 16 (3) 248 (55) Lime 89 (20) 103 (23) Sunflower 68 (15) 56 (12) Cashew 88 (19) 141 (31) Cotton 22 (5) 161 (36) Custard apple 119 (26) 240 (54) Chilli 72 (16) 74 (17) Amla 103 (23) 256 (57) Tomato 72 (16) 73 (16) Tamarind 21 (5) 118 (26) Drumstick 52 (12) 146 (32) Marigold 72 (16) 90 (20) Mulbery 52 (12) 268 (59) Chrysanthemum 72 (16) 90 (20) Mango 21 (5) 77 (17) Jasmine 72 (16) 73 (16) Sapota 73 (16) 102 (23) Crossandra 72 (16) 73 (16) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 6 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops that helps in maintaining productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Chilayadgi-1 is located at North latitude 150 24' 12.392" and 150 22' 56.964" and East longitude 760 11' 36.107'' and 760 9' 10.139" covering an area of about 450.05 ha coming under Chilavadagi and Tenakanakalu Villages of Koppal taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Chilayadgi-1 micro watersheds of Bhagyanagar subwatershed, Koppala taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 farmers were sampled in Chilayadgi-1 micro-watershed among households surveyed 12 (34.29%) were marginal, 8 (22.86%) were small, 9 (25.71 %) were semi medium and 2 (5.71 %) were medium farmers. 4 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 103 (57.22%) men and 77 (42.78 %) were women. The average population of landless was 4.8, marginal farmers were 5.2, small farmers were 4.6, semi medium farmers were 5.4 and medium farmers were 6.5.  Majority of the respondents (43.89%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 28.89 per cent illiterates, 1.67 percent were functional literates, 67.23 per cent pre university education and 2.78 per cent attained graduation.  About, 65.71 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 31.43 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 23.33 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 97.14 per cent of the households possess katcha house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 80.00 per cent possess TV, 60.00 per cent possess mixer grinder, 71.43 per cent possess mobile phones and 31.43 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 60.00 per cent of the households possess plough, 14.29 per cent possess bullock cart and 20.00 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 11.43 per cent possess local cow.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.71, women available in the micro watershed was 1.23, hired labour (men) available was 18.55 and hired labour (women) available was 18.42. 2  Further, 37.14 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 53.47 per cent (35.94 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 46.53 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 12.00 live bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore/open well was the major source of irrigation for 37.15 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Maize, Bengal gram, Cotton, Bajra and Groundnut and cropping intensity was recorded as 80.82 per cent.  Out of the sample households 5.71 percent possessed bank account and 5.71 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 5.71 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Maize, Bengal gram, Cotton, Bajra and Groundnut was Rs.29975.59, 18785.35, 27887.32, 34465.31 and 50936.92 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.50, 1: 4.90, 1: 1.40, 1: 0.70 and 1:1.30 respectively.  Further, 14.29 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 31.43 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 72562.86 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 58557.14 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 40 horticulture trees and 46 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 742.86 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 8.57 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 51.43 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 40.00 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 105.71 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (51.43%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 42.86 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 97.14 per cent of the households and 2.86 per cent households has LPG connection. 3  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 62.86 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 62.86 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 94.29 per cent of the households possessed BPL card, 5.71 per cent of the household's possessed APL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (100.00%), pulses (65.71%) and oilseeds (5.71%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (60.00%) wild animal menace on farm field (20.00%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (71.43%), inadequacy of irrigation water (8.57%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (34.29%), high rate of interest on credit (25.71%), low price for the agricultural commodities (31.43%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (14.29%), inadequate extension services (5.71%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (20.00%), Less rainfall (37.14%) and Source of Agri-technology information (Newspaper/ TV/Mobile) (34.29%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Indargi-3 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 636 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 69 per cent is covered by soils, 29 per cent is covered by rock-out crops and 2 per cent is covered by others (Habitation and Settlements). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 11 soil series and 22 soil phases (management units) and 7 Land Management Units.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm) soils.  About 51 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 18 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  An area of about 29 per cent area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 5 per cent area of the microwatershed has nearly level (0-1% slope) lands and 63 per cent area of the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands.  An area of about 23 per cent area is slightly (e1) eroded and 45 per cent area is moderately (e2) eroded.  An area of about 44 per cent soils are neutral (pH 6.5-7.3), 24 per cent soil are slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8) and less then 1 per cent soils are strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is 0.75%) in 42 per cent area of the soils.  Available phosphorus is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in 13 per cent and high (>57 kg/ha) in 55 per cent area of the soils.  Available potassium is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in 62 per cent and high (>337 kg/ha) in 7 per cent area of the soils.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 4 per cent area of the soils.  Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) in 47 per cent area of the microwatershed.  An area of about 63 per cent is deficient (0.6 ppm) in available zinc content.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 130(20) 155(25) Sapota 75(12) 117(19) Maize - 284(45) Pomegranate 75(12) 193(31) Bajra 75(12) 325(51) Guava 75(12) 117(19) Groundnut - 220(34) Jackfruit 75(12) 117(19) Sunflower 130(20) 132(21) Jamun 75(12) 85(14) Cotton 55(9) 229(37) Musambi 130(20) 138(22) Redgram 75(12) 187(30) Lime 130(20) 138(22) Bengal gram 55(9) 21(3) Cashew 75(12) 117(19) Chilli 75(12) 210(33) Custard apple 130(20) 270(42) Tomato 75(12) 134(21) Amla 75(12) 304(48) Brinjal 75(12) 134(21) Tamarind 75(12) 85(14) Onion - 209(33) Marigold 75(12) 210(33) Bhendi 75(12) 210(33) Chrysanthemum 75(12) 210(33) Drumstick 75(12) 172(28) Jasmine 75(12) 134(21) Mulberry - 192(31) Crossandra 75(12) 134(21) Mango 75(12) 30(5)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 7 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and sub marginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Indargi-3 is located at North latitude 150 28' 26.397" and 150 26' 40.332" and East longitude 760 19' 31.482'' and 760 17' 40.928" covering an area of about 644.41 ha coming under Indargi and Ballary villages of Koppal taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Indargi-3 micro watersheds of Indargi sub-watershed, Koppala taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 total respondents, 10 (28.57 %) were marginal, 12 (34.29%)were small, 7 (20.00 %) were Semi medium and 1 (2.86 %) were medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 81 (62.79%) men and 48 (37.21 %) were women.  Majority of the respondents (44.19%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 52.71 per cent illiterates, 38.00 per cent pre university education and 7.75 per cent attained graduation.  About, 82.86 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 17.14 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 23.26 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 31.43 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 5.71 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 57.14 per cent possess TV, 5.71 per cent possess mixer grinder, 71.43 per cent possess mobile phones and 40.00 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 11.43 per cent of the households possess plough and 14.29 per cent possess bullock cart.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 8.57 per cent possess local cow.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.44, women available in the micro watershed was 1.46, hired labour (men) available was 9.2 and hired labour (women) available was 9.43.  Further, 100.00 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 68.03 per cent (35.28 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 31.97 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 8.00 live bore wells and 8.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore/open well was the major source of irrigation for 22.86 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Maize, Bajra, Groundnut, Sorghum and Paddy and cropping intensity was recorded as 98.86 per cent. 2  Out of the sample households 85.71 percent possessed bank account and 85.71 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 85.71 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Maize, Bajra, Groundnut, Sorghum and Paddy was Rs.33562.69, 29547.96, 46106.54, 16192.28 and 24848.95 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.50, 1: 0.70, 1: 2.20, 1: 1.80 and 1:4.80 respectively.  Further, 8.57 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 65914.29 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 53885.71 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 12 horticulture trees and 74 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 857.14 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 8.57 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 20.00 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 65.71 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 85.71 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (85.71%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 85.71 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 100.00 per cent of the households.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 97.14 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 42.86 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (88.57%), pulses (77.14%) and oilseeds (11.43%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (85.71%) wild animal menace on farm field (71.43%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (65.71%), inadequacy of irrigation water (20.00%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (34.29%), high rate of interest on credit (28.57%), low price for the agricultural commodities (11.43%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (14.29%), inadequate extension services (17.14%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (54.29%), Less rainfall (62.86%) and Source of Agri-technology information (Newspaper/ TV/Mobile) (57.14%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Chintalpalli-1 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 555 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 408 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 135 ha is covered by forest and 12 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 10 soil series and 13 soil phases (management units) and 5 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Maximum area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 4 per cent area are shallow (25 - 50 cm), 20 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately shallow (50-75 cm), 4 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep (75-100 cm) and 45 per cent area are deep to very deep (100 to >150 cm).  About 4 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy, 28 per cent area in loamy and 41 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  Maximum of 62 per cent area in the microwatershed is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 4 per cent area medium (101-150 mm/m), 28 per cent area low (51- 100 mm/m) and 4 per cent area very low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus and 73 per area is medium (23-57 kg/ha).  About 32 per cent is high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium and 41 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha).  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm).  About 36 per cent area is low (<0.5 ppm) in available boron and 38 per cent is medium (0.5-1.0 ppm).  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 272(49) Guava - - Maize - 278(50) Sapota - - Bajra - 272(49) Pomegranate - 92(17) Groundnut - 112(20) Musambi - 92(17) Sunflower - 92(17) Lime - 92(17) Redgram - 160(29) Amla - 112(20) Bengal gram - 92(17) Cashew - - Cotton - 105(19) Jackfruit - - Chilli - 204(37) Jamun - - Tomato - 112(20) Custard apple - 204(37) Brinjal - 272(49) Tamarind - - Onion - 112(20) Mulberry - - Bhendi - 204(37) Marigold - 204(37) Drumstick - - Chrysanthemum - 204(37) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Chintalpalli-1 is located at North latitude 160 48' 53.641" and 160 47' 1.084" and East longitude 770 20' 41.849" and 770 18' 48.175" covering an area of about 555.11 ha coming under Chinthanapalli and Kandhakura Villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Chintalpalli-1 micro watersheds of Mokadampur subwatershed, Yadagiri taluk, Yadagiri District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 total respondents, 14 (40 %) were marginal, 9 (25.71%) were small, 6 (17.14 %) were Semi medium and 1 (2.86 %) were medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 101 (57.71%) men and 72 (41.14 %) were women.  Majority of the respondents (37.71%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 53.71 per cent illiterates, 0.57 percent were functional literates, 42.28 percent pre university education and 5.14 per cent attained graduation.  About, 85.7 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture labour was the major occupation for 72 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 71.43 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 22.86 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 82.86 per cent possess TV, 25.71 per cent possess mixer grinder, 91.43 per cent possess mobile phones and 25.71 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 14.29 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.86 per cent possess tractor and 14.29 per cent possess bullock cart.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 14.29 per cent possess local cow and 8.57 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 8.57, women available in the micro watershed was 1.63, hired labour (men) available was 2.23 and hired labour (women) available was 9.47.  Further, 88.6 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was adequate during the agricultural season.  In the study area, about 0.57 per cent of the respondents migrated from the micro watershed in search of jobs with an average distance of 600 kms for about 10 months. 2  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 96.13 per cent (41.87 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 3.87 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 1 live bore wells and 1 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore/open well was the major source of irrigation for 2.86 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Cotton, Redgram, Paddy, Jowar and Greengram and cropping intensity was recorded as 102.11 per cent.  Out of the sample households 80 percent possessed bank account and 51.43 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 40 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 100 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks, 7.14 per cent from co-operative and 35.71 per cent from Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 100 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  Per hectare cost of cultivation for Cotton, Redgram, Paddy, Jowar and Greengram was Rs.61926.99 , 43853.07, 69563.94, 27777.07 and 53407.49 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.7, 1:1.5, 1:1.9, 1:1.3 and 1:1.2 respectively.  Further, 22.86 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 2.86 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 118675.43 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 60948.57 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 15 horticulture trees and 44 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 7957.14 for land development and Rs. 2857.14 for irrigation facility.  Regarding marketing channels, 71.43 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 20 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 65.71 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (60 %) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 85.71 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire wood was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 60 per cent of the households and 37.14 per cent households has LPG connection. 3  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 100 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 28.57 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (85.71%), pulses (82.86%) and oilseeds (62.86%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (88.57%) wild animal menace on farm field (82.86%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (88.57%), inadequacy of irrigation water (82.86%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (85.71%), high rate of interest on credit (85.71%), low price for the agricultural commodities (91.43%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (20%), inadequate extension services (20%) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (80%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Lingadahalli-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 463 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 88 per cent is covered by soil, 150cm) soils.  About 42 per cent loamy (sandy loam and sandy clay loam) and 46 per cent has clayey (sandy clay and clay) soils at the surface.  About 75 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 25 per cent has nearly level (0-1%) and 63 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 39 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 49 per cent is moderately eroded (e2).  An area of about 12 per cent is neutral (pH 6.5 to 7.3), 9 per cent is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3 to 7.8), 40 per cent is moderately alkaline (pH 7.8 to 8.4), 27 per cent is strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) and 9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are 0.75%) in 61 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available phosphorus is medium (57 kg/ha) in 42 per cent area of the soils.  Available potassium is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in 49 per cent and high (>337 kg/ha) in 39 per cent area of the soils.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 8 per cent area of the soils.  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm) in 2 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available iron is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 28 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 218(47) 111(24) Sapota 95(20) 62(14) Maize 45(10) 246(53) Pomegranate 95(20) 214(46) Bajra 150(32) 191(41) Guava 79(17) 79(17) Redgram 95(20) 207(45) Jackfruit 95(20) 63(14) Bengal gram 113(25) 221(48) Jamun 66(14) 243(53) Groundnut 32(7) 185(40) Musambi 179(39) 130(28) Sunflower 179(39) 123(26) Lime 179(39) 130(28) Cotton 150(32) 179(39) Cashew 45(10) 113(24) Chilli 100(22) 78(17) Custard apple 235(51) 169(36) Tomato 100(22) 116(25) Amla 151(33) 253(55) Brinjal 85(18) 311(67) Tamarind 66(14) 180(39) Onion 46(10) 229(49) Marigold 61(13) 268(58) Bhendi 46(10) 313(68) Chrysanthemum 61(13) 268(58) Drumstick 95(21) 268(58) Jasmine 61(13) 155(33) Mulberry 61(13) 271(59) Crossandra 95(20) 205(44) Mango 66(14) 29(6) - - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 6 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plans have been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Lingadahalli-2 is located at North latitude 150 22' 38.129" and 150 20' 31.116" and East longitude 760 18' 5.083'' and 760 16' 19.788" covering an area of about 463.07 ha coming under Lingadhahalli, Guladhalli, Shapura and Bevinahalli villages of Koppal taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Lingadahalli-2 micro watersheds of Shahpura subwatershed, Koppala taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 43 farmers were sampled in Lingadahalli-2 micro-watershed among households surveyed 11 (25.58%) were marginal, 11(25.58%) were small, 11 (25.58 %) were semi medium and 6 (13.95 %) were medium farmers. 4 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 139 (61.23%) men and 88 (38.77 %) were women. The average population of landless was 6, marginal farmers were 4.5, small farmers were 4.9, semi medium farmers were 6 and medium farmers were 5.5.  Majority of the respondents (50.22%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 40.97 per cent of illiterates, 16.74 per cent of them had primary school education, 5.29 per cent middle school education, and 19.38 per cent high school education, 10.13 per cent of them had PUC education, 1.32 per cent of them had Diploma, 1.76 per cent attained graduation, and 2.20 them had other education.  About, 62.79 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 37.21 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 66.52 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 88.37 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 9.30 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 95.35 per cent possess TV, 72.09 per cent possess mixer grinder, 76.74 per cent possess mobile phones and 46.51 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 46.51 per cent of the households possess plough, 4.65 per cent possess tractor, 25.58 per cent possess bullock cart and 25.58 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 25.58 per cent possess local cow and 4.65 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2.18, women available in the micro watershed was 1.28, hired labour (men) available was 18.28 and hired labour (women) available was 18.31. 2  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 24.29 per cent (48.89 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 75.71 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 21.00 live bore wells and 2.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 53.49 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Maize, Paddy, Bajra, Bengal gram and Cowpea and cropping intensity was recorded as 78.28 per cent.  Out of the sample households 23.26 percent possessed bank account.  About 25.58 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Maize, Paddy, Bajra, Bengal gram and Cowpea was Rs.31315.90, 64764.54, 32221.74, 38647.13 and 14693.76 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.10, 1: 1.50, 1: 0.90, 1: 2.80 and 1:2.10 respectively.  Further, 23.26 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 20.93 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 77713.95 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 60016.28 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 47 horticulture trees and 70 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 1209.30 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 10.64 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 83.72 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 6.98 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 95.35 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (58.14%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 51.16 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 100.00 per cent of the households and 4.65 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 69.77 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 62.79 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card. 3  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (100.00%), pulses (72.09%) and oilseeds (41.86%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (86.05%) wild animal menace on farm field (76.74%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (69.77%), inadequacy of irrigation water (20.93%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (79.07%), high rate of interest on credit (53.49%), low price for the agricultural commodities (46.51%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (72.09%), inadequate extension services (2.33%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (23.26%), Less rainfall (25.58%) and Source of Agri-technology information (Newspaper/ TV/Mobile) (13.95%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Chikka Alur-2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 858 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 555 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 298 ha (6%) area is covered by rock outcrops and 5 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 9 soil series and 9 soil phases (management units) and 5 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 555 ha area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 10 per cent of area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately shallow (50-75 cm), 20 per cent of area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep (75-100 cm), 8 per cent of area is deep (100 - 150 cm) and 26 per cent of area is very deep (>150 cm).  About 12 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 53 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  Non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 17 per cent is medium (51-100 mm/m) and 14 per cent is low (51-100 mm/m).  Entire cultivated area in the microwatershed is under very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands.  Entire cultivated area is moderately (e2) eroded in the microwatershed.  About 17 per cent area is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3), 22 per cent area is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8), 26 per cent area is moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4) and 0.75%) in organic carbon content of the soil.  About 21 per cent of area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus content of the soil, 38 per cent of area is high (>57 kg/ha) and 6 per cent of area is low (337 kg/ha) in 58 per cent area in the microwatershed.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in 38 per cent area and deficient (0.6 ppm) in 11 per cent area in the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 29 (3) 522 (61) Guava 12 (1) 29 (3) Maize 41 (5) 510 (60) Sapota 12 (1) 29 (3) Bajra 41 (5) 510 (60) Pomegranate 12 (1) 167 (20) Groundnut 12 (1) 116 (14) Musambi 12 (1) 167 (20) Sunflower - 179 (21) Lime 12 (1) 167 (20) Redgram - 463 (55) Amla 41 (5) 226 (26) Bengal gram 138 (16) 130 (15) Cashew - 41 (5) Cotton - 254 (30) Jackfruit 12 (1) 29 (3) Chilli 41 (5) 226 (26) Jamun - 12 (1) Tomato 41 (5) 88 (10) Custard apple 41 (5) 226 (26) Brinjal 41 (5) 88 (10) Tamarind - 12 (1) Onion 41 (5) 88 (10) Mulberry 12 (1) 29 (3) Bhendi 41 (5) 226 (26) Marigold 41 (5) 226 (26) Drumstick 12 (1) 167 (20) Chrysanthemum 41 (5) 226 (26) Mango - 12 (1)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Chikka Alur-2 is located at North latitude 160 59' 57.118" and 160 57' 36.993" and East longitude 770 9' 8.415'' and 770 7' 13.762" covering an area of about 840.96 ha coming under Allura.K and Allura .B Villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 respondents, 16 (45.71%) were marginal, 10 (28.57%) were small and 6 (17.14%) were semi medium and 1 (2.86%) were medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 89 (56.33%) men and 67 (42.41%) were women.  Majority of the respondents (43.04%) were in the age group of 35-60 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, majority there were 44.30 per cent illiterates and only 6.33 per cent attained graduation.  About, 80.00 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 8.57 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 60.76 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 71.43 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 8.57 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 57.14 per cent possess TV, 8.57 per cent possess mixer grinder and 97.14 per cent possess mobile phones.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 17.14 per cent of the households possess plough. Regarding livestock possession by the households, 20.00 per cent possess local cow and 2.86 per cent possess buffalo respectively.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.57, women available in the micro watershed was 1.40, hired labour (men) available was 7.34 and hired labour (women) available was 6.34.  Further, 11.43 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents (42.09 ha), 100.00 per cent of the area is under dry condition.  Cropping intensity was recorded as 100.36 per cent.  The sample households possessed 88.57 per cent bank account and 0.00 per cent of them have savings in the account.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 100.00 per cent from Cooperative bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00 %) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 100.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations. 2  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram and Jowar was Rs.30642.84 and 24912.40 with benefit cost ratio of 1:0.90 and 1: 0.70, respectively.  Further, 20.00 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 33457.14 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 26657.14 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have planted 26 neem trees, 11 acacia trees, 1 banyan trees together in both field and backyard.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 2542.86 for land development, Rs.4257.14 for adoption of improved crop production and Rs.400.00 adoption of improved livestock breeds activities.  Source of funds raised from bank as a loan and from own sources for land development and improved crop production was 11.43 and for improved livestock adoption was 2.86 per cent.  Regarding marketing channels, 91.43 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 5.71 per cent have sold by Agents/Traders.  Further, 85.71 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (97.14 %) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 94.29 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Firewood connection was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 60.00 per cent of the households and 40.00 per cent households has LPG.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 100.00 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 60.00 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 97.14 per cent of the households possessed BPL card and 2.86 per cent do not possess PDS card.  Cereals (54.29%), pulses (51.43%), oilseeds (42.86%) were adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (94.29%) wild animal menace on farm field (94.29%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (54.29%), inadequacy of irrigation water (74.29%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (91.43%), high rate of interest on credit (94.29%), low price for the agricultural commodities (94.29%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (28.57%), inadequate extension services (68.57%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (80.00%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Narayanpet-2Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 776 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 727 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils and 48 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 9 soil series and 11 soil phases (management units) and 6 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 727 ha area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 16 per cent of area is shallow (25-50 cm), 4 per cent of area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately shallow (50-75 cm), 23 per cent of area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep (75-100 cm), 11 per cent of area is deep (100 - 150 cm) and 39 per cent of area is very deep (>150 cm).  About 3 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 90 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  Non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 23 per cent is medium (51-100 mm/m), 4 per cent is low (51-100 mm/m) and 16 per cent area is very low (0.75%) in organic carbon content of the soil.  About 76 per cent of area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus content of the soil and 18 per cent of area is low (337 kg/ha) in 81 per cent area in the microwatershed.  Available sulphur is low (1.0 ppm) in 4.5 ppm) in 58 per cent area and deficient (<4.5 ppm) in 36 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc content is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 502 (65) Guava - 2 (<1) Maize - 502 (65) Sapota - 2 (<1) Bajra - 502 (65) Pomegranate - 227 (29) Groundnut - 30 (4) Musambi - 226 (29) Sunflower - 226 (29) Lime - 226 (29) Redgram - 475 (55) Amla - 210 (27) Bengal gram 180 (23) 175 (23) Cashew - - Cotton - 226 (29) Jackfruit - 2 (<1) Chilli - 255 (33) Jamun - - Tomato - 30 (4) Custard apple - 254 (33) Brinjal - 30 (4) Tamarind - - Onion - 30 (4) Mulberry - 2 (<1) Bhendi - 255 (33) Marigold - 254 (33) Drumstick - 182 (23) Chrysanthemum - 254 (33) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Narayanpet-2 is located at North latitude 160 30' 5.473" and 160 28' 30.247" and East longitude 770 17' 44.111'' and 770 15' 5.067" covering an area of about 768.67 ha coming under Badiyala ªÀillage of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Narayanpet-2 micro watersheds of Kodlur subwatershed, Yadgir taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 total respondents, 6 (17.14 %) were marginal, 8 (22.86%)were small, 13 (37.14 %) were Semi medium and 8 (22.86 %) were medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 103 (51.76%) men and 96 (48.24 %) were women.  Majority of the respondents (42.21%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 23.62 per cent illiterates, 78.39 per cent pre university education and 5.53 per cent attained graduation.  About, 5.71 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 94.29 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 3.02 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 65.71 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 5.71 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 85.71 per cent possess TV, 71.43 per cent possess mixer grinder, 100.00 per cent possess mobile phones and 22.86 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 34.29 per cent of the households possess plough, 8.57 per cent possess tractor and 34.29 per cent possess bullock cart.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 5.71 per cent possess local cow.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.77, women available in the micro watershed was 1.46, hired labour (men) available was 11.86 and hired labour (women) available was 15.29.  In the study area, about 1.01 per cent of the respondents migrated from the micro watershed in search of jobs with an average distance of 1600.00 kms for about 4.00 months.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 100.00 per cent (95.11 ha) of the area is under dry condition.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Jowar and Cotton, and cropping intensity was recorded as 99.98 per cent.  Out of the sample households 97.14 percent possessed bank account. 2  About 100.00 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 5.56 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 88.89 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 5.56 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Jowar and Cotton was Rs.30866.96, 22324.79 and 25004.18 with benefit cost ratio of 1:0.80, 1: 0.90 and 1: 1.20 respectively.  Further, 42.86 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 17.14 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 87165.71 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 56257.14 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 9 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 10457.14 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 60.00 per cent depends on own funds and 40.00 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 65.71 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 42.86 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 42.86 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (105.71%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 91.43 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 97.14 per cent of the households and 2.86 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 100.00 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 37.14 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (100.00%), pulses (65.71%) and oilseeds (20.00%) are adequate for consumption. 3  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (117.14%) wild animal menace on farm field (40.00%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (40.00%), inadequacy of irrigation water (74.29%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (80.00%), high rate of interest on credit (77.14%), low price for the agricultural commodities (88.57%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (94.29%), inadequate extension services (20.00%) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (65.71%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Kesapur Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 596 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 76 per cent in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 12 per cent by rock outcrops and 12 per cent by others (Habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 7 soil series and 10 soil phases (management units) and 6 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire cultivated area is suitable for agriculture in the microwatershed.  About 5 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are very shallow (150 cm) soils in the microwatershed.  About 10 per cent are sandy soils at the surface, 50 per cent are loamy soils and 16 percent soils are clayey soils at the surface.  An area of about 20 per cent is non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of 30 per cent area of the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands and 46 per cent of the soils are gently sloping (3-5%).  An area of about 12 per cent is slightly (e1) eroded, 63 per cent is moderately (e2) eroded and 1 per cent is severely eroded (e3) soils in the microwatershed.  About an area of 19 per cent is moderately acid (pH5.5-6.0), 9 per cent is slightly acid(pH 6.0-6.5), 22 per cent is neutral (pH6.5-7.5), 11 per cent is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8), 12 per cent is moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4) and 4 per cent is strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) soils.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is dominantly 0.75%) in organic carbon content.  An area of 20 percent is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and about 56 per cent is high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  An area of about 4 per cent is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Entire area is low (4.5 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 24 per cent area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 24 (4) Guava - 71 (12) Maize - 24 (4) Sapota - 71(12) Bajra 71 (12) 24 (4) Pomegranate - 71 (12) Groundnut - 71 (12) Musambi - 71 (12) Sunflower - - Lime - 71 (12) Redgram - 95(16) Amla - - Bengal gram - 24 (4) Cashew - - Cotton - - Jackfruit - - Chilli - 71(12) Jamun - 71(12) Tomato 71 (12) - Custard apple - - Brinjal 71(12) - Tamarind - 71(12) Onion 71 (12) - Mulberry - - Bhendi 71 (12) - Marigold 71 (12) - Drumstick - 71 (12) Chrysanthemum 71 (12) - Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified 6 LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Kesapur is located at North latitude 160 49' 56.172" and 160 47' 53.467" and East longitude 770 26' 2.181'' and 770 23' 52.783" covering an area of about 602.17 ha coming under Keshawara, Najarapura and Javaharnagara villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Kesapur micro watersheds of Chandaraki subwatershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 farmers were sampled in Kesapur micro-watershed among households surveyed 16 (45.71%) were marginal, 11 (31.43%) were small and 3 (8.57 %) were semi medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 91 (57.59%) men and 67 (42.41 %) were women. The average population of landless was 3.6, marginal farmers were 4.9, small farmers were 4.5 and semi medium farmers were 4.  Majority of the respondents (47.47%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 37.34 per cent illiterates, 60.77 per cent pre university education and 1.90 per cent attained graduation.  About, 85.71 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 11.43 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 46.20 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 62.86 per cent of the households possess katcha house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 88.57 per cent possess TV, 48.57 per cent possess mixer grinder, 97.14 per cent possess mobile phones and 8.57 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 20.00 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.86 per cent possess tractor, 20.00 per cent possess bullock cart.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 2.86 per cent possess local cow.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.71, women available in the micro watershed was 1.51, hired labour (men) available was 4.49 and hired labour (women) available was 4.49.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 100.00 per cent (31.19 ha) of the area is under dry condition. 2  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Groundnut, Cotton and Maize and cropping intensity was recorded as 101.46 per cent.  Out of the sample households 100.00 percent possessed bank account and 28.57 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 62.86 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 68.75 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 31.25 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 94.12 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Groundnut and Cotton was Rs.39301.40, 34039.15 and 21704.88, with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.60, 1: 1.40 and 1: 2.70, respectively.  Further, 17.14 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 5.71 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 37214.29 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 29500.00 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 15 horticulture trees and 18 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 1400.00 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 37.14 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 80.00 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 5.71 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 85.71 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (82.86%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 85.71 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Firewood was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 54.29 per cent of the households and 65.71 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 77.14 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 20.00 per cent of the households possess toilet facility. 3  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (88.57%), pulses (85.71%) and oilseeds (71.43%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by (88.57 %) per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (85.71%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (85.71%), inadequacy of irrigation water (85.71%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (85.71%), high rate of interest on credit (85.71%), low price for the agricultural commodities (80.00 %), lack of marketing facilities in the area (74.29%), inadequate extension services (31.43 %) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (45.71%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Yadgir Rf-3 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 563 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 78 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 432 ha by rock outcrops and 53 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 2 soil series and 3 soil phases (management units) and 2 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Small area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 7 per cent area is shallow (25-50 cm) and 7 per cent area is very deep (>150 cm) soil.  Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is loamy soils at the surface.  Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity and 7 per cent area is very low (57 kg/ha), 7 per cent area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 5 per area is low (4.5 ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 29 (5) 8 (2) Guava - - Maize - 38 (7) Sapota - - Bajra - 38 (7) Pomegranate - 38(7) Groundnut - - Musambi 8 (2) 29(5) Sunflower - 38 (7) Lime 8 (2) 29 (5) Redgram - 38 (7) Amla - 38 (7) Bengal gram 38 (7) - Cashew - - Cotton - 37 (7) Jackfruit - - Chilli - 38 (7) Jamun - 38 (7) Tomato - 8 (2) Custard apple 38 (7) - Brinjal 29 (5) 8 (2) Tamarind - 38 (7) Onion 29 (5) 8 (2) Mulberry - - Bhendi 38 (7) - Marigold - 38 (7) Drumstick - 38 (7) Chrysanthemum - 38 (7) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Yadgir Rf-3 is located at North latitude 160 49' 45.372" and 160 48' 2.856" and East longitude 770 15' 19.29'' and 770 13' 43.732" covering an area of about 562.73 ha coming under Belagera and Ashinal Villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Yadgir Rf-3 micro watersheds of Bewanahalli subwatershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample 35 farmers were sampled in Yadgir Rf-3 micro-watershed among households surveyed 21 (60.00%) were marginal, 7 (20.00%) were small and 3 (8.57 %) were semi medium farmers. 4 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 119 (55.87%) men and 94 (44.13 %) were women. The average population of landless was 5.5, marginal farmers were 6.1, small farmers were 5.7 and semi medium farmers were 7.7.  Majority of the respondents (51.64%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 53.05 per cent of illiterates, 17.84 per cent of them had primary school education, 8.45 per cent high school education, 5.63 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.47 per cent of them had Diploma, 8.45 per cent attained graduation and 5.63 them had other education.  About, 85.71 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 14.29 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 57.28 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 45.71 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 37.14 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 68.57 per cent possess TV, 20.00 per cent possess mixer grinder, 85.71 per cent possess mobile phones and 28.57 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 20.00 per cent of the households possess Bullock Cart, 54.29 per cent possess plough and 40.00 per cent possess Seed/Fertilizer Drill and Sprinkler, 34.29 per cent possess Sprayer, 45.71 per cent possess Weeder, 2.86 per cent possess tractor, 2.86 per cent possess Sprinkler and 0.00 per cent possess drip system.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 25.71 per cent possess local cow and 14.29 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 7.30, women available in the micro watershed was 1.82, hired labour (men) available was 1.94 and hired labour (women) available was 9.61. 2  In the study area, about 0.47 per cent of the respondents migrated from the micro watershed in search of jobs with an average distance of 600.00 kms for about 12.00 months.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 54.07 per cent (24.16 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 18.33 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 6.00 live bore wells and 6.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 17.14 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Cotton, Groundnut, Paddy and Green gram and cropping intensity was recorded as 100.00 per cent.  Out of the sample households 100.00 percent possessed bank account and 51.43 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 100.00 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 25.00 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 68.75 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Cotton, Groundnut, Paddy and Green gram was Rs.73666.65, 52458.81, 92951.51, 101578.39 and 40439.00 with benefit cost ratio of 1:0.90, 1: 1.50, 1: 1.30, 1: 0.90, and 1:2.50 respectively.  Further, 48.57 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 2.86 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 177206.29 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 57692.86 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 27 horticulture trees and 24 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 5285.71 for land development and Rs. 13000.00 for irrigation facility.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 14.29 per cent depends on own funds and 2.86 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 105.71 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants.  Further, 105.71 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (25.71%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 82.86 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 80.00 per cent of the households and 20.00 per cent households has LPG connection. 3  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 94.29 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 31.43 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 91.43 per cent of the households possessed BPL card, 5.71 per cent of the household's possessed APL card and 2.86 per cent of the household's were not having ration cards.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (97.14%), pulses (97.14%) and oilseeds (62.86%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by (80.00 %) per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (62.86%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (80.00%), inadequacy of irrigation water (34.29%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (88.57%), high rate of interest on credit (82.86%), low price for the agricultural commodities (80.00 %), lack of marketing facilities in the area (54.29%), inadequate extension services (42.86 %) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (74.29%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Turk Madhawar-1 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 748 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 694 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils and 53 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 11 soil series and 16 soil phases (management units) and 9 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 28 per cent area are moderately shallow (50-75 cm), 16 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep (75-100 cm) and 49 per cent area are deep to very deep (100 to >150 cm).  About 5 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy, 26 per cent area in loamy and 62 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  Maximum of 88 per cent area in the microwatershed is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 6 per cent area medium (101-150 mm/m), 33 per cent area low (51- 100 mm/m) and 5 per cent area very low (4.5 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 149(20) 333(45) Guava - 74(10) Maize 40(5) 485(65) Sapota - 74(10) Bajra 40(5) 442(59) Pomegranate - 310(42) Groundnut - 178(24) Musambi 236(32) 74(10) Sunflower 109(15) 201(27) Lime 236(32) 74(10) Redgram - 310(42) Amla 149(20) 333(45) Bengal gram 236(32) 246(37) Cashew - 40(5) Cotton 127(17) 354(48) Jackfruit - 74(10) Chilli - 464(62) Jamun - 236(32) Tomato 40(5) 315(42) Custard apple 310(42) 172(23) Brinjal 40(5) 443(59) Tamarind - 236(32) Onion - 464(62) Mulberry - 74(10) Bhendi 109(15) 373(50) Marigold - 483(65) Drumstick - 310(42) Chrysanthemum - 483(65) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Turk Madhawar-1 is located at North latitude 160 40' 9.811" and 160 38' 5.741" and East longitude 770 21' 33.973'' and 770 19' 0.731" covering an area of about 747.27 ha coming unde Madhwara and kalebilagunda villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Turk Madhawar-1 micro watersheds of Turk Madhawar sub-watershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 36 farmers were sampled in Turk Madhawar-1 micro-watershed among households surveyed 15 (41.67%) were marginal, 13 (36.11%) were small, 1 (2.78 %) were semi medium and 3 (8.33 %) were medium farmers. 4 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 93 (62.00%) men and 57 (38.00 %) were women. The average population of landless was 3.8, marginal farmers were 4.2, small farmers were 4.2, semi medium farmers were 5 and medium farmers were 4.3.  Majority of the respondents (52.67%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 63.33 per cent illiterates, 28.67 per cent pre university education and 5.33 per cent attained graduation.  About, 66.67 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 22.22 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 53.33 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 66.67 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 33.33 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 77.78 per cent possess TV, 25.00 per cent possess mixer grinder, 94.44 per cent possess mobile phones and 16.67 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 27.78 per cent of the households possess plough, 22.22 per cent possess bullock cart.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 2.78 per cent possess local cow.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.75, women available in the micro watershed was 1.56, hired labour (men) available was 12.84 and hired labour (women) available was 13.06.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 75.31 per cent (38.21 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 24.69 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 3.00 live bore wells among the sampled households. 2  Bore/open well was the major source of irrigation for 8.33 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Groundut, Sorghum, Paddy and Cotton and cropping intensity was recorded as 100.00 per cent.  Out of the sample households 83.33 percent possessed bank account and 2.78 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 75.00 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 3.57 per cent from cooperative/ Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 100.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Groundut, Sorghum, Paddy and Cotton was Rs.31506.68, 35080.48, 31325.20, 227383.74 and 30361.71 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.10, 1: 1.60, 1: 1.30, 1: 0.50 and 1:1.50 respectively.  Further, 36.11 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 45361.10 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 38972.22 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 3 horticulture trees and 72 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 1555.56 for land development and Rs. 2222.22 for irrigation facility.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 66.67 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 88.89 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants.  Further, 88.89 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (88.89%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 86.11 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  About, 16.67 per cent of farmers practicing summer ploughing as soil and water conservation practice.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 66.67 per cent of the households and 33.33 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 61.11 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 19.44 per cent of the households possess toilet facility. 3  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (102.78%), pulses (91.67%) and oilseeds (27.78%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (94.44%) wild animal menace on farm field (88.89%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (75.00%), inadequacy of irrigation water (2.78%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (83.33%), high rate of interest on credit (44.44%), low price for the agricultural commodities (75.00%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (55.56%), inadequate extension services (2.78%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (50.00%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Shampurhalli Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 902 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 769 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 6 ha by railway, 68 ha by rock outcrops and 59 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 11 soil series and 15 soil phases (management units) and 7 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 43 per cent area are very shallow to shallow (150 cm).  About 6 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy, 57 per cent area loamy and 22 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  Entire area of the microwatershed is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 10 per cent area medium (101-150 mm/m), 26 per cent area low (51- 100 mm/m) and 45 per cent area very low (0.75%) in 37 per cent area.  15 per cent area is high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus and 70 per area is medium (23-57 kg/ha).  About 35 per cent is high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium and 50 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha).  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  About 62 per cent area is deficient (0.6 ppm).  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 132(15) 83(9) Guava - 87(10) Maize 87(10) 128(14) Sapota - 87(10) Bajra 87(10) 127(14) Pomegranate - 132(15) Groundnut - 126(14) Musambi 45(5) 87(10) Sunflower 45(5) 87(10) Lime 45(5) 87(10) Redgram - 132(15) Amla 87(10) 127(14) Bengal gram 45(5) - Cashew - - Cotton 45(5) 130(14) Jackfruit - 87(10) Chilli 87(10) 127(14) Jamun - 45(5) Tomato 87(10) 82(9) Custard apple 45(10) 169(19) Brinjal 87(10) 82(9) Tamarind - 45(5) Onion 87(10) 82(9) Mulberry - 87(10) Bhendi 87(10) 127(14) Marigold 87(10) 127(14) Drumstick - 132(15) Chrysanthemum 87(10) 127(14) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserves soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Shampurhalli is located at North latitude 160 53' 58.964" and 160 52' 17.5" and East longitude 770 3' 45.645'' and 770 2' 1.833" covering an area of about 590.86 ha coming under Yaragola and Vaddanahalli villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Shampurhalli micro watersheds of Kollur subwatershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 46 farmers were sampled in Shampurhalli micro-watershed among households surveyed 20 (43.48%) were marginal, 13 (28.26%) were small, 6 (13.04 %) were semi medium, 3 (6.52 %) were medium farmers. 4 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 125 (55.80 %) men and 99 (44.20 %) were women. The average population of landless was 2.5, marginal farmers were 4.7, small farmers were 5.5, semi medium farmers were 5.2 and medium farmers were 6.  Majority of the respondents (44.20%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 55.36 per cent illiterates, 45.53 per cent pre university education and 2.23 per cent attained graduation.  About, 86.96 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 6.52 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 51.79 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 95.65 per cent of the households possess katcha house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 82.61 per cent possess TV, 17.39 per cent possess mixer grinder, 89.13 per cent possess mobile phones and 19.57 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 28.26 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.17 per cent possess tractor, 13.04 per cent possess bullock cart and 8.70 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 10.87 per cent possess local cow and 6.52 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2, women available in the micro watershed was 1.62, hired labour (men) available was 11.12 and hired labour (women) available was 11.48.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 92.16 per cent (58.58 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 7.84 per cent area is irrigated land. 2  There were 4.00 live bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 9.28 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Paddy, Green gram, Groundnut and Cotton and cropping intensity was recorded as 90.41 per cent.  Out of the sample households 2.17 percent possessed bank account and 2.17 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 2.17 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Paddy, Green gram, Groundnut and Cotton was Rs.33860.41, 92284.45, 28578.29, 68794.02 and 37869.12 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.70, 1: 0.90, 1: 1.20, 1: 1.02 and 1:2.10 respectively.  Further, 67.39 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 13.04 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 94073.48 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 44528.26 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 32 horticulture trees and 145 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 2956.52 for land development and Rs. 4456.52 for irrigation facility.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 12.77 per cent depends on own funds.  Regarding marketing channels, 89.13 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants.  Further, 89.13 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (71.74%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 73.91 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 100.00 per cent of the households.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 34.78 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 34.78 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (100.00%), pulses (84.78%) and oilseeds (32.61%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (91.30%) wild animal menace on farm field 3 (67.39%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (76.09%), inadequacy of irrigation water (10.87%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (84.78%), high rate of interest on credit (47.83%), low price for the agricultural commodities (69.57%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (76.09%), inadequate extension services (4.35%) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (56.52%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Yadgir Rf6 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 547 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 535 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 5 ha area is under rock outcrops and 8 ha area is covered by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 4 soil series and 4 soil phases (management units) and 2 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 535 ha area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  Very shallow (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 3 per cent is low (51-100 mm/m) and 90 per cent area is very low (0.75%) and 63 per cent area is medium (0.5- 0.75%) in organic carbon content.  An area of about 41 per cent is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 57 per cent of area is high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus content in the microwatershed.  An area of about 66 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha) and 31 per cent area is low (20 ppm) in an area of 4.5 ppm) in an area of 58 per cent and deficient (<4.5 ppm) in an area of 39 per cent of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in an area of 70 per cent and sufficient in an area of 28 per cent of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - - Guava - - Maize - - Sapota - - Bajra - - Pomegranate - - Groundnut - - Musambi - - Sunflower - - Lime - - Redgram - - Amla - - Bengal gram - - Cashew - - Cotton - - Jackfruit - - Chilli - - Jamun - - Tomato - - Custard apple - - Brinjal - - Tamarind - - Onion - - Mulberry - - Bhendi - - Marigold - - Drumstick - - Chrysanthemum - - Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Yadgiri Rf-6 is located at North latitude 160 55' 30.912" and 160 53' 56.834'' and East longitude 770 12' 14.293'' and 770 10' 18.069" covering an area of about 547.21 ha coming under Motahalli and Baggalamadu Villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Yadgiri Rf-6 micro watersheds of Yadgiri Rf subwatershed, Yadagiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 34 total respondents, 12 (35.29 %) were marginal, 16 (47.06%) were small, 1 (2.94 %) were Semi medium and 1 (2.94 %) were medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 87 (55.06%) men and 71 (44.94 %) were women.  Majority of the respondents (46.20%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 70.89 per cent illiterates, 5.70 per cent of them had primary school education, 3.16 per cent middle school education, and 10.76 per cent high school education, 4.43 per cent of them had PUC education, 2.53 per cent attained graduation.  About, 94.12 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 11.76 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 69.62 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 94.12 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 8.82 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 67.65 per cent possess TV, 14.71 per cent possess mixer grinder, 91.18 per cent possess mobile phones and 17.65 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 35.29 per cent of the households possess plough, 17.65 per cent possess bullock cart and 17.65 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 14.71 per cent possess local cow and 2.94 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own men and women labour availability in the micro watershed was 9.39 each, while the hired labour (men) availability was1.47.  Further, 94.1 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was adequate during the agricultural season.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 82.22 per cent (30.24 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 17.78 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 3.00 live bore wells among the sampled households. 2  Bore/open well was the major source of irrigation for 14.70 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Paddy, Groundnut, Redgram and Cotton and cropping intensity was recorded as 96.80 per cent.  Out of the sample households 85.29 percent possessed bank account and 17.65 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 76.47 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 100 per cent have borrowed loan from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 80.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations, while, only 20.00 per cent respondents opined that loan amount was adequate to fulfil their requirement.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Paddy, Groundnut, Redgram and Cotton as Rs.71067.10, 93085.66, 31222.76 and 31443.11with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.20, 1: 1.00, 1: 2.10 and 1: 1.50 respectively.  Further, 55.88 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 106000.00 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 47558.82 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 9 horticulture trees and 52 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 4091.18 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 14.71 per cent depends on own funds and 2.94 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 91.18 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 2.94 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 61.76 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (38.24%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 88.24 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  About, 8.82 per cent of farmers practicing Loose Border Checks as soil and water conservation practice.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 82.35 per cent of the households and 35.29 per cent households has LPG connection. 3  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 94.12 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 97.06 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 58.82 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 97.06 per cent of the households possessed BPL card and 2.94 per cent of the household's were not having ration cards.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (100.00%), pulses (70.59%) and oilseeds (41.18%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (88.24%) wild animal menace on farm field (82.35%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (88.24%), inadequacy of irrigation water (85.29%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (88.24%), high rate of interest on credit (91.18%), low price for the agricultural commodities (91.18%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (88.24%), inadequate extension services (61.76%) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (88.24%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Gabbur-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 314 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 91 per cent is covered by soils, 150 cm).  About 3 per cent of the area is having sandy at the surface, 41 per cent loamy and 47 per cent has clayey soils at the surface.  About 85 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 20 per cent has nearly level (0-1%) lands and 70 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 59 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 32 per cent is moderately eroded (e2) lands.  An area of about 2 per cent is moderately acid (pH 5.5 to 6.0), 7 per cent has soils that are slightly acid (pH 6.0 to 6.5), 14 per cent neutral soils (pH 6.5 to 7.3), 34 per cent slightly alkaline (pH 7.3 to 7.8), 31 per cent moderately alkaline (pH 7.8 to 8.4) and 3 per cent soils strongly alkaline (pH 8.4 to 9.0).  Electrical conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75%) in 55 per cent area of the soils.  Available phosphorus is low (57 kg/ha) in 39 per cent area of the soils.  Available potassium is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in 58 per cent and high (>337 kg/ha) in 33 per cent of the soils.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 1 per cent area of the soils.  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm) in 10 per cent area of the soils.  Available iron is deficient in 46 per cent and sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in 45 per cent of the area.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in 56 of the area and sufficient in 35 per cent of the area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area.  The land suitability for 28 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 113(36) 94(30) Pomegranate 63(20) 106(34) Maize 34(11) 173(55) Guava 43(14) 85(27) Bajra 125(40) 93(30) Jackfruit 63(20) 65(21) Redgram 63(20) 104(33) Jamun 43(14) 92(30) Bengal gram 8(3) 208(66) Musambi 71(23) 98(31) Groundnut 43(14) 150(48) Lime 71(23) 98(31) Sunflower 71(23) 96(31) Cashew 76(24) 52(17) Cotton 71(23) 136(43) Custard apple 133(42) 152(48) Chilli 125(40) 35(11) Amla 125(40) 160(51) Tomato 125(40) 2(<1) Tamarind 43(14) 62(20) Drumstick 63(20) 170(54) Marigold 76(24) 131(42) Mulberry 63(20) 140(45) Chrysanthemum 76(24) 131(42) Mango 43(14) 21(7) Jasmine 76(24) 89(28) Sapota 63(20) 65(21) Crossandra 76(24) 59(19) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 6 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserves soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment and drainage line treatment plans have been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Gabbur-1 is located at North latitude 150 24' 2.172" and 150 22' 21.734" and East longitude 760 15' 40.458 and 760 14' 23.151" covering an area of about 313.62 ha coming under Gabbura, Halalli and Bheeemanura Villages of Koppal taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Gabbur-1 micro watersheds of Shahpur subwatershed, Koppal taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 total respondents, 8 (22.86 %) were marginal, 13 (37.14%) were small, 10 (28.57 %) were Semi medium and 2 (5.71 %) were medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 94 (56.29%) men and 73 (43.71 %) were women. The average population of landless was 5.5, marginal farmers were 4.1, small farmers were 5.1, semi medium farmers were 4.5 and medium farmers were 6.  Majority of the respondents (38.32%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 32.93 per cent illiterates, 67.67 per cent pre university education and 4.19 per cent attained graduation.  About, 82.86 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 17.14 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural laborers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 20.36 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 40.00 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 40.00 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 100.00 per cent possess TV, 91.43 per cent possess mixer grinder, 94.29 per cent possess mobile phones and 17.14 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 20.00 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.86 per cent possess tractor, 14.29 per cent possess bullock cart and 2.86 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 54.29 per cent possess local cow and 5.71 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own men and women labour availability in the micro watershed was 7.37 each, while the hired labour (men) availability was1.69.  Further, 100.00 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season. 2  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 41.13 per cent (44.38 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 58.87 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 19.00 live bore wells and 10.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 54.29 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Maize, Bajra, Onion, Sunflower and Paddy and cropping intensity was recorded as 100.00 per cent.  Out of the sample households 88.57 percent possessed bank account and 88.57 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 60.00 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 100.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  Per hectare cost of cultivation for Maize, Bajra, Onion, Sunflower and Paddy was Rs.30271.86 , 50710.12, 57392.51, 35431.13, and 26933.13 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.10, 1: 0.40, 1: 3.90, 1: 1.00, and 1:1.70 , respectively.  Further, 51.43 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 72157.14 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 46785.71 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 22 horticulture trees and 77 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 7885.71 for land development and Rs. 371.43 for irrigation facility.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 2.86 per cent depends on own funds and 5.71 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 28.57 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 62.86 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 97.14 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (94.29%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 88.57 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Firewood was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 100.00 per cent of the households.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 91.43 per cent of the households. 3  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 100.00 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (100.00%), pulses (94.29%) and oilseeds (8.57%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (91.43%) wild animal menace on farm field (85.71%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (42.86%), inadequacy of irrigation water (28.57%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (31.43%), high rate of interest on credit (17.14%), low price for the agricultural commodities (11.43%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (5.71%), inadequate extension services (22.86%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (37.14%), Less rainfall (45.71%) and Source of Agri-technology information (Newspaper/ TV/Mobile) (48.57%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Shethalli-1 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 632 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 564 ha (89%) in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 34 ha (5%) by mining/industrial, 5 ha (1%) by railway and 29 ha (5%) by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 4 soil series and 5 soil phases (management units) and 2 land use class.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 60 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are very deep (>150 cm), 7 per cent soils are deep (100-150 cm) and 22 per cent soils are moderately deep (75-100 cm).  About 3 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 86 per cent clayey soils.  Entire area of the microwatershed has non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  Entire area of the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands in the microwatershed.  An area of about 78 per cent are moderately (e2) eroded and 11 per cent area is severely (e3) eroded.  An area of about 4 per cent is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8), 21 per cent is moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4), 52 per cent is strongly alkaline (pH 8.4- 9.0) and 12 per cent is very strongly alkaline (pH >9.0)in reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire area of the microwatershed is 0.75%) in organic carbon.  About 75 per cent area is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (1.0 ppm) in 24 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available iron is deficient (4.5 ppm) in 57 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese is sufficient in the entire soils of the microwatershed.  Available copper is sufficient in the entire soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire soils of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 564(89) - Guava - - Maize - 542(86) Sapota - - Bajra - 564(89) Pomegranate - 565(89) Groundnut - - Musambi 352(56) 213(33) Sunflower 352(56) 212(33) Lime 352(56) 213(33) Redgram - 564(89) Amla 422(67) 142(22) Bengal gram 564(89) - Cashew - - Cotton 422(67) 142(22) Jackfruit - - Chilli - 564(89) Jamun - 423(67) Tomato - - Custard apple 564(89) - Drumstick - 564(89) Tamarind - 423(67) Brinjal 212(33) 352(56) Mulberry - - Bhendi 212(33) 352(56) Marigold - 564(89) Onion 142(22) 114(18) Chrysanthemum - 564(89) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Drainage line treatment and Soil and water conservation treatment plans have been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Shethalli-1 is located at North latitude 160 32' 9.119" and 160 30' 9.341" and East longitude 770 17' 47.251'' and 770 15' 40.363" covering an area of about 631.73 ha coming under Shettilli, Sangavara and Badiyala Villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis indicated that, out of the total sample of 34 respondents, 5 (14.71%) were marginal, 17(50%) were small and 5 (14.71%) were semi medium and 2 (5.88%) were medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 85 (56.29%) men and 66 (43.71%) were women.  Majority of the respondents (44.37%) were in the age group of 35-60 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, majority there were 21.85 per cent illiterates, 7.95 per cent attained graduation.  About, 64.71 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 23.53 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 33.11 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 76.47 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 20.59 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 97.06 per cent possess TV, 64.71 per cent possess mixer grinder and 94.12 per cent possess mobile phones.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 20.59 per cent of the households possess plough and only 5.88 per cent sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 14.71 per cent possess local cow respectively.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own men and women labour availability in the micro watershed was 11.18 each, while the hired labour (men) availability was 1.24.  Further, 5.88 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents (52.23 ha), 100 per cent of the area is under dry condition.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Cotton and Maize and cropping intensity was recorded as 100 per cent.  The sample households possessed 91.18 per cent bank account and 73.53 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 55.88 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 12 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 48 per cent from Cooperative bank.  Majority of the respondents (100 %) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose. 2  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 87.50 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Cotton and Maize was Rs.25139.34 , 26052.83 and 30901.04 with benefit cost ratio of 1:2.60, 1: 2.50, and 1: 1.10, respectively.  Further, 5.88 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 150911.76 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 91147.06 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown horticulture tree are coconut (16), Mango (1) and lime (2) in the fields and forest species have planted 7 teak trees, 59 neem trees, 6 tamarind trees, 3 acacia trees, 13 banyan trees together in both field and backyard.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 8264.71 for land development, Rs.588.24 for adoption of improved livestock breeds and Rs.294.12 adoption of improved livestock management.  Regarding marketing channels, 44.12 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 32.35 per cent have sold by Agents/Traders.  Further, 61.76 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (85.29 %) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 50 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Firewood connection was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 88.24 per cent of the households and 11.76 per cent households has LPG.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 97.06 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households. In the study area, 38.24 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 94.12 per cent of the households possessed BPL card and 2.94 per cent do not possess PDS card.  Cereals (100%), pulses (79.41%), oilseeds (55.88%) were adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (94.12%) wild animal menace on farm field (88.24%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (61.76%), inadequacy of irrigation water (14.71%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (64.71%), high rate of interest on credit (55.88%), low price for the agricultural commodities (58.82%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (67.65%), inadequate extension services (38.24%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (61.76%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project