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Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Paspol-1 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 522 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 508 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils and 14 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 11 soil series and 13 soil phases (management units) and 7 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 13 per cent area are very shallow to shallow (150 cm).  About 13 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy, 38 per cent area loamy and 47 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  Maximum of 69 per cent area in the microwatershed is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 0.75%) in 4.5 ppm) in available iron and 17 per cent is deficient (<4.5 ppm).  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 144(28) 298(57) Guava - 130(25) Maize 16(3) 427(82) Sapota - 130(25) Bajra 16(3) 427(82) Pomegranate - 288(55) Groundnut - 204(39) Musambi 127(24) 160(31) Sunflower 98(19) 189(36) Lime 127(24) 160(30) Redgram - 288(55) Amla 16(3) 427(82) Bengal gram 158(30) 285(55) Cashew - 16(3) Cotton 98(19) 344(66) Jackfruit - 130(25) Chilli - 443(85) Jamun - 158(30) Tomato 16(3) 396(76) Custard apple 287(55) 155(30) Brinjal 48(9) 394(76) Tamarind - 158(30) Onion 46(9) 298(57) Mulberry - 204(39) Bhendi 77(15) 366(70) Marigold - 443(85) Drumstick - 288(55) Chrysanthemum - 443(85) Mango - 2(<1)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Paspol-1 is located at North latitude 160 47' 31.324" and 160 45' 26.562" and East longitude 770 18' 25.677'' and 770 16' 42.31" covering an area of about 522.02 ha coming under Pasapoola, Arakera. K and Gabapura Villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Paspol-1 micro watersheds of Gopalapur subwatershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 36 farmers were sampled in Paspol-1 micro-watershed among households surveyed 14 (38.89%) were marginal, 11 (30.56%) were small, 3 (8.33 %) were semi medium, 3 (8.33 %) were medium farmers. 5 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 103 (55.08%) men and 84 (44.92%) were women. The average population of landless was 4.2, marginal farmers were 4.9, small farmers were 5.5, semi medium farmers 6.7 and medium farmers were 5.7.  Majority of the respondents (41.71%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 57.75 per cent illiterates, 34.77 per cent pre university education and 4.81 per cent attained graduation.  About, 94.44 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 2.78 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 67.38 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 61.11 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 22.22 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 72.22 per cent possess TV, 11.11 per cent possess mixer grinder, 91.67 per cent possess mobile phones and 19.44 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 50.00 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.78 per cent possess tractor, 25.00 per cent possess bullock cart and 36.11 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 2.78 per cent possess local cow and 11.11 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.88, women available in the micro watershed was 1.38, hired labour (men) available was 15.13 and hired labour (women) available was 12.25.  Further, 2.78 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season. 2  In the study area, about 3.21 per cent of the respondents migrated from the micro watershed in search of jobs with an average distance of 2400.00 kms for about 6.00 months.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 70.53 per cent (36.83 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 29.47 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 5.00 live bore wells and 5.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 16.67 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Cotton, Groundnut, Paddy and Green gram and cropping intensity was recorded as 100.11 per cent.  Out of the sample households 91.67 percent possessed bank account and 52.78 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 91.67 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 20.00 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 65.00 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Cotton, Groundnut, Paddy and Green gram was Rs.30292.60, 56128.76, 44689.05, 54769.64 and 42769.64 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.30, 1: 1.30, 1: 1.10, 1: 1.30 and 1:1.90 respectively.  Further, 44.44 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 2.78 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 121635.56 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 67850.00 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 2 horticulture trees and 29 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 1277.78 for land development and Rs. 6944.44 for irrigation facility.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 2.63 per cent depends on own funds.  Regarding marketing channels, 91.67 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants.  Further, 91.67 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (44.44%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 83.33 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 77.78 per cent of the households and 22.22 per cent households has LPG connection. 3  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 91.67 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 61.11 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (102.78%), pulses (97.22%) and oilseeds (30.56%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (72.22%) wild animal menace on farm field (77.78%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (86.11%), inadequacy of irrigation water (47.22%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (86.11%), high rate of interest on credit (86.11%), low price for the agricultural commodities (83.33%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (80.56%), inadequate extension services (58.33%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market(77.78%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Thanagunda-Rs Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 825 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 666 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, about 74 ha by rock outcrops and about 79 ha by others (Habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 8 soil series and 11 soil phases (management units) and 5 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  An area of about 81 per cent is suitable for agriculture in the microwatershed.  About 42 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are deep to very deep (100- >150 cm), 18 per cent soils are moderately deep (75-100), whereas 20 per cent soils are very shallow and shallow (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 4 per cent soils are medium (101-150 mm/m) and 34 per cent soils are low (51-100 mm/m) and very low (0.75%), 32 percent is medium (0.50-0.75%) and 44 percent is low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  An area of 337kg/ha) and 80 percent is medium (145- 337kg/ha) in available potassium.  An area of about 13 percent is high (>20ppm), 11 percent is medium (10-20ppm) and 56 percent area is low (4.5ppm) in an area of 80 per cent and 1 per cent is deficient (<4.5ppm) in the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc content is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 333(40) 165(20) Guava - 150(18) Maize 150(18) 348(42) Sapota - 150(18) Bajra 150(18) 348(42) Pomegranate - 344(42) Groundnut 11(1) 138(17) Musambi 194(24) 150(18) Sunflower 194(24) 149(18) Lime 194(24) 150(18) Redgram - 497(60) Amla 150(18) 194(24) Bengal gram 194(24) - Cashew - 103(12) Cotton 194(24) 138(17) Jackfruit - 150(18) Chilli 150(18) 194(24) Jamun - 194(24) Tomato 150(18) - Custard apple 309(37) 35(4) Brinjal 150(18) - Tamarind - 194(24) Onion 150(18) - Mulberry - 150(18) Bhendi 150(18) 194(24) Marigold 150(18) 194(24) Drumstick - 344(42) Chrysanthemum 150(18) 194(24) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Thanagunda Rs is located at North latitude 160 48' 47.81" and 160 47' 9.546" and East longitude 770 5' 45.378'' and 770 3' 22.977" covering an area of about 824.88 ha coming under Tanagundhi, Thumakura and Kanchagarahalli villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis indicated that, out of the total sample of 34 respondents, 7 (20.59%) were marginal, 14 (41.18%) were small and 7 (20.59%) were semi medium, 1 (2.94%) were medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 114 (63.69%) men and 65 (36.31%) were women. Majority of the respondents (41.90%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, majority there were 40.22 per cent illiterates and only 4.47 per cent attained graduation.  About, 73.53 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 5.88 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 62.57 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 85.29 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 8.82 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 73.53 per cent possess TV, 58.82 per cent possess mixer grinder and 102.94 per cent possess mobile phones.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 32.35 per cent of the households possess plough and only 14.71 per cent sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 5.88 per cent possess local cow and 2.94 per cent possess buffalo respectively.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.71, women available in the micro watershed was 1.53, hired labour (men) available was 9.38 and hired labour (women) available was 7.91.  Further, 14.71 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season.  In the study area, about 2.23 per cent of the respondents migrated from the micro watershed in search of jobs with an average distance of 2720.00 kms for about 7.00 months.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents (40.65 ha), 85.67 per cent of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 12.33 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 2.00 bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 5.88 per cent of the households. 2  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Cotton, Groundnut, Jowar and Paddy and cropping intensity was recorded as 100.00 per cent.  The sample households possessed 76.47 per cent bank account and 38.24 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 38.24 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources. Among the credit borrowed by households, 53.85 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 38.46 per cent from Cooperative bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00 %) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 100.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Cotton, Groundnut, Jowar and Paddy was Rs.29628.77, 33083.33, 60299.77, 40188.22 and 40549.18 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.30, 1: 1.04, 1: 0.60, 1: 0.70 and 1:1.10 respectively.  Further, 35.29 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 70561.76 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 57885.29 comes from agriculture.  The total number of horticultural trees grown (both field and backyard) by the sampled households were coconut (2) and Mango (4) trees in the fields, and forest species have grown 49 neem trees, 12 tamarind trees, 1 banyan trees together in both field and backyard.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 1597.06 for land development, Rs. 88.24 for creation of irrigation facility, Rs.2470.59 for adoption of improved crop production and Rs.235.29 adoption of improved livestock management.  Source of funds raised from own sources for land development was 38.24 per cent, for irrigation facility was 2.94 per cent, for improved crop production was 32.35 per cent and for improved livestock adoption was 11.8 per cent.  Regarding marketing channels, 82.35 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 2.94 per cent have sold by Agents/Traders.  Further, 44.12 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (41.18 %) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 82.35 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Firewood connection was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 32.35 per cent of the households and 64.71 per cent households has LPG.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 97.06 per cent of the households. 3  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 26.47 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 94.12 per cent of the households possessed BPL card and 5.88 per cent do not possess PDS card.  Cereals (58.82%), pulses (50.00%), oilseeds (26.47%) were adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (85.29%) wild animal menace on farm field (85.29%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (55.88%), inadequacy of irrigation water (85.29%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (79.41%), high rate of interest on credit (85.29%), low price for the agricultural commodities (82.35%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (55.88%), inadequate extension services (85.29%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (79.41%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Bandehalli-1 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 374 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 255 ha (68%) ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, about 13 ha (3%) by rock outcrops and about 106 ha (28%) by others (Habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 7 soil series and 9 soil phases (management units) and 5 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  An area of about 68 per cent is suitable for agriculture in the microwatershed.  About 50 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are deep to very deep (100- >150 cm), 5 per cent soils are moderately deep (75-100 cm), 13 per cent are moderately shallow (50-75 cm) soils in the microwatershed.  About 13 percent soils are loamy and 55 per cent is clayey soils at the surface.  An area of about 57 per cent is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity. About 5 per cent area of the microwatershed is medium (101-150 mm/m) and about 13 per cent soils are low (51-100 mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 52 percent is very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands and about 17 per cent soils are nearly level (0-1% slope) lands in the microwatershed.  An area of about 52 per cent is moderately (e2) eroded and about 17 per cent are slightly (e1) eroded lands in the microwatershed.  An area of 17 per cent is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3), 29 per cent is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8) and 23 per cent is moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is 0.75%) and about 13 percent is medium (0.50- 0.75%) in organic carbon content.  An area of about 6 percent is low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  An area of about 17 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha) and 51 per cent is high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium in the microwatershed.  Available sulphur is high (>20 ppm) in an area of about 5 per cent, about 16 per cent is medium (10-20 ppm) and about 47 per cent is low (4.5 ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  An area of about 34 per cent is deficient (0.6 ppm) in available zinc content in the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 87(23) 167(45) Guava - 19(5) Maize 19(5) 235(63) Sapota - 19(5) Bajra 19(5) 235(63) Pomegranate - 156(42) Groundnut <1(<1) 68(18) Musambi 68(18) 88(24) Sunflower 68(18) 88(24) Lime 68(18) 88(24) Redgram - 205(54) Amla 19(5 ) 117(32) Bengal gram 68(18) 69(18) Cashew - <1(<1) Cotton 68(18) 88(23) Jackfruit - 19(5) Chilli 19(5) 186(50) Jamun - 68(18) Tomato 19(5) 49(13) Custard apple 69(18) 137(37) Brinjal 19(5) 49(13) Tamarind - 68(18) Onion 19(5) 49(13) Mulberry - 19(5 ) Bhendi 19(5) 186(50) Marigold 19(5) 186(50) Drumstick - 87(23) Chrysanthemum 19(5) 186(50) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Bandehalli-1 is located at North latitude 160 48' 8.724" and 160 45' 57.693" and East longitude 770 9' 9.823'' and 770 7' 44.873" covering an area of about 373.51 ha coming under Yadhagiri. K, Dastharabadha and Yadhagiri. B Villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Bandehalli-1 micro watersheds of Yadgir subwatershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 34 total respondents, 15 (44.12 %) were marginal, 9 (26.47%)were small, 4 (11.76 %) were Semi medium and 3 (8.82 %) were medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 81 (52.94%) men and 72 (47.06 %) were women.  Majority of the respondents (42.48%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 32.03 per cent illiterates, 65.37 per cent pre university education and 8.50 per cent attained graduation.  About, 73.53 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 26.47 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 41.83 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 100.00 per cent of the households possess katcha house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 88.24 per cent possess TV, 17.65 per cent possess mixer grinder, 97.06 per cent possess mobile phones and 14.71 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 11.76 per cent of the households possess plough and 2.94 per cent possess tractor.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 8.82 per cent possess local cow.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.45, women available in the micro watershed was 1.26, hired labour (men) available was 7.9 and hired labour (women) available was 6.58.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 65.15 per cent (38.41 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 34.85 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 9.00 live bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore/open well was the major source of irrigation for 26.47 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Groundnut, Cotton, Paddy and Green gram and cropping intensity was recorded as 100.00 per cent. 2  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Groundnut, Cotton, Paddy and Green gram was Rs.39239.68, 74637.92, 36133.08, 123998.55 and 36729.33 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.40, 1: 1.10, 1: 1.80, 1: 1.01 and 1:0.94 respectively.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 136726.47 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 69755.88 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 37 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Regarding marketing channels, 88.24 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants.  Further, 91.18 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (58.82%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 64.71 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 97.06 per cent of the households.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 100.00 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 100.00 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (100.00%), pulses (79.41%) and oilseeds (5.88%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (97.06%) wild animal menace on farm field (11.76%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (88.24%), inadequacy of irrigation water (2.94%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (44.12%), high rate of interest on credit (17.65%), low price for the agricultural commodities (47.06%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (35.29%), inadequate extension services (20.59%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (52.94%) and Less rainfall (2.94%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Yadgir-2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 725 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 84 per cent in the microwatershed is covered by soils and about 1 per cent by quarry, about 15 per cent rock outcrop and others (Habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 16 soil series and 19 soil phases (management units) and 10 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area is suitable for agriculture in the microwatershed.  About 9 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are very shallow (150 cm) soils in the microwatershed.  About 27 per cent are sandy soils, 18 per cent soils are loamy and 40 per cent are clayey soils at the surface.  About 72 per cent is non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  Entire area of the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) soils.  An area of about 80 per cent area is moderately eroded (e2) and 5 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) soils in the microwatershed.  About an area of 0.75%) in organic carbon content.  An area of 71 per cent is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 13 per cent is high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  An area of about 79 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha) and 6 per cent is high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Entire area is low (4.5 ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 1 per cent area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 12 (2) 258 (38) Guava - 138 (20) Maize 12 (2) 258 (38) Sapota - 138 (20) Bajra 12 (2) 258 (38) Pomegranate - 152 (22) Groundnut - 179 (26) Musambi - 152 (22) Sunflower - 152 (22) Lime - 152 (22) Redgram - 165 (24) Amla 12 (2) 231 (34) Bengal gram - 14 (2) Cashew - 12 (2) Cotton - 220 (32) Jackfruit - 138 (20) Chilli 12 (2) 245 (36) Jamun - - Tomato 12 (2) 231 (34) Custard apple 12 (2) 245 (36) Brinjal 12 (2) 231 (34) Tamarind - - Onion 12 (2) 231 (34) Mulberry - 138 (20) Bhendi 12 (2) 245 (36) Marigold 12 (2) 245 (36) Drumstick - 138 (20) Chrysanthemum 12 (2) 245 (36) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified 10 LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Yadgir-2 is located at North latitude 160 55' 12.82" and 160 57' 2.63" and East longitude 770 10' 16.89'' and 770 12' 22.38" covering an area of about 681.09 ha coming under Ramathirtha, Alur. B and Bheemanahalli villages of Chithapura taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Yadgir-2 micro watersheds of Chikka Alur subwatershed, Chithapura taluk & Kalaburagi District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 farmers were sampled in Yadgir-2 micro-watershed among households surveyed 10 (28.57%) were marginal, 13 (37.14%) were small, 5 (14.29 %) were semi medium and 2 (5.71 %) were medium farmers. 5 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 94 (58.39%) men and 66 (40.99 %) were women. The average population of landless was 5.2, marginal farmers were 3.4, small farmers were 5, semi medium farmers were 4.8 and medium farmers were 6.  Majority of the respondents (43.48%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 47.83 per cent illiterates, 0.62 percent were functional literates, 48.45 per cent pre university education and 4.35 per cent attained graduation.  About, 65.71 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 28.57 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 42.24 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 77.14 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 2.86 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 65.71 per cent possess TV, 62.86 per cent possess mixer grinder, 97.14 per cent possess mobile phones and 17.14 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 37.14 per cent of the households possess plough, 25.71 per cent possess bullock cart and 11.43 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 5.71 per cent possess local cow and 2.86 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.54, women available in the micro watershed was 1.26, hired labour (men) available was 8.03 and hired labour (women) available was 7.43  Further, 14.29 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season. 2  In the study area, about 1.86 per cent of the respondents migrated from the micro watershed in search of jobs with an average distance of 2040.00 kms for about 7.00 months.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 100.00 per cent (48.30 ha) of the area is under dry condition.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Jowar and cropping intensity was recorded as 98.13 per cent.  Out of the sample households 82.86 percent possessed bank account and 40.00 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 45.71 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 6.25 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 43.75 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 87.50 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations, while, only 12.50 per cent respondents opined that loan amount was adequate to fulfil their requirement.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram and Jowar was Rs.19867.45 and 17752.28 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.30 and 1: 2.00 respectively.  Further, 22.86 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 57361.43 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 36361.43 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 12 horticulture trees and 66 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 1800.00 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 45.71 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 85.71 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants.  Further, 28.57 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (45.71%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 85.71 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Firewood was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 45.71 per cent of the households and 54.29 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 100.00 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households. 3  In the study area, 45.71 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (100.00%), pulses (100.00%) and oilseeds (48.57%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by (88.57 %) per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (85.71%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (85.71%), inadequacy of irrigation water (85.71%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (85.71%), high rate of interest on credit (85.71%), low price for the agricultural commodities (85.71 %), lack of marketing facilities in the area (88.57%), inadequate extension services (88.57 %) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (80.00%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Bhimanahalli-1Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 631 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 587 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 29 ha is covered by rock outcrops and 15 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 10 soil series and 13 soil phases (management units) and 5 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 587 ha area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 8 per cent of area is very shallow (150 cm).  About 12 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy soils, 54 per cent loamy soils and 27 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  About 70 per cent area in the microwatershed is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 7 per cent is medium (101-150 mm/m), 6 per cent is low (51-100 mm/m) and 11 per cent area is very low (0.75%) in 27 per cent and low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus content of the soil.  About 63 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in available potassium content and 30 per cent of area is high (>337 kg/ha).  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in an area of 85 per cent and deficient in an area of 8 per cent in the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 44 (7) 338 (54) Guava - 44 (7) Maize 44 (7) 338 (54) Sapota - 44 (7) Bajra 44 (7) 338 (54) Pomegranate - 97 (15) Groundnut - 79 (27) Musambi - 97 (15) Sunflower - 97 (15) Lime - 97 (15) Redgram - 347 (53) Amla 97 (15) 35 (6) Bengal gram - 53 (28) Cashew - - Cotton - 97 (15) Jackfruit - 44 (7) Chilli 44 (7) 88 (14) Jamun - - Tomato 44 (7) 35 (6) Custard apple - 132 (21) Brinjal 44 (7) 35 (6) Tamarind - - Onion 44 (7) 35 (6) Mulberry - 44 (7) Bhendi 44 (7) 88 (14) Marigold 44 (7) 88 (14) Drumstick - 44 (7) Chrysanthemum 44 (7) 88 (14) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Bhimanahalli-1 is located at North latitude 160 56' 41.915" and 160 55' 40.013" and East longitude 770 13' 33.442'' and 770 11' 54.278" covering an area of about 251.41 ha coming unde Motahalli and Khanapur Hosalli villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Bhimanahalli-1 micro watersheds of Motanahalli subwatershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 total respondents, 7 (20.00 %) were marginal, 14 (40.00%) were small and 12 (34.29 %) were Semi medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 77 (58.78%) men and 54 (41.22 %) were women.  Majority of the respondents (44.27%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 31.30 per cent illiterates, 62.59 per cent pre university education and 8.40 per cent attained graduation.  About, 68.57 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 17.14 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 48.85 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 77.14 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 5.71 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 80.00 per cent possess TV, 65.71 per cent possess mixer grinder, 100.00 per cent possess mobile phones and 34.29 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 17.14 per cent of the households possess plough, 5.71 per cent possess bullock cart and 5.71 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 8.57 per cent possess local cow and 2.86 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own men and women labour availability in the micro watershed was 14.33 each, while the hired labour (men) availability was 1.55.  Further, 0.00 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 100.00 per cent (55.71 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 0.00 per cent area is irrigated land.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Cotton and Maizeand cropping intensity was recorded as 99.99 per cent. 2  Out of the sample households 100.00 percent possessed bank account and 62.86 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 40.00 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 21.74 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 91.30 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 100.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Cotton and Maize was Rs.32334.05, 19534.56 and 20220.29 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.40, 1: 1.60 and 1: 1.80 respectively.  Further, 2.86 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 96394.29 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 56365.71 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 23 horticulture trees and 93 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  About 71.43 per cent of the households shown interest to cultivate horticultural crops.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 1114.29 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 28.57 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 88.57 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 5.71 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 25.71 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (28.57%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 91.43 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  About, 0.00 per cent of farmers practicing summer ploughing as soil and water conservation practice.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 68.57 per cent of the households and 31.43 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 100.00 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 57.14 per cent of the households possess toilet facility. 3  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (100.00%), pulses (100.00%) and oilseeds (37.14%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (91.43%) wild animal menace on farm field (91.43%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (91.43%), inadequacy of irrigation water (94.29%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (94.29%), high rate of interest on credit (94.29%), low price for the agricultural commodities (94.29%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (88.57%), inadequate extension services (94.29%) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (94.29%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Kakalawar-2Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 549 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 535 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils and 15 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 5 soil series and 8 soil phases (management units) and 4 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 15 per cent of area is shallow (25-50 cm), 15 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately shallow (50-75 cm), 56 per cent of area is deep (100 - 150 cm) and 11 per cent of area is very deep (>150 cm).  About 7 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 90 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  Maximum of 33 per cent area in the microwatershed is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 15 per cent is low (51-100 mm/m) and 15 per cent area is very low (0.75%) and 3 per cent of area is medium (0.5- 0.75%) in organic carbon content of the soil in the microwatershed.  About 8 per cent of area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 89 per cent of area is low (337 kg/ha).  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in an area of 5 per cent.  Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 379 (69) Guava - - Maize - 379 (69) Sapota - - Bajra - 379 (69) Pomegranate - 296 (54) Groundnut - 83 (15) Musambi - 296 (54) Sunflower - 296 (54) Lime - 296 (54) Redgram - 296 (54) Amla - 83 (15) Bengal gram - 296 (54) Cashew - - Cotton - 296 (54) Jackfruit - - Chilli - 379 (69) Jamun - - Tomato - 83 (15) Custard apple - 379 (69) Brinjal - 83 (15) Tamarind - - Onion - 83 (15) Mulberry - - Bhendi - 379 (69) Marigold - 379 (69) Drumstick - - Chrysanthemum - 379 (69) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Kakalawar-2 is located at North latitude 160 54' 18.63" and 160 52' 49.076" and East longitude 770 23' 23.834'' and 770 21' 45.908" covering an area of about 403.63 ha coming unde Kakalawara and Gurumitkal villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Kakalawar-2 micro watersheds of Mothakapalli subwatershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 36 total respondents, 18 (50.00 %) were marginal, 5 (13.89%) were small, 7 (19.44 %) were Semi medium and 1 (2.78 %) were medium and 1 (2.78 %) were large farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 119 (72.12%) men and 46 (27.88 %) were women.  Majority of the respondents (47.88%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 44.24 per cent illiterates,48.49 per cent pre university education and 16.36 per cent attained graduation.  About, 88.89 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 8.33 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 65.45 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 33.33 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 66.67 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 100.00 per cent possess TV, 69.44 per cent possess mixer grinder, 97.22 per cent possess mobile phones and 66.67 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 55.56 per cent of the households possess plough, 16.67 per cent possess tractor, 38.89 per cent possess bullock cart and 47.22 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 47.22 per cent possess local cow and 33.33 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own men and women labour availability in the micro watershed was 12.62 each, while the hired labour (men) availability was 2.47.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 79.24 per cent (42.94 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 20.76 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 5.00 live bore wells and 1.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households. 2  Bore/open well was the major source of irrigation for 16.67 per cent of the households.  Out of the sample households 91.67 percent possessed bank account and 69.44 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 44.44 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 45.00 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 65.00 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (90.48%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 68.18 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations, while, only 13.64 per cent respondents opined that loan amount was adequate to fulfil their requirement.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram and Paddy was Rs.118908.53 and 148814.96, with benefit cost ratio of 1:0.82 and 1: 0.50, respectively.  Further, 2.78 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 2.78 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 148402.78 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 78916.67 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 74 horticulture trees and 30 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 18472.22 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned 91.67 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 91.67 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants.  Further, 86.11 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (88.89%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 88.89 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 86.11 per cent of the households and 63.89 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 100.00 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 58.33 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card. 3  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (94.44%), pulses (11.11%) and oilseeds (5.56%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (88.89%) wild animal menace on farm field (86.11%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (88.89%), inadequacy of irrigation water (88.89%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (86.11%), high rate of interest on credit (88.89%), low price for the agricultural commodities (88.89%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (2.78%), inadequate extension services (83.33%) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (11.11%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Warakanahalli Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 601 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 519 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 57 ha by rock outcrops and 34 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 9 soil series and 12 soil phases (management units) and 5 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 6 per cent area are very shallow to shallow (150 cm).  About 11 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy, 53 per cent area in loamy and 22 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  Maximum of 84 per cent area in the microwatershed is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 62 per cent area low (51-100 mm/m) and 9 per cent area very low (0.75%) in 39 per cent area.  Entire area in the microwatershed is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 45 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in available potassium and 40 per cent is low (20 ppm) in 74 per cent.  About 60 per cent area is low (4.5 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 15 per cent area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 139(23) 326(54) Guava - 56(9) Maize 48(8) 417(69) Sapota - 57(9) Bajra 48(8) 417(69) Pomegranate - 148(25) Groundnut - 133(22) Musambi 91(15) 57(9) Sunflower 91(15) 57(9) Lime 91(15) 57(9) Redgram - 148(25) Amla 64(11) 400(67) Bengal gram 91(15) 374(62) Cashew - 56(9) Cotton 91(15) 373(62) Jackfruit - 57(9) Chilli - 465(77) Jamun - 91(15) Tomato 48(8) 409(68) Custard apple 148(25) 317(53) Brinjal 56(9) 408(68) Tamarind - 91(15) Onion 111(18) 346(57) Mulberry - 57(9) Bhendi 27(5) 437(73) Marigold - 465(77) Drumstick - 148(25) Chrysanthemum - 465(77) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Warakanahalli is located at North latitude 160 45' 53.967" and 160 44' 0.81" and East longitude 770 12' 14.918'' and 770 10' 13.801" covering an area of about 610.05 ha coming unde Varkanahalli, Kuyyalura, Yadhagiri. B and Mundragi villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Warakanahalli micro watersheds of Haligeri subwatershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 36 farmers were sampled in Warakanahalli micro-watershed among households surveyed 16 (44.44%) were marginal, 9 (25.00%) were small, 6 (16.67 %) were semi medium and 4 (11.11 %) were medium farmers. 1 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 103 (62.42%) men and 62 (37.58 %) were women. The average population of landless was 3, marginal farmers were 4.3, small farmers were 4.6, semi medium farmers were 5 and medium farmers were 5.  Majority of the respondents (46.67%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 46.67 per cent illiterates, 51.51 per cent pre university education and 6.06 per cent attained graduation.  About, 86.11 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 5.56 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 62.42 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 63.89 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 11.11 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 55.56 per cent possess TV, 22.22 per cent possess mixer grinder, 97.22 per cent possess mobile phones and 25.00 per cent possess motor cycles. Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 27.78 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.78 per cent possess tractor, 13.89 per cent possess bullock cart and 11.11 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 25.00 per cent possess local cow and 11.11 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2, women available in the micro watershed was 1.23, hired labour (men) available was 7.71 and hired labour (women) available was 12.4.  Further, 25.00 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 77.98 per cent (51.47 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 22.02 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 7.00 live bore wells and 4.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 19.44 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Paddy, Green gram, Groundnut and Cotton and cropping intensity was recorded as 100.00 per cent. 2  Out of the sample households 86.11 percent possessed bank account and 25.00 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 83.33 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources. Among the credit borrowed by households, 33.33 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 100.00 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank. Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 100.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Paddy, Green gram, Groundnut and Cotton was Rs.53740.93, 87333.51, 25946.85, 56592.53 and 42850.08 with benefit cost ratio of 1:0.90, 1: 0.80, 1: 1.40, 1: 1.30 and 1:2.20 respectively.  Further, 27.78 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 19.44 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 162731.94 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 97322.22 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 4 horticulture trees and 25 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards. About 5.56 per cent of the households shown interest to cultivate horticultural crops.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 2402.78 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 16.67 per cent depends on own funds and 5.56 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 77.78 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 27.78 per cent have sold in regulated markets. Further, 52.78 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (80.56%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 94.44 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 77.78 per cent of the households and 16.67 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 88.89 per cent of the households. Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households. 72.22 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 97.22 per cent of the households possessed BPL card. Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (97.22%), pulses (91.67%) and oilseeds (61.11%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (88.89%) wild animal menace on farm field (66.67%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (80.56%), inadequacy of irrigation water (80.56%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (91.67%), high rate of interest on credit (86.11%), low price for the agricultural commodities (88.89%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (80.56%), inadequate extension services (33.33%) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (77.78%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Shethalli-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 515 ha in Shethalli-1 microwatershed in Yadgir taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as droughtprone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 67 per cent is covered by soils, 31 per cent by mining/industrial and 2 per cent by habitation and water bodies. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 3 soil series and 3 soil phases (management units) and 1 land Management units.  The length of crop growing period is 120-150 days starting from the 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire land area of the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 10 per cent are deep (100-150 cm) and about 57 per cent soils are very deep (>150 cm) soils.  About 66 per cent of the area has clayey soils and 200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  Entire area of the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  Entire area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately eroded (e2).  An area of about 32 per cent soils that are moderately alkaline (pH 7.8 to 8.4), 31 per cent soils that are strongly alkaline (pH 8.4 – 9.0) and about 5 per cent are very strongly alkaline (pH>9.0) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75%) in organic carbon.  An area of 59 per cent has soils that are low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in about 5 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm) in about 31 per cent area of the microwatershed.  About 43 per cent area has soils that are deficient (4.5 ppm).  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Entire area of the microwatershed is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in available zinc.  The land suitability for 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Shethalli-1 microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 345 (67) Sapota - - Maize - - Guava - - Red gram - 345 (67) Pomegranate - 345 (67) Bajra - 345 (67) Jackfruit - - Ground nut - - Jamun - 345 (67) Sunflower - 345 (67) Musambi - 345 (67) Cotton - 345 (67) Lime - 345 (67) Bengalgram - 345 (67) Cashew - - Chilli - 345 (67) Custard apple - 345 (67) Tomato - - Amla - 345 (67) Drumstick - 345 (67) Tamarind - 345 (67) Mulberry - - Marigold - 345 (67) Mango - 345 (67) Chrysanthemum - 345 (67) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the one identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops that helps in maintaining the ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plans have been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Shethalli-1 is located at North latitude 160 32' 53.654" and 160 31' 15.619" and East longitude 770 19' 40.855'' and 770 17' 42.879" covering an area of about 515.22 ha coming unde Shettilli, Kadechoora and Daddala villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Shethalli-1 micro watersheds of Kadechur subwatershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 37 farmers were sampled in Shethalli-1 micro-watershed among households surveyed 9 (24.32%) were marginal, 12 (32.43%) were small and 11 (29.73 %) were semi medium farmers. 5 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 107 (59.12%) men and 74 (40.88 %) were women. The average population of landless was 4, marginal farmers were 5.2, small farmers were 5.2 and semi medium farmers were 4.7.  Majority of the respondents (39.23%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 25.41 per cent illiterates, 72.36 per cent pre university education and 8.84 per cent attained graduation.  About, 91.89 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 8.11 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 56.35 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 86.49 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 5.41 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 75.68 per cent possess TV, 18.92 per cent possess mixer grinder, 94.59 per cent possess mobile phones and 29.73 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 27.03 per cent of the households possess plough, 10.81 per cent possess tractor, 13.51 per cent possess bullock cart and 35.14 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 27.03 per cent possess local cow.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 12.35, women available in the micro watershed was 1.22, hired labour (men) available was 1.41 and hired labour (women) available was 6.43.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 100.00 per cent (48.07 ha) of the area is under dry condition. 2  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Maize, Cotton, Jowar and cropping intensity was recorded as 99.98 per cent.  Out of the sample households 100.00 percent possessed bank account and 51.35 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 127.03 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 26.09 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 34.78 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 100.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Maize, Cotton and Jowar was Rs.54846.06, 24673.26, 34772.97 and 22695.97 with benefit cost ratio of 1:0.95, 1: 1.40, 1: 1.40 and 1: 2.10 respectively.  Further, 32.43 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 132751.89 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 59927.03 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 1 horticulture trees and 18 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  About 18.92 per cent of the households shown interest to cultivate horticultural crops.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 297.30 for land development and Rs. 17567.57 for irrigation facility.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 2.70 per cent depends on own funds.  Regarding marketing channels, 37.84 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 48.65 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 51.35 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (51.35%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 72.97 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 72.97 per cent of the households and 27.03 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 100.00 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 48.65 per cent of the households possess toilet facility. 3  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (62.16%), pulses (64.86%) and oilseeds (59.46%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (54.05%) wild animal menace on farm field (37.84%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (62.16%), inadequacy of irrigation water (67.57%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (83.78%), high rate of interest on credit (83.78%), low price for the agricultural commodities (81.08%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (78.38%), inadequate extension services (10.81%) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (64.86%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Belagunda-3 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 485 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 415 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils and 71 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 5 soil series and 5 soil phases (management units) and 2 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 19 per cent area are deep (100 - 150 cm) and 67 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are very deep (>150 cm).  About 5 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy and 80 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  Entire area of the microwatershed is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity and 5 per cent area medium (101-150 mm/m) in available water capacity.  Maximum of 50 per cent area in the microwatershed is nearly level (0-1%) and 35 per cent area is very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 69 per cent in the microwatershed is slightly (e1) eroded and 17 per cent area is moderately (e2) eroded lands.  An area of about 23 per cent is moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4), 58 per cent is strongly alkaline (pH 8.4- 9.0) and 4 per cent is very strongly alkaline (pH > 9.0) in reaction  The electrical conductivity is non saline (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus, 28 per area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 31per area is low (337 kg/ha).  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm).  About 1.0 ppm).  About 28 per cent area is deficient (4.5 ppm).  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in all the soils of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 269(55) Guava 25(5) - Maize 25(5) 244(50) Sapota 25(5) - Bajra 25(5) 244(50) Pomegranate 25(5) - Groundnut 25(5) 244(50) Musambi 25(5) - Sunflower - 25(5) Lime 25(5) - Redgram - 269(55) Amla 25(5) - Bengal gram - - Cashew - 25(5) Cotton - - Jackfruit 25(5) - Chilli 25(5) - Jamun 25(5) - Tomato 25(5) - Custard apple 25(5) - Brinjal 25(5) - Tamarind 25(5) - Onion 25(5) - Mulberry 25(5) - Bhendi 25(5) - Marigold 25(5) - Drumstick 25(5) - Chrysanthemum 25(5) - Mango 25(5) -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Belagunda-3 is located at North latitude 160 34' 11.759" and 160 32'43.028" and East longitude 770 12' 8.355'' and 770 10' 11.177" covering an area of about 474.74 ha coming under under Anura. B and Belagundi villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Belagunda-3 micro watersheds of Belagunda subwatershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 farmers were sampled in Belagunda-3 micro-watershed among households surveyed 8 (22.86%) were marginal, 19(54.29%) were small, 3 (8.57 %) were semi medium and 2 (5.71 %) were medium farmers. 3 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 91 (54.49%) men and 76 (45.51 %) were women. The average population of landless was 4.3, marginal farmers were 5.4, small farmers were 4.5, semi medium farmers were 6 and medium farmers were 3.5.  Majority of the respondents (44.31%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 53.29 per cent illiterates, 42.52 per cent pre university education and 4.79 per cent attained graduation.  About, 88.57 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 5.71 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 64.67 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 82.86 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 5.71 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 77.14 per cent possess TV, 40.00 per cent possess mixer grinder, 94.29 per cent possess mobile phones and 31.43 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 25.71 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.86 per cent possess tractor, 2.86 per cent possess bullock cart and 5.71 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 14.29 per cent possess local cow and 2.86 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.85, women available in the micro watershed was 1.18, hired labour (men) available was 13.09 and hired labour (women) available was 9.71. 2  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 71.75 per cent (43.07 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 22.97 per cent area is irrigated land.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Groundnut, Jowar, Paddy and Maize and cropping intensity was recorded as 100.00 per cent.  Out of the sample households 85.71 percent possessed bank account and 54.29 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 100.00 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 55.00 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 15.00 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Groundnut, Jowar, Paddy and Maize was Rs.29784.68, 37139.36, 37139.36, 36528.36 and 22730.15 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.70, 1: 1.00, 1: 1.00, 1: 0.70 and 1:1.40 respectively.  Further, 25.71 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 97142.86 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 50114.29 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 1 horticulture trees and 51 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 2628.57 for land development and Rs. 16428.57 for irrigation facility.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 2.86 per cent depends on own funds for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 91.43 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants.  Further, 91.43 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (28.57%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 94.29 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 65.71 per cent of the households and 37.14 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 100.00 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 97.14 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 51.43 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card. 3  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (100.00%), pulses (97.14%) and oilseeds (40.00%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (97.14%) wild animal menace on farm field (91.43%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (91.43%), inadequacy of irrigation water (80.00%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (91.43%), high rate of interest on credit (91.43%), low price for the agricultural commodities (60.00%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (60.00%), inadequate extension services (54.29%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (60.00%) and Less rainfall (2.86%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Katarki West-5 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 465 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 98 per cent is covered by soils and 2 per cent by water bodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 6 soil series and 10 soil phases (management units) and 2 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm) soils.  Entire area of about 98 per cent area has clayey soils at the surface.  Entire area of about 98 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 35 per cent is nearly sloping (0-1%) and 63 per cent area has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 43 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 55 per cent moderately eroded (e2) lands.  An area of about 27 per cent strongly alkaline (pH 8.4 to 9.0) and 71 per cent are very strongly alkaline (pH >9.0) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils is 0.75%) in organic carbon.  Available phosphorus is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium content.  Available sulphur is low (320 ppm) in 32 per cent soils.  Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 42 per cent area and 56 per cent area is medium (0.5-1.0 ppm).  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in 83 per cent and deficient (0.6 ppm) in about 6 per cent area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 242 (52) 215 (46) Sapota - - Maize - 456 (98) Pomegranate - 457 (98) Bajra - 414 (89) Musambi 242 (52) 215 (46) Groundnut - - Lime 242 (52) 215 (46) Sunflower 242 (52) 215 (46) Amla - 456 (98) Red gram - 375 (80) Cashew - - Bengalgram 242 (52) 215 (46) Jackfruit - - Cotton 242 (52) 215 (46) Jamun - 375 (80) Chilli - - Custard apple 242 (52) 214 (46) Tomato - - Tamarind - 375 (80) Brinjal - 456 (98) Mulberry 172 (37) Onion - - Marigold - 456 (98) Bhendi - 456 (98) Chrysanthemum - 456 (98) Drumstick - 457 (98) Jasmine - - Mango - - Crossandra - 234 (50) Guava - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 2 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops that helps in maintaining productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Katarki West-5 is located at North latitude 150 18' 23.464" and 150 16' 37.414" and East longitude 760 2' 19.89'' and 760 0' 27.357" covering an area of about 464.19 ha coming under Hireshindhogi, Mynahalli and Kavalura villages of Koppal taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Katarki West-5 micro watersheds of Katarki subwatershed, Koppal taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 42 total respondents, 13 (30.95 %) were marginal, 8 (19.05%) were small, 14 (33.33 %) were Semi medium and 2 (4.76 %) were medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 111 (54.95%) men and 91 (45.05 %) were women.  Majority of the respondents (43.07%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 31.68 per cent illiterates, 22.77 per cent of them had primary school education, 7.92 per cent middle school education, and 18.81 per cent high school education, 6.93 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.50 per cent of them had Diploma, 4.46 per cent attained graduation.  About, 38.10 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 59.52 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 28.71 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 90.48 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 2.38 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 71.43 per cent possess TV, 9.52 per cent possess mixer grinder, 92.86 per cent possess mobile phones and 23.81 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 4.76 per cent of the households possess plough, 9.52 per cent possess tractor, 7.14 per cent possess bullock cart and 7.14 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 19.05 per cent possess local cow and 4.76 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own men and women labour availability in the micro watershed was 9.46 each, while the hired labour (men) availability was 1.78.  Further, 2.38 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 91.96 per cent (65.47 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 8.04 per cent area is irrigated land. 2  There were 2.00 live bore wells and 1.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore/open well was the major source of irrigation for 4.76 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Maize, Bajra, Sorghum, Cotton, Bengal gram, Onion, Chilly, Horse gram and Sunflower and cropping intensity was recorded as 68.14 per cent.  Out of the sample households 40.48 percent possessed bank account and 4.76 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 40.48 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 11.76 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 25.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Maize, Bajra, Sorghum, Cotton, Sunflower, Bengal gram, Green gram, Chilly and Horse gram was Rs. 30286.90, 28631.42, 22789.25, 35695.78, 25497.99, 20584.67, 12634.17, 62713.75 and 14375.55 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.20, 1: 0.70, 1: 1.60, 1: 1.30, 1:2.00, 1:1.4, 1:3.2, 1:1.0 and 1:3.3 respectively.  Further, 33.33 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 23.81 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 72785.71 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 58690.48 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 19 horticulture trees and 42 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 3309.52 for land development, Rs.2642.86 for adoption of improved livestock breeds and Rs. 880.95 adoption of improved crop production activities.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned 51.16 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities, for improved livestock adoption was 16.3 per cent, for Improved livestock management was 16.3 per cent.  Regarding marketing channels, 109.52 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants.  Further, 97.62 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity. 3  Majority of the farmers (73.81%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 71.43 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 85.71 per cent of the households and 14.29 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 80.95 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 40.48 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 92.86 per cent of the households possessed BPL card, 2.38 per cent of the household's possessed APL card and 4.76 per cent of the household's were not having ration cards.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (100.00%), pulses (100.00%) and oilseeds (92.86%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (85.71%) wild animal menace on farm field (85.71%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (78.57%), inadequacy of irrigation water (7.14%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (78.57%), high rate of interest on credit (78.57%), low price for the agricultural commodities (78.57%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (73.81%), inadequate extension services (7.14%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (76.19%), Less rainfall (14.29%) and Source of Agri-technology information (Newspaper/ TV/Mobile) (4.76%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Raghunathanahalli West-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 434 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 98 per cent is covered by soils and 2 per cent by water bodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below  The soils belong to 12 soil series and 20 soil phases (management units) and 4 Land management units.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm).  Entire area in the microwatershed has clayey soils at the surface.  About 43 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m).  An area of about 21 per cent has nearly level (0-1%) lands and 77 per cent very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 44 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 54 per cent is moderately eroded (e2) lands.  An area of about 9.0) soils.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.5%) in 27 per cent, medium (0.5-0.75%) in 59 per cent and high (>0.75%) in 12 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available phosphorus is low (337 kg/ha) in 95 per cent of the soils.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 39 per cent area of the soils.  Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) in 14 per cent of the area.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 15 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area.  The land suitability for 28 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable(S1) Moderately suitable(S2) Highly suitable(S1) Moderately suitable(S2) Sorghum 76(18) 228(52) Pomegranate - 216(50) Maize - 286(66) Guava - - Bajra - 245(57) Jackfruit - - Redgram - 195(45) Jamun - 157(36) Bengalgram 117(27) 174(40) Musambi 39(9) 178 (41) Groundnut - 13(3) Lime 39(9) 178 (41) Sunflower 39(9) 178(41) Cashew - - Cotton 117(27) 187(43) Custard apple 117(27) 187(43) Chilli - 13(3) Amla - 304(70) Tomato - 13(3) Tamarind - 157(36) Drumstick - 217(50) Marigold - 305(70) Mulberry - 185(42) Chrysanthemum - 305(70) Mango - 46(11) Jasmine - 107(25) Sapota - - Crossandra - 107(25) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 4 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Drainage line treatment and soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Raghunathanahalli West-1 is located at North latitude 150 16' 32.303" and 150 15' 8.181" and East longitude 750 58' 8.739'' and 750 56' 48.64" covering an area of about 434.27 ha coming under Raghunathahalli, Gattareddyhala and Alavandi Villages of Koppal taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Raghunathanahalli West-1 micro watersheds of Murlapura sub-watershed, Koppala taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 38 farmers were sampled in Raghunathanahalli West-1 micro-watershed among households surveyed 18 (47.37%) were marginal, 12 (31.58%) were small, 1 (2.63 %) were semi medium, 1 (2.63 %) were medium and 1 (2.63 %) were large farmers. 5 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 116 (64.80%) men and 63 (35.20 %) were women. The average population of landless was 5.6, marginal farmers were 4.8, small farmers were 4.2, semi medium farmers were 6, medium farmers were 4 and large farmers were 4.  Majority of the respondents (40.78%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 29.05 per cent illiterates, 62.57 per cent pre university education and 9.50 per cent attained graduation.  About, 36.84 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 52.63 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 26.26 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 76.32 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 0.00 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 63.16 per cent possess TV, 5.26 per cent possess mixer grinder, 89.47 per cent possess mobile phones and 44.74 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 13.16 per cent of the households possess plough, 7.89 per cent possess tractor, 15.79 per cent possess bullock cart and 5.26 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 28.95 per cent possess local cow and 5.26 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.88, women available in the micro watershed was 1.24, hired labour (men) available was 1.88 and hired labour (women) available was 13.97.  Further, 7.89 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season. 2  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 92.98 per cent (53.40 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 4.74 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 3.00 live bore wells and 1.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 7.89 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Jowar, Bengal gram, Cotton, Sunflower and Groundnut and cropping intensity was recorded as 77.01 per cent.  Out of the sample households 81.58 percent possessed bank account and 5.26 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 7.89 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 66.67 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 50.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations, while, only 6.25 per cent respondents opined that loan amount was adequate to fulfil their requirement.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Jowar, Bengal gram, Cotton, Sunflower and Groundnut was Rs.38404.43 , 21560.79, 23755.52, 43797.85 and 67086.67 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.00, 1: 1.40, 1: 2.10, 1: 1.60 and 1:1.10 respectively.  Further, 15.79 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 90576.32 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 70365.79 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 79 horticulture trees and 48 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 3052.63 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 47.37 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 23.68 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 65.79 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 81.58 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (47.37%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 78.95 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Firewood was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 92.11 per cent of the households and 21.05 per cent households has LPG connection. 3  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 84.21 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 26.32 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 92.11 per cent of the households possessed BPL card, 2.63 per cent of the household's possessed APL card and 5.26 per cent of the household's were not having ration cards.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (44.74%), pulses (31.58%) and oilseeds (5.26%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (47.37%) wild animal menace on farm field (76.32%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (65.79%), inadequacy of irrigation water (73.68%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (71.05%), high rate of interest on credit (60.53%), low price for the agricultural commodities (71.05%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (68.42%), inadequate extension services (63.16%) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (42.11%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Arakera Khurd-2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 626 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 569 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, An area of about 57 ha by others (Habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 14 soil series and 23 soil phases (management units) and 6 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  An area about 569 ha (91%) in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 61 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep to very deep (75 - >150 cm) whereas 200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 9 per cent is low (51-100 mm/m) and 30 per cent area very low (4.5ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 255(41) 77(12) Sapota - 56(9) Maize - 332(53) Pomegranate - 330(53) Bajra - 332(53) Musambi 274(44) 56 (9) Groundnut - 58(9) Lime 274(44) 56 (9) Sunflower 255(41) 75(12) Amla 54(9) 278(44) Redgram - 331(53) Cashew - - Bengal gram 274(44) 58(9) Jackfruit - 56(9) Cotton 274(44) 58(9) Jamun - 274(44) Chilli - 313(50) Custard apple 330(53) 2(<1) Tomato - 259(41) Tamarind - 274(44) Drumstick - 331(53) Mulberry - 56(9) Mango - 61(10) Marigold - 333(53) Guava - 56(9) Chrysanthemum - 333(53) Brinjal 61(10) 271(43) Bhendi 61(10) 272(43) Onion - 154(24)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Arakera Khurd-2 is located at North latitude 160 46' 28.312" and 160 44' 33.005" and East longitude 770 18' 41.936'' and 770 15' 31.785" covering an area of about 627.75 ha coming under Arekera. K, Ganapura and Gopalapura Villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Arakera Khurd-2 micro watersheds of Gopalapur subwatershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 36 farmers were sampled in Arakera Khurd-2 micro-watershed among households surveyed 14 (38.89%) were marginal, 7 (19.44%) were small, 8 (22.22 %) were semi medium and 2 (5.56 %) were medium farmers. 5 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 101 (61.59%) men and 63 (38.41 %) were women. The average population of landless was 4.6, marginal farmers were 4.7, small farmers were 3.9, semi medium farmers 4.8 and medium farmers were 5.  Majority of the respondents (44.51%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 46.34 per cent of illiterates, 30.49 per cent of them had primary school education, 3.66 per cent middle school education, 5.49 per cent high school education, 9.15 per cent of them had PUC education, 2.44 per cent attained graduation and 1.83 them had other education.  About, 86.11 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 13.89 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 62.20 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 63.89 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 22.22 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 58.33 per cent possess TV, 11.11 per cent possess mixer grinder, 91.67 per cent possess mobile phones and 25.00 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 2.78 per cent of the households possess Bullock Cart, 30.56 per cent possess plough and 11.11 per cent possess Seed/Fertilizer Drill and Sprinkler, 30.56 per cent possess Sprayer and 27.78 per cent possess Weeder.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 11.11 per cent possess local cow and 8.33 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.6, women available in the micro watershed 2 was 1.29, hired labour (men) available was 5.6 and hired labour (women) available was 5.60.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 67.82 per cent (38.98 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 32.18 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 6.00 live bore wells and 5.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 19.45 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Cotton, Green gram, Groundnut and Paddy and cropping intensity was recorded as 83.31 per cent.  Out of the sample households 85.71 percent possessed bank account and 82.86 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 69.44 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 87.50 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 12.50 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 100.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Cotton, Green gram, Groundnut and Paddy was Rs.31094.90 , 18891.58, 24416.19, 25262.78, and 32071.34 with benefit cost ratio of 1:2.40, 1: 2.90, 1: 1.60, 1: 0.80, and 1:4.80 , respectively.  Further, 16.67 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 113202.78 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 43933.33 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 9 horticulture trees and 49 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  About 2.78 per cent of the households shown interest to cultivate horticultural crops.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 277.78 for land development and Rs. 1388.89 for irrigation facility.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 5.56 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 72.22 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 11.11 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 47.22 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (38.89%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 80.56 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing. 3  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 75.00 per cent of the households and 19.44 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 77.78 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 94.44 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 47.22 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 88.89 per cent of the households possessed BPL card and 5.56 per cent of the household's possessed APL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (91.67%), pulses (77.78%) and oilseeds (80.56%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (91.67%) wild animal menace on farm field (77.78%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (80.56%), inadequacy of irrigation water (83.33%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (80.56%), high rate of interest on credit (80.56%), low price for the agricultural commodities (77.78%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (75.00%), inadequate extension services (50.00%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (80.56%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Ashanal-4 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 452 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 402 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, about 30 ha in the microwatershed is covered by rock outcrops and about 20 ha by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 7 soil series and 10 soil phases (management units) and 6 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 52 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep to very deep (75 - >150 cm) and 37 per cent soils are shallow to moderately shallow (25-75 cm).  About 15 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 74 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  Entire area is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 30 per cent is low (51-100 mm/m) and 14 per cent area very low (9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire area of the microwatershed is dominantly 4.5 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 204(45) 135(30) Sapota - 33(7) Maize - 339(75) Pomegranate - 237(52) Bajra - 339(75) Musambi 55(12) 182 (40) Groundnut - 33(7) Lime 55(12) 182(40) Sunflower 110(24) 127(28) Amla - 339(75) Redgram - 237(52) Cashew - - Bengal gram 204(45) 102(23) Jackfruit - 33(7) Cotton 110(24) 196(44) Jamun - 204(45) Chilli - 339(73) Custard apple 237(52) 102(23) Tomato - 190(42) Tamarind - 204(45) Drumstick - 237(52) Mulberry - 33(7) Mango - - Marigold - 339(75) Guava - 33(7) Chrysanthemum - 339(75) Brinjal 149(33) 190(42) Bhendi 237(52) 102(23) Onion 182(40) 102(23)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Ashanal-4 is located at North latitude 160 48' 11.49" and 160 46' 0.097" and East longitude 770 12' 45.296'' and 770 11' 8.211" covering an area of about 451.34 ha coming under Kurakumbala, Mundaragi and Ashinala villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis indicated that, out of the total sample of 34 respondents, 7 (20.59%) were marginal, 14(41.18%) were small and 7 (20.59%) were semi medium and 1 (2.94%) were medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 114 (63.69%) men and 65 (36.31%) were women. Majority of the respondents (41.90%) were in the age group of 35-60 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, majority there were 40.22 per cent illiterates and only 4.47 per cent attained graduation.  About, 73.53 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 5.88 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 62.57 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 85.29 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 8.82 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 73.53 per cent possess TV, 58.82 per cent possess mixer grinder and 102.94 per cent possess mobile phones.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 32.35 per cent of the households possess plough and only 14.71 per cent sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 5.88 per cent possess local cow and 2.94 per cent possess buffalo respectively.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.71, women available in the micro watershed was 1.53, hired labour (men) available was 9.38 and hired labour (women) available was 7.91.  Further, 14.71 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season.  In the study area, about 2.23 per cent of the respondents migrated from the micro watershed in search of jobs with an average distance of 2720.00 kms for about 7.00 months.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents (40.65 ha), 85.67 per cent of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 12.33 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 2.00 bore wells among the sampled households. Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 5.88 per cent of the households. 2  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Cotton, Groundnut, Jowar and Paddy and cropping intensity was recorded as 100.00 per cent.  The sample households possessed 76.47 per cent bank account and 38.24 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 38.24 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources. Among the credit borrowed by households, 53.85 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 38.46 per cent from Cooperative bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00 %) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 100.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Cotton, Groundnut, Jowar and Paddy was Rs.29628.77, 33083.33, 60299.77, 40188.22 and 40549.18 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.30, 1: 1.00, 1: 0.60, 1: 0.70 and 1:1.10 respectively.  Further, 35.29 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 70561.76 in micro-watershed, of which Rs. 57885.29 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown horticulture crops was coconut (2) and Mango (4) trees in the fields and forest species have grown 49 neem trees, 12 tamarind trees, 1 banyan trees together in both field and backyard.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 1597.06 for land development, Rs. 88.24 for creation of irrigation facility, Rs.2470.59 for adoption of improved crop production and Rs.235.29 adoption of improved livestock management.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, from own sources for land development was 38.24, for irrigation facility was 2.94 per cent, for improved crop production was 32.35 per cent and for improved livestock management was 11.8 per cent.  Regarding marketing channels, 82.35 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 2.94 per cent have sold by Agents/Traders.  Further, 44.12 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (41.18 %) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 82.35 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Firewood connection was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 32.35 per cent of the households and 64.71 per cent households has LPG.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 97.06 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 26.47 per cent of the households possess toilet facility. 3  Regarding possession of PDS card, 94.12 per cent of the households possessed BPL card and 5.88 per cent do not possess PDS card. Cereals (58.82%), pulses (50.00%), oilseeds (26.47%) were adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (85.29%) wild animal menace on farm field (85.29%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (55.88%), inadequacy of irrigation water (85.29%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (79.41%), high rate of interest on credit (85.29%), low price for the agricultural commodities (82.35%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (55.88%), inadequate extension services (85.29%) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (79.41%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Chintakunta-1Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 580 ha in Chintakunta-1 microwatershedYadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 490 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 73 ha is covered by rock outcrops and 17 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 7 soil series and 11 soil phases (management units) and 6 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 490 ha area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 11 per cent of area is shallow (25-50 cm), 4 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately shallow (50-75 cm), 30 per cent area is moderately deep (75-100 cm), 12 per cent of area is deep (100 - 150 cm) and 28 per cent is very deep (>150 cm).  About 51 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 34 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  About 63 per cent area in the microwatershed is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 24 per cent is medium (101-150 mm/m), 10 per cent is low (51-100 mm/m) and 11 per cent area is very low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus content of the soil.  About 59 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in available potassium content and 26 per cent of area is high (>337 kg/ha).  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm in) in 7 per cent of the microwatershed.  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in an area of 82 per cent and deficient in an area of 2 per cent in the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 120 (21) 288 (50) Guava - 154 (27) Maize 154 (27) 254 (44) Sapota - 154 (27) Bajra 154 (27) 254 (44) Pomegranate - 319 (55) Groundnut 34 (6) 142 (24) Musambi - 319 (55) Sunflower - 319 (55) Lime - 319 (55) Redgram - 386 (67) Amla 154 (27) 22 (4) Bengal gram - 165 (28) Cashew - - Cotton - 285 (49) Jackfruit - 154 (27) Chilli 154 (27) 187 (32) Jamun - - Tomato 154 (27) 22 (4) Custard apple 34 (6) 307 (53) Brinjal 154 (27) 22 (4) Tamarind - - Onion 154 (27) 22 (4) Mulberry - 154 (27) Bhendi 154 (27) 187 (32) Marigold 154 (27) 187 (32) Drumstick - 154 (27) Chrysanthemum 154 (27) 187 (32) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Chintakunta-1 is located at North latitude 160 56' 35.717" and 160 55' 37.312'' and East longitude 770 15' 53.486'' and 770 14' 0" covering an area of about 265.61 ha coming under Khanapur Hosahalli and Benthakunta Villages of Yadgiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Chintakunta-1 micro watersheds of Motanahalli subwatershed, Yadagiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 33 farmers were sampled in Chintakunta-1 micro-watershed among households surveyed 18 (54.55%) were marginal, 8(24.24%) were small and 2 (6.06 %) were semi medium farmers. 5 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 91 (52.00%) men and 84 (48.00 %) were women.  Majority of the respondents (42.86%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 61.14 per cent illiterates, 31.43 percent pre university education and 6.86 per cent attained graduation.  About, 78.79 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 12.12 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 56.57 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 78.79 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 6.06 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 90.91 per cent possess TV, 33.33 per cent possess mixer grinder, 90.91 per cent possess mobile phones and 42.42 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 9.09 per cent of the households possess plough, 3.03 per cent possess bullock cart and 9.09 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 15.15 per cent possess local cow.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.86, women available in the micro watershed was 1.82, hired labour (men) available was 8.04 and hired labour (women) available was 7.14.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 96.69 per cent (24.47 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 3.31 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 1.00 live bore wells and 1.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 3.03 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Paddy, Groundnut, Redgram, Jowar and Green gram and cropping intensity was recorded as 100.00 per cent. 2  Out of the sample households 93.94 percent possessed bank account and 81.82 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 93.94 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 22.22 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 5.56 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (94.44%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Per hectare cost of cultivation for Paddy, Groundnut, Redgram, Jowar and Green gram was Rs.202392.12, 53256.86, 85678.43, 46007.64 and 195145.34 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.10, 1: 0.80, 1: 0.70, 1: 0.30 and 1:0.40 respectively.  Further, 33.33 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 3.03 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 105830.30 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 39800.00 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 15 horticulture trees and 42 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 2606.06 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 25.71 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 87.88 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants.  Further, 87.88 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (6.06%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 84.85 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing. Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 93.94 per cent of the households and 30.30 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 96.97 per cent of the households. Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households. In the study area, 54.55 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (75.76%), pulses (75.76%) and oilseeds (54.55%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (84.85%) wild animal menace on farm field (78.79%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (84.85%), inadequacy of irrigation water (84.85%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (84.85%), high rate of interest on credit (78.79%), low price for the agricultural commodities (60.61%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (60.61%), inadequate extension services (54.55%) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (69.70%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Thanagunda Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 864 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 755 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils and about 109 ha by others (Habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 8 soil series and 12 soil phases (management units) and 4 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  An area of about 87 per cent is suitable for agriculture in the microwatershed.  About 78 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are deep to very deep (100- >150 cm), 2 per cent soils are moderately deep (75-100), whereas 7 per cent soils are moderately shallow (50-75 cm) in the microwatershed.  About 4 percent soils are sandy, 15 percent soils are loamy and 69 per cent is clayey soils at the surface.  An area of about 72 per cent is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 2 per cent soils are medium (101-150 mm/m) and 7 per cent soils are low (51-100 mm/m) and very low (0.75%), 37 percent is medium (0.50-0.75%) and 49 percent is low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  An area of about 73 percent is high (>337kg/ha) and about 14 percent is medium (145-337kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur content is low (4.5ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc content is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 156(18) 573(66) Guava - 20(2) Maize 20(2) 709(82) Sapota - 20(2) Bajra 20(2) 709(82) Pomegranate - 573(66) Groundnut - 53(6) Musambi 136(16) 437(51) Sunflower 136(16) 437(51) Lime 136(16) 437(51) Redgram - 696(80) Amla 20(2) 149(20) Bengal gram 136(16) 417(48) Cashew - - Cotton 136(16) 417(48) Jackfruit - 20(2) Chilli 20(2) 586(68) Jamun - 136(16) Tomato 20(2) 33(4) Custard apple 136(16) 469(54) Brinjal 20(2) 33(4) Tamarind - 136(16) Onion 20(2) 33(4) Mulberry - 20(2) Bhendi 20(2) 586(68) Marigold 20(2) 586(68) Drumstick - 156(18) Chrysanthemum 20(2) 586(68) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Thanagunda is located at North latitude 160 48' 29.39" and 160 46' 19.75" and East longitude 770 4' 15.277'' and 770 1' 31.743" covering an area of about 863.23 ha coming under Tanagundhi and Thumakura Villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis indicated that, out of the total sample of 34 respondents, 18 (52.94%) were marginal, 6(17.65%) were small and 4 (11.76%) were semi medium, farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 81 (57.86%) men and 59 (42.14%) were women.  Majority of the respondents (40.71%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, majority there were 52.14 per cent illiterates, 0.71 per cent were functional literates.  About, 73.53 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 20.59 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 55.71 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 70.59 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 14.71 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 85.29 per cent possess TV, 47.06 per cent possess mixer grinder and 88.24 per cent possess mobile phones.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 32.35 per cent of the households possess plough.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 14.71 per cent possess local cow and 2.94 per cent possess buffalo respectively.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.62, women available in the micro watershed was 1.38, hired labour (men) available and hired labour (women) available was 6.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents (28.73 ha), 68.73 per cent of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 12.68 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 3 bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 8.82 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Cotton, Green gram, Sorghum and Onion and cropping intensity was recorded as 104.20 per cent.  The sample households possessed 91.18 per cent bank account and 23.53 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 73.53 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 16.67 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 33.33 per cent from Cooperative bank. 2  Majority of the respondents (100%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 100 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Cotton, Green gram, Sorghum and Onion was Rs.42441.95, 30371.62, 38012.81, 16255.04, and 51196.30 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.60, 1: 3.30, 1: 3.80, 1: 2, and 1:0.50 respectively.  Further, 17.65 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 5.88 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 78673.53 in micro-watershed, of which Rs. 38364.71 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown horticulture crops Mango (1) trees in the fields and forest species are 10 neem trees together in both field and backyard.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 1735.29 for land development and Rs.88.24 for adoption of improved crop production.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, own sources for land development was 11.76 and soft loan for land development was 5.88 per cent.  Regarding marketing channels, 38.24 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 35.29 per cent have sold by Agents/Traders.  Further, 70.59 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (55.88 %) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 67.65 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Firewood connection was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 94.12 per cent of the households and 14.71 per cent households has LPG.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 79.41 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 41.18 per cent of the households possess toilet facility. Regarding possession of PDS card, 100 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Cereals (88.24%), pulses (64.71%), oilseeds (70.59%) were adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (76.47%) wild animal menace on farm field (67.65%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (70.59%), inadequacy of irrigation water (67.65%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (70.59%), high rate of interest on credit (64.71%), low price for the agricultural commodities (67.65%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (67.65%), inadequate extension services (47.06%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (70.59%) and Less rainfall (8.82%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project