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In recent years, the accountability practices of digital journalism have gone from constituting an intimate and self-regulatory system of journalistic culture to a complex process that is increasingly external and open to the public (Fengler, Eberwein, Mazzoleni, Porlezza, & Russ-Mohl, 2014; Suárez-Villegas, Rodríguez-Martínez, Mauri-Ríos, & López-Meri, 2017). In this context, values and goals may remain diverse, arguably linked to idiosyncratic elements which often open a gap between traditional and more contemporary newsroom models. Following a qualitative approach, this study examines online media accountability instruments from a functional perspective, dividing its influence in three temporal phases of news production (Heikkilä et al., 2012). In this way, instruments that hold journalists responsible for their work are explored in four leading online news media from Spain: two digital native outlets (Eldiario.es and ElConfidencial.com) and two legacy outlets (ElPais.com and ElMundo.es). In addition to this observation, in-depth interviews are conducted with staff members in charge of audience management to explore the inner routines and protocols that determine the efficacy of such aspirations. Our work reveals the preponderant role of instruments focused on the actor and production transparency that the studied media implement to fulfill their responsibility, especially when compared with the weakened self-regulation instruments. The answers of the interviewees stress the difficulties they face in managing participatory forms of accountability and disclose tensions between different strategies, as well as other structural factors that are discussed as essential for the consolidation of these deontological initiatives.

Раздел "Международное право" - рубрика "Международное морское право" ; В статье рассматриваются вопросы имплементации норм международного морского права в национальном законодательстве Республики Беларусь. Автор анализирует нормы национального законодательства на предмет соответствия международным конвенциям в области безопасности морского судоходства, охраны морской среды, подготовки экипажей морских судов, членом которых является Республика Беларусь. Освещаются вопросы национальной принадлежности морского судна. Анализируются положения национального права, устанавливающие требования к эксплуатации и оснащению морских судов, а также предусматривающие ответственность за нарушения в области торгового мореплавания. = The article deals with implementation of international maritime law in national legislation of the Republic of Belarus. The author points out the compliance with international conventions in the field of maritime safety, marine environmental protection, training of seafarers in national legislation of the Republic of Belarus. The author also shows the problems of the nationality of vessel. Special attention is paid to the national laws, that establish certain requirements for operation and equipping of ships, and to the liability in the field of merchant shipping.

Objective Emerging evidence suggests that excessive sitting has negative health effects. However, this evidence largely relies on research using self-reported sitting time, which is known to be biased. To correct this bias, we aimed at developing a calibration model estimating "true" sitting from self-reported sitting. Methods Occupational sitting time was estimated by self-reports (the International Physical Activity Question-naire) and objective measurements (thigh-worn accelerometer) among 99 Swedish office workers at a governmental agency, at baseline and 3 and 12 months afterwards. Following compositional data analysis procedures, both sitting estimates were transformed into isometric log-ratios (ILR). This effectively addresses that times spent in various activities are inherently dependent and can be presented as values of only 0−100%. Linear regression was used to develop a simple calibration model estimating objectively measured "true" sitting ILR (dependent variable) from self-reported sitting ILR (independent variable). Additional self-reported variables were then added to construct a full calibration model. Performance of the models was assessed by root-mean-square (RMS) differences between estimated and objectively measured values. Models developed on baseline data were validated using the follow-up datasets. Results Uncalibrated self-reported sitting ILR showed an RMS error of 0.767. Simple and full calibration models (incorporating body mass index, office type, and gender) reduced this error to 0.422 (55%) and 0.398 (52%), respectively. In the validations, model performance decreased to 57%/62% (simple models) and 57%/62% (full models) for the two follow-up data sets, respectively. Conclusion Calibration adjusting for errors in self-reported sitting led to substantially more correct estimates of "true" sitting than uncalibrated self-reports. Validation indicated that model performance would change somewhat in new datasets and that full models perform no better than simple models, but calibration remained effective.

"Die Phänomene in den internationalen Beziehungen werden zunehmend wichtiger für den Alltag der Menschen. Zugleich bringt ihre zunehmende Komplexität die Gefahr mit sich, dass das hierfür notwendige analytische Verständnis und damit eine wesentliche Entscheidungsgrundlage für die demokratische Gesellschaft erodieren. Der Beitrag diskutiert mögliche Verständnisprobleme in diesem Bereich, die sowohl aus den internationalen Beziehungen als Gegenstand als auch aus der dazugehörigen wissenschaftlichen Disziplin der Internationalen Beziehungen resultieren." (Autorenreferat)

Analyzes the development of democracy in post-Soviet Kyrgyzstan, regional politics and security, and international involvement in promoting the rule of law; since 1991.

Journal of Political and Military Sociology, Spring, 1988. ; Refereed Journal Article ; The purpose of this paper is to develop an empirically verifiable framework for explaining patterns of third world defense expenditures. In doing so we have merged two areas of research that previously have been examined somewhat separately-economic (or ability to spend) with political (willingness to allocate resources to defense). In general our findings indicate that military regimes appear committed to developing the size of the defense sector to levels not warranted by economic size per se. They have done this through extensive use of externally borrowed funds. They have used increases in foreign exchange earnings to expand defense allocations, and they have distorted their price systems in a manner that facilitates increased defense expenditures. The major finding of the study is that ability and willingness factors, rather than external conditions, are instrumental in affecting third world military expenditures.

The article examines specifics of the impact of behavioral factors on mortality and morbidity. It shows that in the country on the whole the number of deaths exceeded the number of births by 1.2 times in January-August 2018, and in 29 subjects of the Russian Federation by 1.5–1.9 times. It is noted that in the conditions of socio-economic instability the living standards of most population are declining as well as the confidence in the future. This directly affects the psychological tension and the indicators of morbidity and premature mortality. Increase in the incidence of cancer is an important indicator of the seriousness of situation. Every year about 0.5 million Russians are diagnosed with cancer, the cancer mortality rate is around 280000 per year. It has been found that behavioral factor a priori determines life expectancy, and in view of this, the article substantiates the importance of studying self-preservation behavior of the population at the Federal level. It is shown that in Russian society the attitudes of self-destructive behavior of the population are formed, while in order to overcome the negative demographic trends in Russia it is necessary to change the attitude of people to their health with the help of the development of attitudes of self-preservation behavior. The main task of studying the self-preservation behavior of the population is to identify the role of a greater number of heterogeneous factors in determining the really observed life of the population of different regions. At the same time, it is necessary to look not only for the immediate cause, but also for the «causes» associated with a complex of factors. It is concluded, that lack of practical research and measures to improve public health and form a high culture of self-preservation behavior of the population, puts achievement of the goals of the State social and demographic policy at risk. It is proposed to pay a special attention to elaboration of the State strategy for reducing mortality and increasing life expectancy.

Britain's self-made man was defined by taste, money, influence, and most importantly, middle-class rank in the early decades of the Industrial Revolution. During the mid-1700s, a change began to take place between the social classes, stripping the aristocracy of their role as Britain's foremost connoisseurs and trendsetters. The shift from aristocratic indulgences to those of the newly wealthy middle class stemmed from a number of factors. For one, the economy was changing during the 18th-century. An industrial environment, which often included factories and workers, was the new-found key to the financial success of self-made men. As David Kutcha explains, "late eighteenth and early nineteenth-century English aristocrats lost control of the meanings of consumption, as political, economic, and clothing reformers succeeded in portraying aristocratic men as prodigal parasites living off of a virtuous and industrious nation" (135). To prove that the individuals in England's highest social class were unworthy of their role as connoisseurs of taste, middle-class reformers attacked the aristocracy, declaring that the upper classes were unworthy of their status and were living off the successes provided by industry and self-made men.Portraiture created in Britain during the 18th- and 19th-centuries, particularly paintings by William Hogarth (1697-1764) and Thomas Gainsborough (1727-1788), exemplifies the myth of the self-made man, as well as the shift in social class dominance. Moreover, portraiture emphasizes the middle-class's adoption of aristocratic visual language, while in turn depicting men as wealthy industrials who benefit the national economy and define the manly character of England. Although middle-class reformers were determined to prove that the titled class was effeminate and parasitic, it was the aristocratic ideal of masculinity that the middling ranks adopted as their own. English artists Hogarth and Gainsborough were influential in addressing the tension produced by the shifting social lines of the Industrial Revolution. Bound to Britain's wealth for their own survival, both Hogarth and Gainsborough sought the patronage of the rising middle-class while sustaining their own notions of the self-made myth.

Objective: Self-help agencies (SHAs) are consumer-operated service organizations managed as participatory democracies involving members in all management tasks. Hierarchically organized board- and staff-run consumer-operated service programs (BSR-COSPs) are consumer managed, but they afford members less decision-making power. This study considered the relative effectiveness of SHAs and BSR-COSPs working jointly with community mental health agencies (CMHAs) and the role of organizational empowerment in reducing self-stigma. Methods: Clients seeking CMHA services were assigned in separate randomized controlled trials to a trial of combined SHA and CMHA services versus regular CMHA services (N=505) or to a trial of combined BSR-COSP and CMHA services versus regular CMHA services (N=139). Self-stigma, organizational empowerment, and self-efficacy were assessed at baseline and eight months with the Attitudes Toward Persons With Mental Illness Scale, the Organizationally Mediated Empowerment Scale, and the Self-Efficacy Scale. Outcomes were evaluated with fully recursive path analysis models. Results: SHA-CMHA participants experienced greater positive change in self-stigma than CMHA-only participants, a result attributable to participation in the combined condition (b=1.20, p=.016) and increased organizational empowerment (b=.27, p=.003). BSR-COSP- CMHA participants experienced greater negative change in self-stigma than CMHA-only participants, a result attributable to participation in the combined service (b=24.73, p=.031). In the SHA-CMHA trial, participants showed positive change in self-efficacy, whereas the change among BSR-COSP-CMHA participants was negative. Conclusions: Differential organizational empowerment efforts in the SHA and BSR-COSP appeared to account for the differing outcomes. Members experienced reduced self-stigma and increases in self-efficacy when they were engaged in responsible roles.