Suchergebnisse

As part of the reCreating Europe project, one strand of work focuses on how the territorial nature of copyright and related rights can hinder the realisation of the digital single market. The EU's primary interest in regulating intellectual property lies in furthering the establishment and functioning of the internal market. The international framework of treaties to a large degree shapes the actual space the EU and its Member States have to legislate copyright and neighbouring rights. The objective of this paper is to analyze the space that the international system allows the EU to take measures overcoming territoriality problems. In order to do that, we first recapitulate what those current mechanisms are. In chapter 2 we describe the position of the EU and its Member States in the field of international intellectual property, and the key features of the main treaties. For a better understanding of the landscape, in chapter 3 we map the most important grounds of competence of the EU relevant to copyright and neighbouring rights. Chapter 4 analyzes the current 'anti-territoriality' mechanisms identified in Deliverable 4.1 against the background of the international treaties. The concluding Chapter 5 summarizes the findings and elaborates issues to consider should the EU proceed with more far-reaching measures. This work ultimately feeds into the third stage of Recreating Europe's work package 4 on territoriality. The deliverable is under acceptance by the European Commission.

Obgleich die Disziplin der internationalen Beziehungen global sein will, bleibt sie allzu häufig von westlichen Wissenschaftlern dominiert. Doch wie kann internationale Politik anders gedacht werden? Welche Perspektiven ergeben sich auch für westliche WissenschaftlerInnen aus einem Perspektivwechsel? Und welche Herausforderungen bringt dies mit sich?

IntroductionThe International Methodology Consortium for Coded Health Information (IMeCCHI) is a collaboration of health services researchers who promote methodological advances in coded health information. The IMeCCHI-DATANETWORK initiative focuses on developing a multi-purpose distributed data infrastructure and common data model (CDM) to enable cross-border data sharing and international comparisons.
MethodsIMeCCHI consortium partners from six different countries – Canada, Denmark, Italy, New Zealand, South Korea, and Switzerland – used a questionnaire to describe their original databases which differ in size, structure, content and coding systems. To standardize these data, they agreed on a CDM and mapped their population-based databases to meet the CDM specifications. At the end of this process, local data had a more homogenous content and structure, which made them syntactically and semantically interoperable. Data transformation was performed using a common data management software called TheMatrix.
ResultsThe CDM encompasses four tables of structured data (person characteristics, hospitalizations, outpatient prescription medication and death), linked at the individual level through a person identifier. It can be used to answer research questions across countries using locally converted databases, which facilitates study replication in a distributed fashion. As a proof-of-concept study, an initial research question was addressed using an agreed protocol. Local data were transformed in csv files in the CDM structure and TheMatrix was tested to transform the standardized data from each partner into local analytical datasets. This allowed results to be shared between countries, whilst maintaining local control over each region's data.
ConclusionThe IMeCCHI-DATANETWORK, a model of a distributed data network, demonstrated that it is feasible to analyze international data using standardized analytical methods that enable independent analyses by regions, without relocating datasets thereby protecting local confidentiality obligations. The distributed data infrastructure can produce results that can be generalized to several countries, while facilitating cross-border data sharing and international comparisons.

The grave inadequacy of current international attempts to curtail organ trafficking signals the need for a new approach in the form of a fundamental paradigm shift. Instead of continuing to focus efforts solely on criminalization, countries must devise a broad scheme aimed at decreasing organ shortages. These shortages fuel the illegal organ market, as people desperate for life-saving transplants travel internationally to purchase organs. Until the demand for this underground market subsides, traffickers will continue to exploit inconsistent legal loopholes in different countries by hopping across borders. To effectively address this problem, the international community must craft a new binding instrument that uniformly criminalizes organ trafficking while simultaneously encouraging domestic legislation to address the organ shortage.