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This article explains the basis for electoral support for political parties in the Czech and Slovak Republics in the post-1993 period. The database consists of results from Parliamentary elections (in the Czech context, elections to the Chamber of Deputies) and of data obtained from censuses carried out by statistical agencies. The theory of conflict lines developed by Stein Rokkan and Seymour M. Lipset was chosen as the theoretical basis. The key analytical tool employed is linear regression. The explanation provided evaluates the dependence of political party electoral support (as defined by seats won in elections) upon socioeconomic variables contained in the theory. Analysis of the results shows that the support parties receive in elections depends significantly upon social characteristics. An especially clear explanation is generated for the support given to Christian and ethnic parties. For protest parties, the impact of the constituent social and economic structure is only marginal.

The author wishes to expound the dependence that Saavedra's political theory -as treatise for the education of the prince- still has from philosophical Aristotelism, and not just from his anthropology but also from the issue of virtues. However, even more decisive -and more operative- than this philosophical cue appears the theory of the natural law, the recognition key for the catholic dimension of his thinking. ; El autor desea exponer la dependencia que la teoría política de Saavedra, en tanto tratado de educación del príncipes, todavía mantiene respecto del aristotelismo filosófico, y no sólo respecto de su antropología, sino también en relación con el asunto de las virtudes. Sin embargo, más eterminante todavía que este resto filosófico, y más operativo, aparece la teoría de la ley natural, la clave de reconocimiento de la dimensión católica de su pensamieto.

El autor desea exponer la dependencia que la teoría política de Saavedra, en tanto tratado de educación del príncipes, todavía mantiene respecto del aristotelismo filosófico, y no sólo respecto de su antropología, sino también en relación con el asunto de las virtudes. Sin embargo, más eterminante todavía que este resto filosófico, y más operativo, aparece la teoría de la ley natural, la clave de reconocimiento de la dimensiòn católica de su pensamieto. ; The author wishes to expound the dependence that Saavedra's political theory —as treatise for the education of the prince— still has from philosophical Aristotelism, and not just from his anthropology but also from the issue of virtues. However, even more decisive —and more operative— than this philosophical cue appears the theory of the natural law, the recognition key for the catholic dimension of his thinking.

The emergence and evolution of the literature dealing with interdependence in the international System is looked into. An attempt is made to show its significance and main points as well as its implications. The debates on interdependence within the North-American political context are regarded as solutions to the preceding issues on dependence. Interesting passages are dedicated to the impact of the interdependence theory on the interpretation of the international system, as illustrated by two schools of thought in foreign policy (Kissinger-Brzezinski). Linkage of the tactical and strategic aspects to the economic and political interrelation of international relations, as put forward by policy makers, has brought to the fore the difficulties and limits of negotiation in the face of competition and in the aftermath of confrontation. This paper offers subtle, yet positive, conclusions on the use of the interdependance theory in international policy.

The purpose of this paper is to explain why the standard continuum theory fails to properly describe certain mechanical phenomena and how the description can be improved by enrichments that incorporate the influence of gradients or weighted spatial averages of strain or of an internal variable. Three typical mechanical problems that require such enrichments are presented: (i) dispersion of short elastic waves in heterogeneous or discrete media, (ii) size effects in microscale elastoplasticity, in particular with the size dependence of the apparent hardening modulus, and (iii) localization of strain and damage in quasibrittle structures and with the resulting transitional size effect. Problems covered in the examples encompass static and dynamic phenomena, linear and nonlinear behavior, and three constitutive frameworks, namely elasticity, plasticity and continuum damage mechanics. This shows that enrichments of the standard continuum theory can be useful in a wide range of mechanical problems.

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to apply the institution-based view and resource dependence theory in arguing that perceived deficiencies in a legal service sector where a foreign subsidiary operates will influence the intensity of its political ties with actors in both the regulatory and legal arenas. The authors further theorized that these relationships will vary across governance environments.Design/methodology/approachThe research context for this study was multinational enterprises (MNE) wholly owned foreign subsidiaries and international joint ventures (IJVs) operating in the Philippines and Thailand. Data for most variables in this study came from primary survey data collected in 2018 from senior managers of MNE WOSs and IJVs operating in the Philippines and Thailand.FindingsThe authors' analysis of 352 foreign subsidiaries operating in the Philippines and Thailand show that, in a flawed democracy, perceived deficient legal services enhance the intensity of foreign subsidiary political ties with government actors in both the regulatory and legal arena. However, in a hybrid regime, perceived deficient legal services enhance only the intensity of foreign subsidiary political ties with government actors in the regulatory arena. The authors' findings also suggest that the relationship between perceived deficiencies in legal service sector and the intensity of political ties is stronger for foreign subsidiaries that operate in heavily regulated industries across both a flawed democracy and hybrid regime. Conversely, the authors do not find the market orientation of these foreign subsidiaries to play a role in this process.Research limitations/implicationsThe authors' study was unable to control for whether managerial perceptions of deficient legal services were well informed at the local or federal level. This issue raises the question of will the presence of an in-house legal department influence managerial perceptions with regard to deficiencies within a legal service sector? Based on these limitations, the authors suggest that future research can further extend political ties research by using a fine-grained analysis in investigating the antecedents of managerial perceptions of legal services within different legal jurisdictions.Originality/valueThe political ties literature has largely argued that political ties are more prevalent in environmental contexts comprising institutional voids as MNEs attempt to mitigate volatility associated with the lack of developed institutional infrastructure (e.g. Blumentritt & Nigh, 2002; Bucheliet al., 2018). However, the concept of institutional voids is very broad and still rather abstract in nature. Hence, scholars have yet to fully understand what types of institutional voids may drive MNE foreign subsidiary political tie intensity in varying governance contextsThe authors' study attempts to contribute to this important line of research by investigating how one type of institutional void, namely, perceived deficiencies in the legal service sector, can influence the intensity of political ties in varying governance environments.

AbstractManuscript TypeEmpiricalResearch Question/IssueWhile most prior studies on the value of political connections focus on the political connections of controlling shareholders and top management, we examine the performance impact of appointing politically connected outside directors (PCODs) in Korean chaebol firms.Research Findings/InsightsUsing a manually collected sample of PCODs in Korean chaebol firms, we find that larger, high‐performing, less volatile firms with a larger board and higher divergence between voting rights and cash flow rights are more likely to appoint PCODs in the next year. We also report that firms with a high number of PCODs exhibit better operating performance and enjoy lower risk. On the other hand, we find evidence of weak monitoring ability by PCODs. Overall, we suggest that the number of PCODs correlates positively with firm performance, and that the value effect of PCODs increases with the importance of internal trade among group affiliates, the existence of inside directorship by controlling shareholders, and potential settlements from pending litigation. We further differentiate between PCODs and find that former government officials as PCODs drive our findings.Theoretical/Academic ImplicationsThis study contributes to corporate governance knowledge by revealing the relationship between PCODs and firm performance via an empirical inquiry into the role of PCODs on the board. As the controlling shareholders of Korean chaebol firms obtain greater private benefits of control, and such firms may face active government involvement in curbing controlling shareholders' rent extraction, we examine the role and effects of PCODs in these situations and find evidence of the PCOD's value‐enhancing effect. We also complement and extend prior studies by providing more direct mechanisms through which PCODs can add value above and beyond firms' ownership structure. Additionally, we expand the concept of political connection by analyzing outside directors' human and social capital from the resource dependence theory perspective. Our attempt complements prior research's exclusive focus on connections of large shareholders or top executives to political parties and is more comprehensive in illustrating the firm's dynamic business environment.Practitioner/Policy ImplicationsThe results of our study are potentially useful to regulators, who will benefit from an understanding of how the presence of PCODs on boards affects firm performance. In particular, our results suggest that in countries where recent reforms aim to improve minority investor protection and market confidence, regulators should consider the composition of outside directors as well as explicit board independence. The results of our study may also be useful to investors, financial analysts, and auditors, as they highlight the importance of considering specific features of board composition when assessing firms' future operating performance and risk mechanisms.

Pensar y pensarse como sujeto intelectual fue uno de los denominadores comunes de los cineastas políticos en la larga década del sesenta, tarea que llevaron a cabo desde múltiples espacios (publicaciones, conferencias, festivales, incluso desde sus mismas obras). Aventureros en un medio hostil, los directores convirtieron la cámara en una herramienta de transformación y cambio. La radicalización política, la teoría de la dependencia, la lucha antiimperialista, las banderas de liberación latinoamericanistas y los embates revolucionarios, eran temáticas recurrentes en el ámbito intelectual cinematográfico, aunque, claro está, eran cuestiones que concernían al campo artístico argentino en su totalidad. Dentro de este contexto, sin embargo, también se desarrolló una serie de debates particulares, que hacían a la especificidad del cine como medio. Cuestiones como la utilización del film como herramienta revolucionaria, la capacidad de generar conciencia crítica y actores políticos activos, las prácticas clandestinas de exhibición y producción y la concepción del hecho fílmico como un acto eran algunos de los temas que rondaban la figura del cineasta/intelectual hacia finales de la década del sesenta. ; One common denominator of Latin-American political filmmakers of the sixties was to think of themselves as intellectuals. This was a duty they assumed in different spheres of activity (publications, conferences, festivals, even their own work). Adventurers in a hostile media, filmmakers convert the camera into a tool of transformation and change. Political radicalization, dependence theory, anti-imperialist fight, and revolutionary causes, were recurrent topics in the intellectual film field, although, they also concerned the whole of the artistic field in Argentina. In this context, several debates regarding the specificity of film as a media took place. The camera as a gun, the capacity of generating critical conscience and politically active agents, clandestine practices of exhibition and production, and the conception of the filmic moment as an act, were some of the subjects that concerned the filmmaker/intellectual figure towards the end of the sixties.Cuando en 1969, Fernando "Pino" Solanas y Octavio Getino proyectaban La hora de los hornos (Cine Liberación, 1966-1968) en una fábrica o en una delegación sindical frente a trabajadores, estudiantes y activistas políticos, no lo hacían en tanto cineastas sino en calidad de intelectuales revolucionarios. Las ideas que en otros ámbitos se confinaban al mundo de las letras, se traducían en una imponente yuxtaposición de imágenes y sonidos. ; Fil: Wolkowicz, Paula Casiana. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Filosofía y Letras. Instituto de Historia del Arte Argentino y Latinoamericano; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina

Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- CONTENTS -- LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS -- PREFACE -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- PART ONE: INTRODUCTION -- CHAPTER ONE: Behavioral Economics: Past, Present, Future -- PART TWO: BASIC TOPICS -- REFERENCE-DEPENDENCE AND LOSS-AVERSION -- CHAPTER TWO: Experimental Tests of the Endowment Effect and the Coase Theorem -- CHAPTER THREE: Mental Accounting Matters -- PREFERENCES OVER RISKY AND UNCERTAIN OUTCOMES -- CHAPTER FOUR: Developments in Nonexpected-Utility Theory: The Hunt for a Descriptive Theory of Choice under Risk -- CHAPTER FIVE: Prospect Theory in the Wild: Evidence from the Field -- INTERTEMPORAL CHOICE -- CHAPTER SIX: Time Discounting and Time Preference: A Critical Review -- CHAPTER SEVEN: Doing It Now or Later -- FAIRNESS AND SOCIAL PREFERENCES -- CHAPTER EIGHT: Fairness as a Constraint on Profit Seeking: Entitlements in the Market -- CHAPTER NINE: A Theory of Fairness, Competition, and Cooperation -- CHAPTER TEN: Incorporating Fairness into Game Theory and Economics -- CHAPTER ELEVEN: Explaining Bargaining Impasse: The Role of Self-Serving Biases -- GAME THEORY -- CHAPTER TWELVE Theory and Experiment in the Analysis of Strategic Interaction -- CHAPTER THIRTEEN: Behavioral Game Theory: Predicting Human Behavior in Strategic Situations -- PART THREE: APPLICATIONS -- MACROECONOMICS AND SAVINGS -- CHAPTER FOURTEEN: Mental Accounting, Saving, and Self-Control -- CHAPTER FIFTEEN: Golden Eggs and Hyperbolic Discounting David Laibson -- CHAPTER SIXTEEN: The Fair Wage-Effort Hypothesis and Unemployment -- CHAPTER SEVENTEEN: Money Illusion -- LABOR ECONOMICS -- CHAPTER EIGHTEEN: Fairness and Retaliation: The Economics of Reciprocity -- CHAPTER NINETEEN: Labor Supply of New York City Cab Drivers: One Day at a Time -- CHAPTER TWENTY: Wages, Seniority, and the Demand for Rising Consumption Profiles

The paper focuses on important topics of the new banking regulation Basel III: leverage and liquidity. Using linear regression, I analysed the long term liquidity, leverage ratios and profitability of banks in the 12 emerging market new EU members and developed, old member countries between 2008 and 2010. I point out that in the EU12 there was a negative relationship between profits and interbank market dependence in 2010, while positive correlation existed between profits and funding base stability ratio. In the case of EU15 there was a negative correlation between solvency and profitability in 2008, while the relationship is positive between capital quality (more tier 1 capital) and profitability. Furthermore, I have tested the Myers-Majluf theory with monthly aggregated equity issue and the Dow Jones financial institutions index changes relating to the eurozone between 1990 and 2011. According to this theory, equity issue leads to lower equity prices. I point out that on an aggregated level (the eurozone) the theory cannot be proved. The Myers-Majluf theory is particularly important in the process of banking recapitalisation, since it dictates slower banking capitalisation. From the perspective of a macroprudential policy, capital increase would be more beneficial than asset decrease.

The excitations produced by fast electrons impinging perpendicularly on both metallic and semiconductor cylindrical nanowires are investigated within the framework of dielectric theory. The dependence of the electron energy-loss spectra (EELS) on the nanowire radius is studied in detail, and so is the spatial extension of the induced-charge fluctuations associated to the modes that are excited during the loss process. The limits of applicability of dielectric theory to nanowires are discussed. In particular, comparison between the present theory and EELS measurements performed with silicon nanofibers support the use of dielectric theory at the scale of a few nanometers in diameter, and it is shown that this positive result is justified in terms of the longitudinal pattern of the induced surface plasmons. Finally, the effect of nanowire termination on the electron energy-loss probability for electrons passing near the edge is calculated using the boundary charge method, showing that the range of this effect can extend up to tens of nanometers for low-energy m=0 modes. ; Support from the Basque government and Basque Country University is acknowledged. One of the authors E.O. also acknowledges the Spanish Ministerio de Educacion y Cultura for financial support under Contract No. PB98-0780-C02. ; Peer reviewed

This paper uses the findings of a critical ethnography studying the interactions of adult colleagues (Korth, 1998) to propose a critical approach to care theory and research. The argument proceeds from Jaggar's (1995) critique of the scholarship on care. Her criticism voices concerns regarding the lack of attention to the justificatory potential of care research/theory and the over-dependence on particularities. This paper provides one set of responses capable of addressing these concerns and of reformulating the concerns into a more complex conceptualization of care. The resulting analysis implies a theory of care as a pragmatic-communicative construct, one that is more precise, but compatible with the interpersonal rationality to which Noddings (1991) attributes caring. Care emerges as a communicative act with a complex but definitive horizon structure. Care did not reconstruct from on-going interactions as a simple intention, nor a feeling, nor anything extra-rational or non-rational. This approach to understanding caring locates Jaggars concerns within the interpretive life of interactants. The papers specific contributions include exemplifying a refined analysis of care-in-action, articulating a meta-theory useful for the theory and study of care, introducing a typology of caring acts, demonstrating the critical potential of care research, and illustrating the connection between critique and justification.

Introduction -- The Importance of Rating and the Disadvantages of Existing Rating Systems -- Part I Corporate Finance Theories used in Ratings and in Rating Methodologies -- Modern Theory of Capital Cost and Capital Structure: Brusov–Filatova–Orekhova Theory (BFO Theory) -- Modification of the Modigliani–Miller theory for the case of advance tax on profit payments -- Modern Theory of Capital Cost and Capital Structure: Brusov–Filatova–Orekhova Theory (BFO Theory) -- Part II Ratings and Rating Methodologies of Non–financial Issuers -- Application of the Modigliani–Miller Theory in Rating Methodology -- Application of the Modigliani–Miller Theory, Modified For the Case of Advance Payments of Tax on Profit, in Rating Methodologies -- Application of Brusov–Filatova–Orekhova theory (BFO theory) in Rating Methodology -- Part III Project Ratings -- Investment Models with Debt Repayment at the End of the Project and Their Application -- Investment Models with Uniform Debt Repayment and Their Application -- A New Approach to Ratings of the Long–Term Projects -- Ratings of the Investment Projects of Arbitrary Durations: New Methodology -- Ratings of Investment Projects of Arbitrary Duration with a Uniform Debt Repayment: a new approach -- Part IV New Meaningful Effects in Modern Capital Structure Theory (BFO Theory) Which Should be Accounting in Rating Methodologies -- The Golden Age of the Company (Three Colors of Company's Time) -- A "silver age" of the Companies. Conditions of existence of "golden age" and "silver age"effects` -- Inflation in Brusov–Filatova–Orekhova Theory and in Its Perpetuity Limit–Modigliani–Miller Theory -- A Qualitatively New Effect in Corporate Finance: Abnormal Dependence of Equity Cost of Company on Leverage Level -- The Impact of Taxing and Leverage in Evaluation of Capital Cost, Capitalization of the Company and Issued Ratings -- Recommendations to international rating agencies (Big Three (Standard & Poor's, Fitch and Moody's), European) and national ones (ACRA, Chinese etc.) -- Conclusions.

The mathematical theory of optimal control/differential games is used to study the structure of optimal allocation policies for some tactical allocation problems with combat described by Lanchester-type equations of warfare. Both deterministic and stochastic attrition processes are considered. For the optimal control of deterministic Lanchester-type attrition process, a general solution algorithm for the synthesis of the optimal policy is developed. Optimal allocation policies are developed for numerous one-sided optimization problems of tactical interest in order to study the dependence of the structure of these optimal policies on model form. Consideration has been given to singular extremals, multiple extremals (including dispersal surfaces), and state variable inequality constraints. It is shown how to apply the theory of state variable inequality constraints to determine the optimal control of deterministic Lanchester-type processes in order to treat non-negativity restrictions on force levels and thus to study the dependence of optimal policies upon the force levels. Various attrition models are considered (reflecting different assumptions as to target acquisition process, command and control capabilities, target engagement process, variations in range capabilities of weapon systems). Solutions are developed for Lanchester-type equations of modern warfare with variable attrition-rate coefficients. The optimal control of the Lanchester stochastic process is studied. (Author) ; Naval Analysis Programs, Office of Naval Research under ONR Project Order PO2-0150 and Task Number NR 276-039. ; http://archive.org/details/applicationofdif2111tayl ; Research sponsored by Naval Analysis Programs, Office of Naval Research under ONR Project Order P02-0150 and Task Number NR 276-039 -- Cover. ; NA

AbstractForests offer critical social, economic, and ecological benefits. As fifty‐five percent of Georgia's forests are family‐owned, management decisions of these forest landowners have a considerable impact on the state's environment and beyond. So far, little is known about what drives the conservation intentions of forest landowners and how these drivers vary by gender. However, several studies outside the field of forestry have theorized that place attachment predicts pro‐environmental views and behaviors. To test this theory, we surveyed 1,143 family forest landowners in Georgia. Our results show that male landowners report stronger attachments to their forest, except for continuing family legacies which is of greater importance for female landowners. Regression models show that all dimensions of place attachments (dependence, identity, satisfaction, and family legacy) are strong predictors for conservation intentions in males. In contrast, the level of education and only a few dimensions (satisfaction and, to a lesser extent, dependence) of place attachment predict conservation intentions in females. As gender demographics in forest landowners are shifting and environmental degradation is an increasingly pressing concern, this study provides important insights and offers directions for further research for policymakers, researchers, and extension agents.