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Interpersonal trust relies on positive expectations about other people. Social psychology distinguishes ingroup (individuals share social identity, e.g., family) from outgroup trust (individuals do not share social identity, e.g., strangers). We conducted an experimental study to test if divergent thinking, which relies on an inclusive processing mode, differently affected ingroup and outgroup trust during the lockdown due to the COVID-19 pandemic. A sample of 114 healthy college students, with no prior or current COVID-19 infection (mean age = 23.66, sd = 2.53, 89% women) was recruited. Interpersonal trust was measured by three ingroup and three outgroup trust items. Divergent thinking was measured by the alternative uses task, which asked to find alternative uses for common objects. Divergent thinking was scored by two independent raters in terms of fluency and quality of ideas. To control for generalized anxiety and mood states, the generalized anxiety disorder scale and the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule were administered, respectively. To control for the inclusiveness of divergent thinking performance, the alternative uses task was administered using three types of instructions. Thus, the sample was divided in three groups of 38 participants according to the divergent thinking task instructions: "be-fluent: find as many different uses for the objects", "be-creative: find creative uses for the objects", and "be fluent and creative: find as many different and creative uses of the objects". The hierarchical regression analyses showed that the quality, but not the quantity of divergent thinking positively predicted only outgroup trust, whereas the mood positively predicted ingroup trust. Divergent thinking task instructions did not affect interpersonal trust. Thus, in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, the quality of divergent thinking supports only outgroup trust based on the inclusive processing mode, meaning that people showing high ability to produce uncommon, remote and clever ideas are more inclusive and by consequence more prone to trust strangers. Limitations and implications are discussed.

AIDS is not solely a medical issue but also has profound implications for social and family relationships. Traditionally when a person is ill, the family is seen to provide emotional, practical and social support. Experience has shown, however, that AIDS disrupts this conventional pattern of support. On the one hand AIDS, like any other serious illness, affects family members both from day to day and in the long term. What distinguishes AIDS from so many other illnesses is the associated social stigma and the fact that HIV may be transmissible, or may have been transmitted, within a relationsh

- The essay proposes a reflection on social sustainability in reference to tourist consumption. The goal is to analyze the transformation processes of typical in tourist attraction products and the role played by the local community in these processes. The transformation of a typical product into attraction is depicted as one of the most relevant aspects in contemporary models of tourist comsumption. These processes however are not free from contradictions and they produce important consequences in relation to dynamics of change of social relation models that regulate community life.

While many current analyses of democracy focus on creating a more civil, respectful debate among competing political viewpoints, this study argues that the existence of structural social inequality requires us to go beyond the realm of political debate. Challenging prominent contemporary theories of democracy, the author draws on John Dewey to bring the work of combating social inequality into the forefront of democratic thought. Dewey's 'pragmatic' principles are deployed to present democracy as a developing concept constantly confronting unique conditions obstructing its growth. Under structurally unequal social conditions, democracy is thereby seen as demanding the overcoming of this inequality; this inequality corrupts even well-organized forums of political debate, and prevents individuals from governing their everyday lives. Dewey's approach shows that the process of fighting social inequality is uniquely democratic, and he avoids current democratic theory's tendency to abstract from this inequality.

This book challenges the separation between CSR and law. It also demonstrates that BRHR may be gradually separating from CSR through emphasis on state obligations. Authors from around the world discuss how businesses engage in CSR and human rights, and how governments and intergovernmental organisations may support business in taking responsibility.

Decreasing trends in birth rates in developed countries during the past decades, which threaten the sustainability of their populations, raise concerns in the areas of employment and social security, among others. A decrease in willingness to bear children has been examined in the international literature from several (biological, socio-cultural, economic, and spatial, etc.) aspects. Among these, the question of the effectiveness of fiscal incentives has been raised, with arguments that these are positive, but not significant, to birth rates ; our study also concludes this. In Hungary, from 2010 onwards, the government has introduced very high tax allowances for families and, from 2015, has provided direct subsidies for housing purposes, all within a framework of a new family policy regime. This paper presents an evaluation of family policy interventions (e.g., housing support, tax allowances, other child-raising benefits), with the conclusion that fiscal incentives cannot be effective by themselves ; a sustainable level of birth rates can only be maintained, but not necessarily increased, with an optimal design of family policy incentives. By studying the Hungarian example of pro-birth policies there is shown to be a policy gap in housing subsidies.

Intro; Contents; About the Author; Acknowledgements -- Chapter 1. On-demand Culture and its Quirks ; A Bit More Context: Crew-Neck Capitalism -- Chapter 2. The Order of Things ; Ripping Up the Yellow Pages; The End of the NME and the Changing Sources of Cultural Information; Whatever Happened to the Mysterious Epicentre of the British Music Scene?; The Chaos of Music Genres; Why Is Everyone Talking About Algorithms?; Algorithms as Heroes and Villains; Cultural Acceleration 1: The Closure of Vine; Cultural Acceleration 2: Debut Number 1s and the Accelerating Pop Chart; Conclusion -- Chapter 3. Total Recall: The Past, Present and Future ; FutureBecoming Media Savvy: TV Game Shows and Social Change; Those Matter Out of Place Moments; Platform Nostalgia; Are Cassette Tapes Really Making a Comeback Too?; The Rise of the Comeback; Social Media and Memories; Conclusion -- Chapter 4. The Comforts and Discomforts of Connection The Comfort of a Smartphone; Bodies in Bubbles; The Comforts and Discomforts of Smartness; Social Media's Collective Backfiring; The Discomforting Power of Our Social Media Data; The Ideals and Tensions of Our Social Media Spaces -- Chapter 5. The Demands of On-demand Culture.

The article reveals the essence of informational violence in the broad and narrow sense and its substantial aspect. It is shown that the information may be contained in any violence and abuse information may be direct and indirect. There is stated that in today's society has developed a system of the public and private informational violence. The role of the media and computer network in the implementation of informational violence is highlighted.There are analyzed the main aspects regarding the content of informational violence.First, more important is not the protection of information and protection of information. Internet – open field for the Information violence. A person who begins to perceive the world through the Internet, there is a new world view. In this situation, even changing the traditional idea of sign systems. First, the huge flow of information shifts from its discrete-level path, possible even without any information content. Secondly, the loss of opportunity to check the information to determine where truth and lies.Secondly, information violence in some way intertwined with terror. Previously, the only kind of information weapons were the media. Today a huge role computer information. If terror through mass media could make only state the effect through computer systems became possible for individuals.Third, among the diverse manifestations of the effects of mass communication occupy a special place effects associated with images of violence, especially in television programs. The emotional effect of the written word is much weaker performance than the TV screen. Television in many ways rejects us back into the world of illiteracy. Prized visual effect on the emotions and fears, rather than appeal strict logic sense. The media have become a secular religion, largely replacing general history, national culture, friends as the main force that creates our perception of reality.Fourth, problem actualized manipulation of consciousness. Manipulation is regarded as soft, «progressive» ruling technology to wise rulers control consciousness of its citizens. Manipulation is not only induces a person under this influence, do what others want, it makes them want to do it. One of the main conditions for successful manipulation is the fact that modern humans basically have neither time nor desire to check the authenticity of messages, because media reports form the worldview of a person living in the information age.Fifth, the availability of information resources for the average user often contributes to its euthanasia, drug addiction, rather than activity. A growing portion of time is spent reading and information search, and, consequently, lower part can be given to organized social action. The individual can be satisfied with the high level of awareness, but ignore their isolation from the decisions and actions he identifies knowledge about critical actions against these problems.Sixth, the information content of the violence is largely determined by the shape control for the effects of the media. media – a tool for a particular method of influence and control – political manipulation. Manipulation is performed by introduction into the mass consciousness of myths, using direct manipulation of facts, suppression of unwanted information spread lies and slander and half-truths and sticking labels.In the article the basic properties Information violence: non-forcible ideal character that is not subject to physical laws; nonlinearity, that is disproportionate dependence causes and consequences; cumulative; the possibility of maximum range and speed of distribution; Copy perfect opportunity; blur in time and space; indirect stealth character and influence; virtual nature of others. ; В статье раскрываются сущность информационного насилия в широком и узком смысле и его содержательный аспект. Показано, что информационная компонента содержится в любом насилии, а информационное насилие может быть непосредственным и опосредованным. Констатируется, что в современном обществе сложилась система государственного и частного информационного насилия. Освещена роль средств массовой информации и компьютерной сети Интернет в осуществлении информационного насилия. Проанализированы основные аспекты относительно содержания информационного насилия: защита от информации, информационный терроризм, изображения насилия в СМИ, манипуляция сознанием, отсутствие анализа информации пользователями, экономический и политический контроль за средствами массовой информации. Определены основные свойства информационного насилия. Предложено типологизацию информационного насилия по субъектам и объектам насилия, по способам и механизмам его осуществления и по степени проявления. ; У статті розкриваються сутність інформаційного насильства у широкому та вузькому сенсі та його змістовний аспект. Показано, що інформаційна компонента міститься в будь-якому насильстві, а інформаційне насильство може бути безпосереднім та опосередкованим. Констатується, що в сучасному суспільстві склалася система державного та приватного інформаційного насильства. Висвітлено роль засобів масової інформації та комп'ютерної мережі Інтернет у здійсненні інформаційного насильства. Проаналізовано основні аспекти щодо змісту інформаційного насильства: захист від інформації, інформаційний тероризм, зображення насильства у ЗМІ, маніпуляція свідомістю, відсутність аналізу інформації користувачами як результат доступності інформації, економічний та політичний контроль за засобами масової інформації. Визначено основні властивості інформаційного насильства. Запропоновано типологізацію інформаційного насильства за суб'єктами та об'єктами насильства, за способами та механізмами його здійснення та за ступенем прояву.

Modern Ukrainian society requires journalism to create high-quality analytical materials that contribute to the formation of the socio-political position of citizens and influence the adoption of political decisions by representa-tives of government structures, leaders of political parties, public organizations. This, in turn, requires journalists to have competence, the ability to think critically, evaluate, analyze, and forecast. Creation of high-quality journalistic materials requires the development and application of the methodological tools of political journalism, the formation and replenishment of which occurs at the intersection with other sciences and through related fields of activity. The acquisition of this tool by a political journalist is the key to his successful work.The article is devoted to the actual topic of studying the methodological aspects of political journalism. Attention is focused on the problem of methodology, which has a close connection with the search for methods of political journalism. Knowledge and skilful use of techniques, methods and methods are the essence of the journalist's meth-odological culture. Its components are the general methodology of social cognition, the general journalistic method-ology, the methodology for obtaining empirical data, and the methodological basis for interpreting the information obtained.The author analyzes various approaches to the classification of methods used in journalistic activities. The defini-tion of methods of journalism can be decided only at the methodological level, which involves the generalization of already existing forms and methods of journalistic activity with all other forms of human activity. The article drew at-tention to the expediency of the transformation of general scientific methods of cognition and their specific use in journalism, the replenishment of the traditional journalistic arsenal of methods with new ones, the individual creation by the journalist in practice of his own methods, which later become generally known. ; Статья посвящена актуальной теме изучения методологических аспектов политической журналистики. Внимание сосредоточено на проблеме методологии, методологической культуры журналиста, которая имеет тесную связь с поиском методов политической журналистики. Автором проанализированы различные подхо-ды к классификации методов, используемых в журналистской деятельности. ; Стаття присвячена актуальній темі вивчення методологічних аспектів політичної журналістики. Увага зосереджена на проблемі методології, методологічної культури журналіста, що має тісний зв'язок з пошуком методів політичної журналістики. Авто-ром проаналізовано різні підходи до класифікації методів, які використовуються в жур-налістській діяльності.

Modern Ukrainian society requires journalism to create high-quality analytical materials that contribute to the formation of the socio-political position of citizens and influence the adoption of political decisions by representa-tives of government structures, leaders of political parties, public organizations. This, in turn, requires journalists to have competence, the ability to think critically, evaluate, analyze, and forecast. Creation of high-quality journalistic materials requires the development and application of the methodological tools of political journalism, the formation and replenishment of which occurs at the intersection with other sciences and through related fields of activity. The acquisition of this tool by a political journalist is the key to his successful work.The article is devoted to the actual topic of studying the methodological aspects of political journalism. Attention is focused on the problem of methodology, which has a close connection with the search for methods of political journalism. Knowledge and skilful use of techniques, methods and methods are the essence of the journalist's meth-odological culture. Its components are the general methodology of social cognition, the general journalistic method-ology, the methodology for obtaining empirical data, and the methodological basis for interpreting the information obtained.The author analyzes various approaches to the classification of methods used in journalistic activities. The defini-tion of methods of journalism can be decided only at the methodological level, which involves the generalization of already existing forms and methods of journalistic activity with all other forms of human activity. The article drew at-tention to the expediency of the transformation of general scientific methods of cognition and their specific use in journalism, the replenishment of the traditional journalistic arsenal of methods with new ones, the individual creation by the journalist in practice of his own methods, which later become generally known. ; Статья посвящена актуальной теме изучения методологических аспектов политической журналистики. Внимание сосредоточено на проблеме методологии, методологической культуры журналиста, которая имеет тесную связь с поиском методов политической журналистики. Автором проанализированы различные подхо-ды к классификации методов, используемых в журналистской деятельности. ; Стаття присвячена актуальній темі вивчення методологічних аспектів політичної журналістики. Увага зосереджена на проблемі методології, методологічної культури журналіста, що має тісний зв'язок з пошуком методів політичної журналістики. Авто-ром проаналізовано різні підходи до класифікації методів, які використовуються в жур-налістській діяльності.

Thesis (Master)--Izmir Institute of Technology, City and Regional Planning, Izmir, 1999 ; Includes bibliographical references (leaves: 195-201) ; Text in English; Abstract: Turkish and English ; xii, 200 leaves ; Squares as gathering places in cities have arose from the need for coming together which is necessary for the continuation of social life. Because of this, squares have an important place in urban life. In times, squares like the other urban spaces, have showed a change according to religious beliefs, economic and politic life of society andhuman needs. In spite of this, squares, in every age, act as an important element to provide social experience and occurrence of city identity. Urban public squares provide an effective ground for human interaction and communication. Therefore, they are important to determine the social character of cities and cultural identity. Urban public squares can establish a proper stage for spontaneous social experience and multiple human relationship in a direct relation with the environment. Because of this, they provide more opportunity for social experience than a barely sheltered place of our so called modem society. In contrast to many European cities, there is not a well established public square understanding which provides social experience and gives an identity to the city in our country. Although the squares have become a necessity for our society due to rapid structural changes in Turkish social life, they are still neglected by our current urban design practices. For, this reason, this study focuses on the spatial analysis of public squares in a rapidly changing social setting. Thus the study area of " public squares" is chosen as a research topic because of its importance in our society as well as in urban design. This research also aims to address the need for public squares in our society and contains a study in an urban design project in Konak izmir through an analysis of the characteristics of the square. KEY WORDS: Square, Space, Place, Public Space, Plaza, ...

Seguridad ambiental global y desafío energético como cuestiones civilizatorias -- La batalla por los recursos naturales y la seguridad alimentaria -- La crisis del capitalismo central -- El reordenamiento geopolítico fundado en la crisis central y en la multipolaridad Sudamérica en el mundo -- ¿Primado del mundo virtual o real? Los dilemas de internet, la sociedad del conocimiento y los debates de la educación -- Cambios sociales de base y nuevas turbulencias -- Es necesario y posible construir alternativas