Suchergebnisse

Abstract
International students in Canadian universities are deemed valuable immigrants for the Canadian nation as they are equipped with formal credentials easily recognizable for local employers. Despite having desired technical skills and knowledge, the English of these students is perceived as hindering their ability to voice this expertise. This then forces international students to think about how language can affect their employability during their studies. Drawing on a narrative analysis of the experiences of 14 international students in Ontario and focussing on speech accent, this article explores how they make sense of aural employability, the ability to be heard as employable, through participating in Canadian higher education. The students connected aural employability with 'sounding Canadian' through raciolinguistic sensemaking, a type of sensemaking that interprets the linguistic world with various ideologies of whiteness. Such sensemaking speaks to how Canadian universities, as sites of workplace language learning, cannot be divorced from the white settler logics that pervade these institutions.

Resumen
Este artículo explora la tensión entre las ideologías lingüísticas neoliberales que señalan el valor económico del lenguaje en la economía globalizada y los procesos raciolingüísticos que co-naturalizan la raza y la lengua. Enfocándonos en el mercado laboral estadounidense, analizamos las experiencias de jóvenes profesionales de origen latino que, inspirados por la ideología de la ventaja bilingüe, esperan sacar provecho de sus habilidades lingüísticas en el trabajo. Partiendo de la economía política y basándonos en entrevistas semiestructuradas y encuestas realizadas con 23 jóvenes, analizamos dos prácticas laborales concretas para ilustrar la tensión entre (1) la conceptualización del conocimiento del idioma como un componente del "paquete de habilidades" que se espera que posean los trabajadores neoliberales (y que se supone los empleadores deben compensar), y (2) la esencialización de las habilidades lingüísticas de las personas racializadas y de clase trabajadora que se dan por sentadas y se disocian del mérito personal o académico (haciendo que no merezcan compensación económica). Además, exploramos la relación entre la dimensión afectiva de las prácticas lingüísticas y la asimilación entre trabajo y placer que propone el régimen neoliberal. El primer momento que analizamos es la corroboración del conocimiento de español en las entrevistas de trabajo, donde las habilidades lingüísticas no se ven como competencias profesionales que requieren verificación sino como atributos identitarios que se evalúan mediante el perfil racial de los candidatos. La segunda situación que estudiamos es la práctica recurrente de asignar trabajo lingüístico extra a las personas latinas, una práctica que se ha naturalizado y que no halla oposición o cuestionamiento por parte de los y las trabajadoras bilingües. Concluimos que mientras que el neoliberalismo destaca el valor económico de las lenguas, las personas racializadas no se benefician de ese valor puesto que la autoridad lingüística y las jerarquías raciales tradicionales continúan sin ser cuestionadas.

Abstract
This essay is interested in exploring the interconnections between language, race, work and power, particularly as it concerns the Caribbean region. Drawing on ethnographic data gathered in the Puerto Rican island-municipality of Vieques, and borrowing theoretical insight from the ideas of Mikhail Bakhtin, among others, we try to make sense of the linguistic strategies employed by racially marginalized subjects to resist and contest racism, colonialism and labor exploitation in their daily lives, within the context of a tourism economy. We argue that Bakhtin's approach to language use in conflict-ridden and ideologically-saturated contexts, particularly his treatment of linguistic phenomena like double-voicing, multilingualism and heteroglossia, proves useful in shedding light on the strategic uses of language of, or to the ways in which racially-marginalized subjects create and employ locally-specific linguistic registers as a form of claiming agency and as a mechanism of resistance. In the context of Vieques, we argue, language has become the main vehicle through which Viequense workers resist and accommodate to work in the tourism sector while retaining and preserving a unique ethnic identity.

Abstract
Caldasia, a journal published by the Instituto de Ciencias Naturales of the Universidad Nacional de Colombia, was the arena of language tensions originating in scientific exchanges in the mid-20th century at a time when English was in the process of affirming its place as the lingua franca of science. In the 1940s, the journal showed indications of a multilingual process reflected in the considerable presence of US authors and their articles in English published in its pages. This paper examines Caldasia's communication circuit, specifically the negotiations that emerged between the editor and US researchers when deciding on the most appropriate language for publishing the articles. Selecting the language of the articles was considered by them as a critical element in determining the geographical scope of the journal, positioning Caldasia as a regional or international journal. This analysis demonstrates how the tension between multilingual repertoires and linguistic ideologies was experienced in Caldasia. The editor promoted Caldasia as a multilingual journal and to reach this objective the editor managed the multilingual repertoires of the authors in the journal. The case of Caldasia indicates that the Anglicization process of science in the XX century required intense scientific contacts carried out in non-English-speaking spaces; multilingualism was one of the strategies by which English became a globally accepted language.

Resumo
Neste artigo, exploramos e analisamos o processo de racialização da língua portuguesa e dos sujeitos africanos no contexto colonial brasileiro. Para tal, exploramos a relação entre as dimensões econômica e política do colonialismo e as práticas linguísticas dos povos africanos escravizados no Brasil. À luz do aparato colonial português – que combinava interesses religiosos, políticos e econômicos – este artigo analisa o papel desempenhado pelas línguas e pelas ideologias linguísticas racializadas, tanto na promoção da exploração como na resistência à dominação colonial. A partir de uma perspectiva histórica e crítica, analisamos o dispositivo econômico e social que sustentou os africanos escravizados no Brasil, profundamente orientado por um sistema baseado no modelo do engenho. Exploramos quatro exemplos: o uso dos termos boçal, ladino, crioulo e língua; a aprendizagem do português pelos africanos escravizados e o papel da proficiência em português; a política de nomeação e etnização; e as ideologias linguísticas missionárias. Apontamos para a relação entre quatro elementos inter-relacionados: as dimensões ideológicas da língua, os processos de racialização, a dominação econômica e as práticas de resistência. Concluímos em defesa de um conceito descolonizador de língua em contextos coloniais que considere a pluralidade de vozes e a epistemologia crítica inscrita na noção de multilinguismos diaspóricos coloniais do Sul Global.

Abstract
This introduction presents the concept of raciolinguistic ideologies and discusses its potential to look at issues related to labor in the Americas. We explore the concept of raciolinguistics as a helpful anchor for researchers to examine the co-construction of race and language. Additionally, we link the current reproduction of social and economic inequality to the interconnection of slavery and capitalism stemming from the colonial projects. We briefly present the six contributions to this special issue, a collection of works that rely on different theoretical perspectives, methodologies, and analytical approaches to examine the (re)production of inequality in American labor markets as it materializes in unfair working practices and discourses that naturalize labor discrimination across the region. The six papers included in the issue offer an interesting dialogue between the raciolinguistic perspective and political economy approaches. Finally, these papers highlight four overarching themes: the repercussions for vulnerabilized communities of the stratification of the labor market, the ways in which the commodification and decommodification of racialized languages tend to favor powerful social positions, the way in which language authority operates to decide what counts as legitimate languages/speakers; and the need felt by speakers to make discursive sense of raciolinguistic practices and discourses.

AbstractLanguage revitalisation gives voice to those who participate in it. But it is not always clear whose voice the participants make heard. It is also not straightforward who hears and wants to listen to the voices that are raised during language revitalisation. In this article, we present a language educational programme which aims to give voice to the participants of the Moldavian Hungarian (also calledCsángó) language revitalisation in North-East Romania. Applying the Goffmanian participation framework, we demonstrate that the participants of the programme collaborate in giving voice to a Csángó-speaking figure while covertly performing different roles. Drawing on our linguistic ethnographic research, we point out how this institutionalised participation framework promotes the achievement of one of the objectives of language revitalisation: the restoration of past language practices. Nevertheless, it also creates an obstacle to another: to the way that the speakers of this language can have a voice worth hearing. The analysis highlights the tensions of institutionalising a participatory framework in language revitalisation, which aims to produce the belief in a Csángó figure representing the essential link between language and (national) community.

AbstractSocietal multilingualism and multilectalism have been among the leading justifications for language policies, especially in the Global South, where many of these have failed. I associate the failures with poor choices of official languages and media of education, which are not consistent with the linguistic behaviors of the majority of the citizenry and the socioeconomic structures of the relevant polities. I review some cases of adequate and inadequate policies around the world and explain ecologically some reasons for either their successes or their failures. In a subset of the cases, I assess the results as mixed. My recommendation is of course not to follow the policy of a particular polity simply because it has succeeded there but to also check whether the ecology of its success is similar to that of the new polity. The relevant ecology includes the socioeconomic structure/system and the linguistic practices of the citizenry for whom the policy is intended. Among the issues to address is, for instance, whether the language adopted as the official language and medium of education is easy for the majority of the citizenry to learn successfully. Another is whether the language policy will make the economic development of the nation more inclusive and empower the majority economically and politically.

Abstract
The paper explored the shift away from Chaouia, a variety of Tamazight, to the use of Algerian Arabic in Batna (northeast Algeria). The Chaouia-speaking community had recently witnessed a large rural exodus and significant social changes and mobility due to economic opportunities, education and ethnic contact. The paper focused on gender differences in language use and considered how socialisation and cultural ideologies regarding men's and women's relationship to language shape linguistic decisions and choices. Building upon representations of masculinity and femininity, we investigated the ways in which these gendered practices constrain or restrict Chaouia use among working-class Chaouias. We used a qualitative approach with an embedded quantitative element to analyse interviews and surveys across the domestic setting as well as schools and social networks in Batna to examine the interplay between gender identities and language socialisation at home, language choices at school and among friends. The increase in cross-ethnic contact with the larger Arabic-speaking community had introduced significant re-considerations of social and linguistic priorities in the community. The findings showed a clear impact of parents on the acquisition of a gendered pattern of language choice, with boys being socialised in Chaouia and girls in Algerian Arabic. This pattern was further reinforced at school and among peers through teachers and social networks. Females' networks were ethnolinguistically heterogeneous whereas males' networks were Amazigh-oriented. Hence, the traditional link of Tamazight to femininity was re-negotiated to generate a discourse of blame for the ongoing language shift and identity loss.

Abstract
This comparative case study illuminates communicative strategies arising in contact between two migrant clients, 'Maria' and 'Suda', and their caseworker at the Norwegian welfare office. Suda and Maria mobilize bureaucratic, digital, and linguistic abilities as part of their health literacies to manage in-person contact, institutional websites, letters, and digital bureaucracy. Additionally, they collaborate with their Norwegian spouses to navigate the complex communicative situation at the welfare office and actively bring up this brokering strategy to increase their social and linguistic authority vis-à-vis their caseworkers. Combining Bourdieusian symbolic power with epistemic stance, and drawing on observations and interviews, I investigate how power and responsibility are negotiated between the women and their caseworkers. In their interactions, brokering strategies function as social capital in several ways, enabling the women to access institutional services, and reassuring their caseworkers that the women have sufficient literacy resources to gain access. I discuss the dual nature of brokering strategies as capital, but also as a factor that may reproduce structural vulnerability, and argue for better understanding of brokering as a health literacy strategy.

Resumen
El propósito de este artículo de reflexión es doble: en primer lugar, damos cuenta de la metodología participativa que aplicamos en el proyecto "Mejorando la vida de las mujeres a través del rol de las traductoras sociales en el Perú rural". Este proyecto, desarrollado entre los años 2018 y 2019, tuvo como objetivos visibilizar y resaltar el rol desempeñado por lideresas comunitarias de Puno y Ayacucho, en el sur andino del Perú, como intérpretes y traductoras ad hoc, en beneficio de miembros de sus comunidades, muchos de ellos y ellas hablantes de quechua o aimara y español, con diferentes niveles de bilingüismo. En segundo lugar, sobre la base de esta experiencia, abordamos el alcance de las metodologías participativas como un recurso para crear conciencia sobre los procesos de construcción de ciudadanía "desde abajo" en Sudamérica.