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International audience ; This paper is an appraisal of the weaknesses of Decree 77 of 1979 in safeguarding the cultural heritage of Nigeria. Nigeria is blessed with a wide range of cultural resources both tangible and intangible. The conservation and preservation of these resources have been a serious problem leading to the promulgation of laws governing their protection. The laws governing the preservation of Nigeria's cultural resources trace their origin to the colonial period when the need to collect and preserve heritage objects aroused. This led to the establishment of Museums in Nigeria by 1952 although different forms of museums (traditional Museums) existed informally in the Pre-colonial era. Having recognized that colonial regulations (the 1953 Antiquities ordinance and commission) was not able to control the illicit trade in antiquities, the military government led by General Yakubu Gowon promulgated the 1974 Act. This indigenous Act was again not effective, which subsequently led to the promulgation of Decree No 77 of 1979 that led to the establishment of the National Commission for Museums and Monument (NCMM). The institution was able to establish different museums and museum centres in Nigeria. The paper however observed that although the decree through the NCMM has done so much in its efforts to safeguard Nigeria's cultural heritage; there is an urgent need to review the decree. The paper also suggests that traditional management and enforcement systems should be integrated into the maintenance and protection of cultural heritage in Nigeria. Information for this paper comes solely from secondary materials.

Existing studies have demonstrated the negativity of cultural distance in international investments more particularly in the case of inbound mergers across the globe. It is famous speculation that the increasing import of foreign products would certainly affect the use and value of cultural goods of the particular state or nation, due to various influencing factors like consumer temperaments, choice and arousals. In this hypothetical situation, various governments across the globe have started imposing restrictions and authoritative conditions on Inbound Mergers thereby curtailing the scope of further business. When a closer study in respect of Indian trade and culture is carried out, it is quite interesting to note that there are no significant findings on the impact of cross-border inbound mergers on cultural sarees in India. This existing ambiguity appears even more substantial in the case of Southern States as this part of the country is often known for their cultural values and existing cultural sarees at the same time the Inbound Mergers in the said geographical jurisdiction is also increasing. Hence in order to address this ambiguity, this study is carried out so as to find out the Impact of cultural sarees on Inbound mergers in the Southern States of India as it is necessary to identify if there is an adverse impact on sales rate of cultural sarees. Further, this impact might be due to various factors, in order to bring in a regulation or change in law, it is essential to figure out if there is product interrelations.

China's African swine fever (ASF) outbreaks, which started in 2018, severely damaged the country's pig and sow herds and created serious pork supply shortages. This resulted in high domestic market prices and record amounts of imports in both 2019 and 2020, but also severely impacted its domestic consumers. It casts doubts on whether China's long-standing self-sufficiency strategy, including its recently communicated 95% self-sufficiency target, can be sustained. Recent data, however, suggest that China is experiencing a rapid recovery in pig production, leading to depressed domestic market prices. This study characterizes the recovery process and analyzes the underlying drivers, such as active responses to the ASF outbreaks, a multiple-prong government initiative towards supporting the pig producers, de facto relaxations of newly introduced environmental regulations, large increases in domestic investment, and a reorganization of the pig sector, featuring more scale operations. However, the rapid recovery has also resulted in decreasing prices, economic losses of producers, and dampened export opportunities for China's trade partners. This paper, therefore, also analyzes these unintended consequences and explores supply-side measures that may enable the long-run viability of the self-sufficiency goal in the presence of high dependency on imported feed. Through a model-based numerical simulation analysis, we find that supply-side measures, such as yield improvement, can substantially reduce reliance on import feed but can only increase domestic pork production marginally, while technical efficiency improvement in pork production has the largest potential in boosting domestic pork production.

Abstract: Increasing community needs in terms of health components in the form of drugs that are increasingly professional where the distribution is done online. Therefore, a form of legal protection is needed for the community as consumers and supervision of the circulation of buying and selling drugs online. The research method used is normative juridical. The results of the study show that legal protection for the community as consumers is needed because it places consumers in a weak bargaining position. The online trading of buying and selling drugs is not much different from the process of buying and selling conventional trade transactions in general. Therefore, as a preventive measure, the Indonesian Government through the Food and Drug Supervisory Agency (BPOM) has issued separate regulations for supervision and prevention efforts in online drug distribution.Abstrak: Meningkatnya kebutuhan masyarakat dalam hal komponen kesehatan berupa obat-obatan yang semakin profesional dimana pendistribusiannya dilakukan secara online. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan suatu bentuk perlindungan hukum bagi masyarakat sebagai konsumen dan pengawasan terhadap peredaran jual beli obat secara online. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah yuridis normatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlindungan hukum bagi masyarakat sebagai konsumen diperlukan karena menempatkan konsumen pada posisi tawar yang lemah. Proses jual beli obat secara online tidak jauh berbeda dengan proses transaksi jual beli konvensional pada umumnya. Oleh karena itu, sebagai upaya preventif, Pemerintah Indonesia melalui Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan (BPOM) telah mengeluarkan peraturan tersendiri untuk upaya pengawasan dan pencegahan peredaran obat secara online.

The importance of studying this contract is to establish the legal nature of the bank's responsibility when it fails to collect the value of the commercial paper, and to know the role and direction of the judiciary in that respect. The study relied on the element of analysis and education in a brief scientific way. The purpose of the study is to examine the legal basis for the Bank's responsibility in the collection contract and the general provisions for this responsibility resulting for it, and to cover that responsibility in all its aspects. The study relies on the analytical method in order to achieve the purpose and objectives of the research, where the legal texts will be analyzed and practical results will be reached. In this research legal texts will be analyzed to reach scientific results, the study also reached results, including that there was no regulation from the Jordanian legislator for the collection, in addition to the overlapping of the agency and deposit contracts in the collection contract and that the bank's responsibility towards its client is a contractual responsibility due to the nature of the relationship between them. The research recommends that the Jordanian Trade law should include special texts dealing with the collection contract, and that the judiciary be more present while evaluating the nature of the relationship and the basis of responsibility between the bank and its client, and it should be clearly stated that the bank may require the disqualification of itself from the liability resulting from collection contract.

ABSTRACT The Food and Drug Supervisory Agency, hereinafter abbreviated as (BPOM), functions as an extension of the government in the field of food and medicine circulating in the jurisdiction of Indonesia. Based on Article 2 of Presidential Regulation Number 80 of 2017 concerning the Food and Drug Supervisory Agency, (BPOM) has a duty in the field of Drug and Food supervision. On 27 June 2019 (BPOM) and the West Sumatra Police carried out a raid in the South Padang District with evidence of 170,700 tablets of medicine, 8,800 tablets of certain drugs and 4905 boxes of hard drugs worth Rp. 5,000,000. Problem Formulation: 1)What is the role of BPOM in Overcoming the Distribution of Drugs Without a Circulation Permit in Padang City? 2)What are the obstacles (BPOM) in dealing with the distribution of drugs without a distribution permit in the city of Padang?. The type of research is Juridical Sociological. Primary and Secondary data sources. Data collection techniques are interviews and document studies. Research Results: 1)BPOM plays a role in carrying out checks in every pharmacy in Padang City, if there are pharmacies that trade illegal and proven drugs, the BPOM will follow up. 2)Obstacles faced by BPOM arethe large number of pharmacies that are still distributing drugs that are not registered with BPOM, Lack of public sensitivity to the dangers of using illegal drugs, the large number of people who produce illegal drugs in order to make a profit, there is still a fear of the community to use illegal drugs. report to the authorities.

This PhD thesis seeks to advance knowledge on operations management (OM) challenges and strategies for crisis management in general and humanitarian relief in particular. Although knotty crisis situations are increasing in frequency, duration, and impact, their implications for OM remain ill-understood. I use the humanitarian context as a research setting because its features inherently render it challenging. Through comprehensive empirical studies, I explore the implications of complexity, extremity, and hostility for the operations of international humanitarian organisations (IHOs). The most crucial insights concern how contextual features impact IHOs' decision space and outcomes. In studying complex emergencies as an exemplar phenomenon that induces complexity because of its politically charged nature, I find that inherent tensions between host government and IHOs interests lead to logistical inefficiencies for IHOs. Host government regulation and enforcement capabilities determine their nature and severity. My exploration of extremity caused by overlapping disasters leads to the curious finding that humanitarian supply networks exhibit resilience to overcome, and benefit from, unprecedented crises. Nonetheless, resilience capabilities and considerations become unsuitable as crises become long-drawn out. To explore the implications of hostility, I study operations in armed conflicts. Results show that when strategizing, the main trade-offs are cross-cutting between Humanitarian Action (HA) principles and OM performance objectives. Interestingly, the same IHO strategy leads to different results across conflicts. Overall, this thesis demonstrates that alternatives to conventional OM strategy and practices are needed in knotty contexts. The findings will be of interest to researchers and practitioners in OM, HA, and crisis management.

Rio Tinto's destruction of Juukan Gorge brought international condemnation. The subsequent interim report commissioned by the Australian Parliament was entitled 'Never Again'. But was this a 'never again' to the logic of settler colonialism? Or to the extractive capitalism that rearranges
economic and social life with the sole objective of wealth accumulation? Or to the legislative collaboration between settler colonial states and capitalism? Environmental injustice is sustained internationally through the many entanglements at the intersection of law, coloniality, corporate
extractivism and Indigenous sovereignty. These entanglements are explored here in relation to: the idea of a 'trade-off' between Indigenous rights and 'economic benefits' (e.g. the Shenhua coal mine in Australia); the over-riding of local rights through a corporate-driven developmental narrative,
which results in the erosion of Indigenous ways of life over a long period, rather than through a singular dramatic event (e.g. oil extraction by Chevron in Ecuador); the difficulties in bringing cases to justice (e.g. the Mount Polley dam collapse in Canada); the need for 'green alternatives'
to also respect Indigenous rights; and the potential for greater legal regulation (e.g. the ruling by the Supreme Court of Panama on Indigenous rights; recent legal challenges to the Brazilian government's failure to meet its environmental responsibilities). Social movements and juridical
spaces need to adopt a radical shift in their vocabulary and in their world-making practices. Courts play a major role in shaping the way Indigenous environmental justice is understood, and are a vital site of contestation for radical environmental justice movements.

This dissertation investigates the primary factors affecting Kurdistan to transition from the current accounting system to International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and the challenges ahead. It examines the challenges of the use of IFRS in Kurdistan to prepare corporate financial statements. International institutions have played a vital role in the development of Kurdistan's economy, particularly in the natural resources sector. Hence, accounting practices have been under internal (regulations) and external (international institutions) pressures to follow international accounting standards. Document analysis has been used employing institutional theory to identify the factors and challenges. The results reveal that the decision to implement IFRS in Kurdistan is based on the three forms of institutional isomorphism. From the analysis, it has been observed that external pressures from the World Bank and international accounting bodies are stronger than internal pressures. In this regard, the government is a key player in making the final decision of IFRS adoption in the region. The result shows that there are several challenges one set of which originated from Kurdish practitioners not being able to adopt IFRS. Further, this study provides evidence that the decision to adopt IFRS is mainly influenced by efforts to achieve international financial support and promote economic trade. The study suggests that Kurdistan can stay in the current accounting system and implement IFRS gradually. This study is appropriate for academics, professionals, and accounting researchers with an interest in Kurdish accounting practice. Also, the findings of the study will be useful for the Kurdish government and countries that plan to implement IFRS.

West Africa with its mineral and natural resources wealth is considered to be 'a model for democracy in Sub-Saharan Africa'. In spite of this, the region still remains comparatively under-developmental. In response to this, Fifteen West African states have banded together to form the ECOWAS bloc. The core objectives of this union is upholding peace and encouraging conducive trade and development within this densely populated sub-region of Africa, however the region's share of FDI flow remains substantial to large scale growth. Many scholars argue that the primary reason why the region has made little headway in increasing the flow of FDI to the region, is found in the individual governance practices as well as the socio-political volatility in these countries. This study examined the relationship between selected governance indicators from the Worldwide Governance Indicator, such as corruption control, government efficiency, political volatility, regulation quality, rule of law and voice and accountability on foreign direct investment among ECOWAS member-states by the use of panel data and trend analysis. From the finding, it was determined that; there exist mixed relationships between FDI inflow and the selected indicators, where; political volatility had a negative insignificant relationship with FDI inflow and regulatory quality has had the most significant positive impact on FDI inflow. The researchers recommend that if ECOWAS states intend to not bear the brunt of global FDI decline, a number of proFDI policies should be implemented.

African lion (Panthera leo) cubs are extensively used in South Africa in wildlife-interaction tourist activities. Facilities provide close interaction opportunities, but the welfare impacts on the cubs are unclear. A workshop was held with 15 lion-experienced stakeholders, including government officials, nature conservationists, animal welfare organisations, lion breeders, lion handlers, an animal ethologist, wildlife veterinarian, wildlife rehabilitation specialist and an animal rights advocacy group representative. Individual representatives nominated a range of welfare concerns, and 15 were identified for discussion and prioritisation. The leading welfare concern was a lack of governance and regulation within the industry. Participants agreed on nine non-negotiable practices affecting welfare concerns, which included ethical concerns, such as cubs exiting into the ranching industry (farming of lions for hunting) and the bone trade (lions being slaughtered for their bones, which are exported for lion bone wine) once petting age has passed. Welfare concerns representative of current management practices within the lion cub interaction industry were compared for importance using an online adaptive conjoint analysis survey of 60 stakeholders in the industry. The survey identified the most important welfare concerns to be poor social grouping of cubs, an inability for cubs to choose their own environment and retreat from a forced interaction, a lack of trained and dedicated caretakers, and poor breeding practices. The conjoint analysis survey results produced a value model, which can be used as a tool to score cubs' welfare in interaction facilities, and it identified unacceptable practices lacking welfare consideration.

The construction sector is progressively becoming more circular by reducing waste, re-using building materials and adopting regenerative solutions for energy production and biodiversity protection. The implications of circularity on construction activities are complex and require the careful evaluation of impacts to select the appropriate path forward. Evaluations of circular solutions and their environmental efectiveness are often performed based on various types of life cycle-based impact assessments. This paper uses systemic thinking to map and evaluate diferent impact assessment methodologies and their implications for a shift to more circular solutions. The following systemic levels are used to group the methodologies: product (material life cycle declarations and building assessments), organisation (certifcation and management schemes) and system (policies, standards and regulations). The results confrm that circular economy is integrated at all levels. However, development and structure are not coordinated or governed unidirectionally, but rather occur simultaneously at diferent levels. This recursive structure is positive if the methods are applied in the correct context, thus providing both autonomy and cohesion in decision making. Methods at lower systemic levels may then improve production processes and stimulate the market to create circular and innovative building solutions, whereas methods at higher systemic levels can be used, for example, by real estate builders, trade organisations and governments to create incentives for circular development and innovation in a broader perspective. Use of the performance methods correctly within an actor network is therefore crucial for successful and efective implementation of circular economy in the construction sector. ; publishedVersion

Coconut estate is one of the vital agriculture sub-sectors in Indonesia because it has an important role in absorbing employment. In the early 20th century, Netherland Indies was one of the major copra exporters globally, and the eastern region of Nusantara contributed as the leading producer. However, in the 1930s – 1950s, the coconut-based economy's contraction phase in the eastern region had weakened the whole production. The Indonesian government tried to recover coconut estates and its economic market through several efforts, such as rehabilitating smallholder coconut estates, recovering copra trading, and starting coconut industrialization. Used historical research methods, this article described the shifting of Indonesia coconut-based economy from the past center of trade and production, in the eastern region of Indonesia, to a recent major producer and industry cluster in the Indragiri Hilir, Riau Province. In the 1980s – 1990s, the government efforts to improve coconut commodities have led to shifting the Indonesian coconut-based economy to Indragiri Hilir. Several policies issued by the government such as Smallholder Coconut Development Project, Proyek Peremajaan Rehabilitasi dan Perluasan Tanaman Ekspor (PRPTE), Nucleus Estate Smallholder (NES), Nucleus Estate Smallholder Transmigration (NES-Trans), and the local government funding, as well as the liberalization of coconut trading regulation, had stimulated rapid growth of coconut estates in Indragiri Hilir. Even though several schemes and governments attempt to develop smallholder coconut estates, the expansion rate was mostly dominated by self-funded smallholder coconut estates. During the 1980s – 1990s, the increasing demand for coconut from large-scale processing industries had attracted the smallholder to cultivate coconut.

Bitcoin spearheaded the rise of cryptocurrencies since it was first launched in 2009. The concept of bitcoin as digital currency was first published publicly in the 2008 well-known whitepaper by pseudonymous Satoshi Nakamoto. The whitepaper outlined a self-serving peer-to-peer transaction network concept based on cryptographic proof instead of trust, allowing any two willing parties to transact directly with each other without the need for a trusted third party such as financial institutions. Since then, thousands of cryptocurrencies have been launched mostly through token offerings as an alternative approach of raising funds for blockchain, technology projects, and start-ups. People are holding cryptocurrencies mostly as digital asset investments. Some individuals made huge profits from buying cryptocurrencies at their initial offerings and sold later when the prices increased. Some crypto millionaires were born from such trades. However, many people lost their investment as well due to many factors. Some were due to bad investment decisions, and some fall into scams and investment programs run by dishonest peoplewith promises of highly lucrative returns. As trading and owning cryptocurrencies are becoming common, governments and policymakers around the world are coming up with proper and comprehensive regulations for cryptocurrencies. In the context of Malaysia, in which zakat collections and distributions are of state matters, this paper discusses the implementation of zakat payment platform for cryptocurrencies at zakat institutions. This paper seeks to contribute to the academic development, blockchain technology, and zakat management.

The Banggai cardinalfish Pterapogon kauderni is the Indonesian national marine ornamental fish mascot, and an object of national and international conservation concern. The endemic population of this species is limited to the Banggai Archipelago in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia and a few nearby islands in North Maluku. In addition, introduced populations have become established, mainly along ornamental fish trade routes. The National Action Plan for Banggai Cardinalfish Conservation (NAP-BCFC) calls for monitoring and management of all P. kauderni populations. A survey of the Luwuk introduced P. kauderni population was carried out in October 2021. Data were collected at three sites with established P. kauderni populations: the ferry harbour, public harbour (Teluk Lalong) and a recreational area on the nearby coast (Kilo 5). P. kauderni were recorded by microhabitat association and size class (recruits, juveniles, adults). Data collected were compared with data from previous surveys where available. With the exception of one group in a sea anemone at Kilo 5, all P. kauderni were associated with Diadema sea urchins (D. setosum at all sites; D. savignyi at Kilo 5). At Kilo 5 P. kauderni the population structure indicates the possible capture of market-sized juveniles. Overall abundance was also lower compared to the polluted but unfished harbours. The proportion of recruits was significantly negatively correlated with the ratio of adult P. kauderni to Diadema urchins. The results will inform regional legislation currently in preparation to support sustainable management of P. kauderni populations, habitat and microhabitat in Central Sulawesi, as well as contributing to NAP-BCFC targets.Keywords:Banggai cardinalfishEndangered speciesDiademaMicrohabitat,MonitoringOrnamental fisheryLocal regulation