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In this study we analyse employment commitment and organizational commitment in Denmark, Norway and Sweden, using data from the International Social Survey Programme (1997). We begin with an institutional comparison of the three countries, where it is concluded that a strong institutionalized commitment to work is of longest standing in Sweden and most recent in Denmark. It is concluded that, contrary to expectations, both employment and organizational commitment among the population is weakest in Sweden and strongest in Denmark. Group patterns in commitment are basically similar in all three countries, the only exception being a lower employment commitment among the unemployed in Denmark. In all three countries, differences related to stratification, such as differences between classes and between educational categories, are much more important than family structure in determining commitment. An especially noteworthy finding is that in all three countries, employment commitment is significantly higher among women than among men.

Convention status accords refugees social and economic rights and security of residence in European countries of asylum. However, the trend in Europe has been to prevent asylum seekers reaching its borders, to reduce the rights of asylum seekers in countries of asylum and to use temporary protection as a means of circumventing the responsibility of long-term resettlement. This paper will provide a case study of the United Kingdom. It will examine the social and economic rights afforded to different statuses in the areas of social security, housing, employment and family reunion. It will explore the interaction of social and economic rights and security of residence on the experiences of those seeking protection. Drawing on responses to the crisis in Kosovo and on data from a survey of 180 refugees and asylum seekers in London it will show the importance of Convention status and the rights and security the status brings.

This research was designed to compare data obtained from agency records at three treatment programs for juvenile male sex offenders with information available from clinicians once youth and their families had been in treatment for at least 6 months. Results revealed that over the course of treatment, youth and their families disclosed information about additional victims and offenses, physical and sexual abuse of the offenders, and several aspects of a violent and sexualized family environment. Over half the boys reported additional victims or additional offenses or both. There were significant increases in the number of reports of physical abuse, witnessing of domestic violence, living in a sexual environment, maternal sexual victimization, maternal victimization of domestic violence, and fathers being perpetrators of domestic violence. These data clearly support the hypotheses of the study and have important implications for both clinical practice and future research in this area.

Books reviewed in this article: Martin Carnoy, Sustaining the New Economy: Work, Family, and Community in the Information Age Joop Garssen, Joop De Beer, Lieneke Hoeksma, Kees Prins, And Rolf Verhoef (Eds.), Vital Events: Past, Present and Future of the Dutch Population International Fund for Agricultural Development, Rural Poverty Report 2001: The Challenge of Ending Rural Poverty Andrew Mason and Georges Tapinos (Eds.), Sharing the Wealth: Demographic Change and Economic Transfers between Generations Phil Mullan, The Imaginary Time Bomb: Why An Ageing Problem Is Not a Social Problem National Research Council, Board on Sustainable Development, Our Common Journey: A Transition toward Sustainability National Research Council, Forum on Biodiversity Committee, Nature and Human Society: The Quest for a Sustainable World Ronald E. Seavoy, Subsistence and Economic Development United Nations Children's Fund, A League Table of Child Deaths by Injury in Rich Nations

Most crimes with child victims are not reported to police, nor do child victims access other professional victim services, despite evidence that these yield positive outcomes. This article develops a conceptual framework about the barriers to such access: (a) the reluctance to define the crime episodes or their consequences as serious, criminal, harmful, or warranting intervention; (b) the extra authorities, including parents and schools, who mediate between victims and police or services; (c) developmental issues, such as concerns about autonomy; (d) attitudinal and emotional obstacles; and (e) time and expense factors. This article suggests the need for initiatives to stimulate reporting and help seeking, such as more publicity about the seriousness of juvenile victimization, more justice-system involvement with schools, more child and family friendly police services, and an emphasis on attractive outcomes such as justice and empowerment.

With advances in genetic technology, there are increasing concerns about the way in which genetic information may be abused, particularly in people at increased genetic risk of developing certain disorders. In a recent case in Hong Kong, the court ruled that it was unlawful for the civil service to discriminate in employment, for the sake of public safety, against people with a family history of mental illness. The plaintiffs showed no signs of any mental health problems and no genetic testing was performed. This was the first case concerning genetic discrimination in common law jurisdictions, therefore the court's judgment has implications for how genetic discrimination cases may be considered in the future. The court considered it inappropriate to apply population statistics or lifetime risks to individuals while examining fitness for work. It recommended an individualised assessment of specific risks within the job, relative to other risks posed by that workplace. ; published_or_final_version

Children have lived & worked on city streets since time immemorial. But in recent years, free-market policies have led to a growing gap between rich & poor, unprecedented urbanization, & the fracturing of traditional social structures. One result has been the development of entire subcultures made up of children, including many whose family ties have been cruelly cut. Childhood is supposed to be a time of safety, laughter, & learning. But these children lead stunted lives characterized by fear, shame, & discrimination. That they succeed in organizing & fighting back, as they have in Brazil, that they doggedly strive to realize their dreams of betterment, as they do in Ghana, is a wonder. The author's play, When I Meet My Mother, offers a glimpse into the lives of a gang of Brazilian street children in one 24-hour period. 14 References. Adapted from the source document.

The article discusses how the process and timing of urbanization as well as the consequent social cleavages related to the cultural division of labour affected the local politics of Greek and Bulgarian nationalism in the Ottoman provincial town of Monastir (now Bitola) at the turn of the century. It maintains the view that nationalism extensively exploited social divisions and individual aspirations, but could neither ignore the laws of the free-market economy nor hastily forge ethnic cohesion. The argument is supported by a presentation of the Macedonian economy, an examination of the labour market in particular, and an investigation of living conditions in the suburbs of Monastir. The basic source are three personal notebooks with family expenses which belonged to a wealthy Vlach merchant. They are most detailed, comprising some 7,000 entries, and cover day by day the period from September 1897 until October 1911.

Drawing on theory on corporeality, subjectivity, & the gendered body, the relationship between the masculinities of boys, male youth, & crime in GB is mapped. The hegemonic construction is that there is "trouble with boys" & that the masculine body is dangerous. The inherently vague concept of masculinity has been an explanation for the desire to commit crime & a general description of men's criminal behavior. This thesis was constructed by joining the fantasies & changing configurations of the (dangerous) working-class body & the ontology of childhood. The 1993 case of the "Rat Boy" in GB, a symbol of persistent young offenders, illustrates this corporealizing of dangerous male lower-class youth, in alignment with discourse on the undermining of the family, the collapse of marriage, & the death of childhood. The persistent regulation of the Other & oppressed communities in GB through this hegemonic construction needs to be addressed. 45 References. M. Pflum

The concepts of role conflict and role overload have been used, often interchangeably, to interpret sources of gender differences in role‐related mental health among men and women who combine the roles of spouse, parent, and worker. However, these types of chronic role strains actually represent two distinct concepts. Definitions of the concepts suggest different contextual sources for these role difficulties as well as different mental health consequences of experiencing them. This paper analyzes some potential sources of feelings of role conflict and role overload, and estimates their effects in undermining psychological well‐being among a sample of women who combine work and family roles. Results indicate that (a) different contextual factors influence individuals'feelings of role conflict and role overload, and (b) feelings of role conflict significantly undermine psychological well‐being, while feelings of role overload do not.

Among the most significant changes in the pattern of Italian foreign direct investments during the 1990s were : the growing role of traditional industries and the tendency for such investments to be made in Central and Eastern Europe. As a consequence, the internationalization of Italian firms tends to correspond to trade patterns, highly concentrated in traditional sectors and in mechanical engineering. Fast- growing medium-sized companies and groups, usually family-owned, have become the new actors in this phase of international expansion. The textile and clothing industry illustrates this new trend. The relation between the international expansion of Italian firms in the CEECs, as expressed by turnover and employment in their foreign affiliates, is analyzed along with the creation of foreign trade and outward processing trade in this zone. The impact of industrial redeployment on business and employment in Italy, as well as related policy issues, come under discussion.

In the last two decades, scholars have significandy expanded, through die use of probate inventories, our purview of early-modern European households. Their work has tended to focus on the social and cultural implications of the material culture found in these inventories.1 Seldom, however, have they used these sources to study the family economy found in many early-modern European households, and since artisanal small-scale production remained the predominant mode of urban economic activity, this has produced a conspicuous gap in our knowledge.1 This essay, which contains a comprehensive investigation of probate inventories from artisanal households during the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, is a modest attempt to fill some of that gap by providing a more nuanced understanding of the social, cultural, and economic survival strategies employed by the poorer households as they struggled to avoid the abject indigence of the truly destitute.

A survey of his extensive bibliography reveals that George Mosse wrote very little about the only movement that he ever called his political "Heimat": antifascism. Nonetheless, in his last years, while writing his memoir Confronting History, he returned to the scenes of his youthful engagement on the left, acknowledging that his "political awakening" was due not merely to his being the refugee scion of the eminent Berlin German-Jewish family whose newspapers were excoriated almost daily by the Nazis. Rather, like many in his generation, at age seventeen George was roused from a sleepy indifference to his studies at the Quaker Bootham School in York-shire by the Spanish Civil War. If his activity on behalf of Spain was still "sporadic" during his last year at Bootham, at Cambridge, which George entered in the fall of 1937, commitment became more intense and eventually, he recalled, "marked my two years as an undergraduate."