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This paper focuses on framing as a social movement's transnationalstrategy. Applying the cultural approach to framing analysis, it investigateshow the Gülen movement, as a social group with restricted access tonational gatekeepers, uses discourse to internationalise a domestic powerstruggle with a powerful opponent. Moving the struggle to theinternational arena presents a discursive opportunity that determineswhich ideas become visible and legitimate both internationally andnationally. The importance of such internationalization increases in times ofconflict and the media play a vital role in this process. The paper arguesthat the editors of the pro-Gülen movement foreign online platformsestablished after the movement was forced into exile following the failed2016 coup, use strategic framing to tailor their frames for the host contextand culture. That increases the resonance of their frames and the potentialof the discursive opportunity. The article confirms the previous findings thatmedia are a crucial resource for transnational social movements becausepolicymakers are sensitive to public opinion, which is shaped by mediaframes.

ABSTRACTThis study expands upon the current literature regarding how potential employers perceive the value of online accounting education at both the undergraduate and graduate level. Experimental results demonstrate that employers are significantly more willing to offer employment to an entry-level job applicant whose baccalaureate degree in accounting, from an AACSB-accredited institution, was obtained in a traditional (on campus) or hybrid (blended learning) environment as opposed to an online environment. The reputation of the educational institution as suggested by publication ratings does not significantly affect willingness to hire. Further results suggest that Big 4 employers are equally willing to hire the online accounting graduate as employers from most other types of firms. In addition, employers appear to be more accepting of lower-level, as opposed to upper-level, online accounting coursework and favor applicants who complete a baccalaureate degree on campus and an M.B.A. online, or vice versa, over those who complete both degrees online. Practitioners and students should be aware that, within the aforementioned boundaries, accounting firms are becoming more willing to hire accounting graduates whose academic career includes some online content.

Advancements in online shopping for consumers requires consistent government support policies and the introduction of substantial government laws and regulations. In order to establish innovative developments in online shopping market environment that makes online shopping faster and stable, the government perspective is vital with the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) for research and development in online shopping behavior for consumer's confidence and their purchase intention. The proposed conceptual framework in the study establish that governments' supports positively impact on perceived ease of online shopping, and positively influence consumer's online shopping intentions. In addition, the study results are consistent to the empirical researches that focus on perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness that will affect consumer online shopping behavior.

"Misinformation can spread like wildfire online, reaching people worldwide. Misinformation is driving increasing political polarization, endangering public health and communities, and increasing public distrust of the media, government, and other institutions. People are left unsure of what to believe and who to trust"--

According to Inglehart's postmaterialist theory, young people brought up in periods of high economic and physical security, surrounded by better opportunities for education, are more likely to prioritise postmaterialist values. Postmaterialists are strongly inclined to support new forms of collective action and extra-institutional activity. Internet researchers have reported that internet users are mainly young, well educated and affluent, thus denoting a similarity to the demographic characteristics of postmaterialists. This article presents some evidence regarding the existence of postmaterialist values in the online realm of Greece, attempting to demonstrate how postmaterialism influences online and offline political activity. The findings indicate a trend on the part of young people to display a postmaterialist orientation, accompanied by a disinterest in traditional forms of political participation. Postmaterialism is positively associated with internet use and is a weak contributing factor to online and offline extra-institutional participation.

Employment law is currently unequipped to decide rights and obligations in many online work scenarios. We simply do not know how the courts will address the dramatic divergence between existing law and the realities of the modern online workforce. But, it is worth remembering that courts have already grappled extensively with the general question of how to apply existing rules to the Internet. Cases dealing with online property, contract, tort, and crime can help us project how courts might approach the novel and perplexing questions sure to arise in online work disputes. This Article identifies three basic approaches: (1) the "blind eye," in which courts essentially ignore the fact that the activity is taking place online and apply existing law without adjustment; (2) analogy or functional equivalency, in which the courts look to directly or functionally analogous real-world legal scenarios to guide their decisions; and (3) "context-driven" analysis in which courts recognize at the outset the crucial differences presented by online environments, then, by disposing of certain doctrinal elements, adding others, or crafting entirely new standards, endeavor to reconcile existing law with situations its authors could never have envisioned. This Article focuses mostly on cases from the earlier years of cyberlaw, before doctrines developed and legislatures acted. It offers something of a roadmap to practitioners, online employers, and potential employee plaintiffs, explaining how courts and administrative bodies first struggled to cope with the migration of regulable activity into a virtual environment.

Der steigende Umsatz im Online-Handel lässt eine zunehmende Bereitschaft von Konsumenten erkennen, Produkte online zu erwerben. Wird eine Kaufentscheidung online getroffen, dann liegt eine Informationsasymmetrie zugunsten des Verkäufers vor. Daher sind für die Konsumenten Informationen zu den gewünschten Kaufobjekten von hoher Bedeutung, um die Produktqualität beurteilen zu können. Neben den Produktinformationen des Händlers beeinflussen die Kaufentscheidung der Konsumenten zunehmend von Käufern verfasste Online-Rezensionen (OR). Diese werden von potentiellen Käufern oft als sehr glaubwürdig wahrgenommen, da sie von einem tatsächlichen Konsumenten verfasst wurden. In dieser Studie wurde die Wirkung dieser Rezensionen auf die Zahlungsbereitschaft von Käufern bei Amazon untersucht. Die Ergebnisse legen den Schluss nahe, dass vom Konsumenten als positiv wahrgenommene Online-Rezensionen einen signifikant positiven Einfluss auf die Zahlungsbereitschaft haben, negativ wahrgenommene ORs diese jedoch tendenziell senken. Beeinflusst die OR die Qualitätswahrnehmung positiv, so erhöht sich tendenziell die maximale Preisbereitschaft von potenziellen Käufern. Die Erkenntnisse dieser Studie sind für alle Unternehmen relevant, die ihre Produkte bei Amazon verkaufen. Sie können mit diesem Wissen u.a. ihr Rezensionssystem optimieren und ihre Preispolitik so ausrichten, dass Umsätze optimiert werden können. ; Increasing online sales indicate a rising willingness of consumers to buy their products online. For a purchase decision made online there often exists an information asymmetry in favor of the seller. Therefore, in-formation about the desired purchase object are of high importance for the potential consumers in order to assess product quality. In particular, consumer-written online reviews (OR) increasingly influence the online purchase decision, since they are written by actual consumers and thus perceived as very credible. In this study, the effect of these reviews on Amazon consumers' willingness to pay (WTP) was analyzed. Results indicate an increased willingness to pay if consumers perceive ORs positively, whereas negative reviews tend to lower the WTP. If OR influences the quality perception positively, the maximum willingness to pay of potential buyers tends to increase. The findings of this study are relevant to all companies that sell their products on Amazon. With this knowledge, they can tailor their pricing policy to optimize sales.

"Schriftliche Korrespondenzen waren in der Wissenschaft im 18. Jahrhunderts die Mittel zum überregionalen Austausch. Heute werden die Archive dieser Korrespondenzen von einer Reihe von Wissenschaftshistorikern intensiv bearbeitet. Der Vortrag berichtet von dem gemeinsamen Versuch, die in verschiedenen wissenschaftshistorischen Projekten verfügbaren Informationen mit Mitteln der Netzwerkanalyse und Netzwerkvisualisierung zu einem globalen Bild der Wissenschaftslandschaft des 18. Jahrhunderts zusammenzufügen. Die Kombination der Quellen produziert nicht nur eine Gesamtschau des 'europäischen Wissenschaftssystems des 18. Jahrhunderts' sondern identifiziert darüber hinaus zentrale Personen, deren historische Bedeutung einer weiteren Klärung bedarf." (Autorenreferat)

Abstract—The coronavirus has fully motivated a number of regions in Indonesia to implement Large-Scale General Restrictions (PSBB). This policy may be the right solution. However, it also brings with it a recent dilemma embracing women. PSBB has influenced individuals to limit their physical mobility and move them to use high dependence on technology platforms including the web or social media. The intensity and repetition of social media use leads to online aggression compared to the case of women. The Jakarta Women's Legal Aid Institute noted that there were 30 cases of online violence against women in Indonesia in March and April 2020. Unfortunately, this number continues to increase from year to year. Many forms of online sex-based violence exist and most of them aim to intimidate, humiliate, and dominate women. Some of them are online sexual harassment, fear of sharing personal content with exploitation themes, dating violence, and online extortion. Surprisingly, not all women in Indonesia understand and report these forms of violence to the National Commission for the Protection of Women or related agencies due to the lack of information and socialization from local governments during the pandemic. As a result, this issue marks a long list of solutions involving governments and the private sector to make online violence worse. This paper will explicitly show the importance of eradicating online violence against women during the Coronavirus in Indonesia. Courage to speak is needed. Community support to exercise their right to vote is very important to voice positive things and stop violence against women. Keywords: covid-19,gender, Indonesia, online violence, woman Abstrak—Virus corona telah mendorong sejumlah daerah di Indonesia untuk menerapkan Pembatasan Sosial Berskala Besar (PSBB). Kebijakan ini mungkin bisa menjadi solusi yang tepat. Namun, hal tersebut dapat menjadi dilemma bagi perempuan. PSBB telah mempengaruhi setiap individu untuk membatasi mobilitas fisik dan menggerakkan masyarakat untuk memiliki ketergantungan tinggi terhadap teknologi, seperti internet atau media sosial. Jumlah intensitas dan penggunaan media social yang semakin meningkatkian harinya, mengarah kepada agresi online terhadap perempuan. Lembaga Bantuan Hukum Perempuan Jakarta mencatat ada 30 kasus kekerasan online terhadap perempuan di Indonesia pada Maret dan April 2020. Sayangnya, jumlah ini terus meningkat dari tahun ketahun. Ada banyak bentuk kekerasan berbasis seks online dan mayoritas diantaranya bertujuan untuk mengintimidasi, mempermalukan, untuk membagikan konten pribadi yang mengarah kepada eksploitasi, kekerasan dalam berpacaran, dan pemerasan online. Anehnya, tidak semua perempuan di Indonesia memahami dan melaporkan bentuk-bentuk kekerasan tersebut ke Komnas Perempuan atau instansi terkait karena minimnya informasi dan sosialisasi dari pemerintah daerah selama pandemi. Akibatnya, masalah ini menandai daftar panjang dan solusi terhadap buruknya kekerasan online yang melibatkan pemerintah dan sektor swasta. Tulisan ini secara eksplisit akan menunjukkan pentingnya pemberantasan kekerasan online terhadap perempuan selama virus Corona di Indonesia. Dibutuhkan keberanian untuk berbicara. Dukungan masyarakat untuk menggunakan hak pilihnya sangat penting untuk menyuarakan hal-hal positif dan menghentikan kekerasan terhadap perempuan. Kata kunci: covid-19, gender, Indonesia, kekerasan online, perempuan

This paper examines the re-production of images of gendered political bodies in digital scapes, and how these online forms participate in meaning-making of gender-based violence. The paper reads body images of (wo)men in politics, featured in online memes, as signs embodying society's negotiation of gender-based violence in an androcentric political culture. It finds that both online and offline Kenyan political discourses generated by mainstream and subversive political discourses portray the female body as a subordinate category around which three notions of marginalisation are produced: the trivialised body, the violated body, and the sexualised body, all products of patriarchal and sexist biases. Online memes are of particular interest because they are means by which the current generation of young Kenyans engage in public discourses in ways that reflect ongoing popular discourses on gender in non-official publics.

Online education has flexibility and cost advantages over in-class teaching and these advantages will grow with improvements in information technology. We consider likely market structures given that the quality aspects of online education exhibit endogenous fixed costs. Concentration in the market for courses could be high, as it is currently in the market for textbooks. The not-for-profit sector will exhibit lower costs, lower concentration, and possibly zero price.