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The paper is devoted to the problem of finding ways to fully justify the budget support of the contemporary Ukrainian repertory theaters as one of the strategic directions for their further survival and development. The work has proved that the theater of this kind is a public socio-cultural institution, serving to educate, develop, communicate and go for a new level of propaganda and awareness of the national self-identity of the people, engaged in it. However, the theater also acts as a business entity, creating jobs, paying taxes, supporting restaurant-hotel-tourist and other kinds of businesses that provide various related services, acting as an infrastructure-creating component. The repertory theater as an institution is an integral part of a more extended institution – the state. The latter should provide financial support to repertory theaters which are legislatively regarded to be non-profit organizations. Experience shows that the support is usually rendered with whatever funds remain. The theater is financed in the last turn with the remainder of the state funds, because theaters are referred to the group of loss-making institutions. Such a policy is vicious, since the author of this publication has proved that in fact the theater performs a very important function of a recreation space. The theater restores the productive resource of the state (region) – the human capital of both a person and society. The present publication for the first time proposes approaches to a direct estimation of possible losses in the gross domestic product incurred by the state (region) when it neglects the financial support of its repertory theaters. The work proves that: the repertory theater is not a planned unprofitable business entity; the most urgent task is to develop a technique for measuring the contribution of the theater to the state or regional economy; the theater has every reason to claim a certain portion of the income earned by it for the state or a region; the theater has every reason to rely on a more favorable fiscal policy of the state or regional authorities, which would encourage it to work more efficiently. ; Статья посвящена проблеме поиска путей для полноценного обоснования бюджетной поддержки современных украинских репертуарных театров, как одного из стратегических направлений их дальнейшего выживания и развития. В работе доказано, что такой театр является публичным социально-культурным учреждением, которое призвано воспитывать, развивать, общаться и двигаться к новому уровню пропаганды и осознанию национальной самоидентичности людей, которые с ней сталкиваются. Но театр также выступает как субъект хозяйствования, создавая рабочие места, платя налоги, поддерживая ресторанно-туристический и другие виды бизнеса, которые предоставляют различные сопутствующие услуги, действуя как инфраструктурно образующий компонент. Репертуарный театр как институт является неотъемлемой частью более развитого института - государства. Последнее должно оказывать финансовую поддержку репертуарным театрам, которые на законодательном уровне рассматриваются как некоммерческие организации. Опыт показывает, что поддержка осуществляется по остаточному принципу. Театр обеспечивается в последнюю очередь из средств, которые в государстве остаются, поскольку театры классифицируются как убыточные учреждения. Такая политика является ошибочной, поскольку автор этой публикации доказал, что фактически театр выполняет очень важную функцию рекреационного пространства. Театр восстанавливает производительный ресурс государства (региона) - человеческого капитала как личности, так и общества. Эта публикация впервые представляет подходы к прямой оценке возможных потерь в валовом внутреннем продукте, понесенного государством (регионом), когда оно пренебрегает финансовой поддержкой его репертуарных театров. В работе доказано, что: репертуарный театр не является планово-убыточным предприятием; крайне необходимой задачей является разработка методики измерения вклада театра в экономику государства или региона; театр имеет все основания, чтобы претендовать на определенную часть из заработанного им для государства или региона; театр имеет все основания рассчитывать на более благоприятную бюджетную политику государства или региональной власти, которая бы стимулировала его к более эффективному труду. ; Статтю присвячено проблемі пошуку шляхів для повноцінного обґрунтування бюджетної підтримки сучасних українських репертуарних театрів, як одного із стратегічних напрямів їхнього подальшого виживання та розвитку. В роботі доведено, що такий театр є публічною соціально-культурною установою, що покликана виховувати, розвивати, спілкуватися і рухатися до нового рівня пропаганди та усвідомлення національної самоідентичності людей, які з нею стикаються. Але театр також виступає як суб'єкт господарювання, створюючи робочі місця, сплачуючи податки, підтримуючи ресторан-готель-туристичний та інші види бізнесу, які надають різні супутні послуги, діючи як інфраструктуро утворюючий компонент. Репертуарний театр як інститут є невід'ємною частиною більш розвиненої інституції - держави. Остання повинна надавати фінансову підтримку репертуарним театрам, які на законодавчому рівні розглядаються як некомерційні організації. Досвід показує, що підтримка здійснюється по остаточному принципу. Театр забезпечується в останню чергу з коштів, які в державі залишаються, оскільки театри класифікуються як збиткові установи. Така політика є помилковою, оскільки автор цієї публікації довів, що фактично театр виконує дуже важливу функцію рекреаційного простору. Театр відновлює продуктивний ресурс держави (регіону) - людського капіталу як особистості, так і суспільства. Ця публікація вперше представляє підходи до прямої оцінки можливих втрат у валовому внутрішньому продукті, понесеному державою (регіоном), коли він нехтує фінансовою підтримкою його репертуарних театрів. В роботі доведено, що: репертуарний театр не є планово-збитковим суб'єктом господарювання; вкрай необхідним завданням є розробка методики вимірювання внеску театру в економіку держави або регіону; театр має всі підстави, щоб претендувати на певну частину із заробленого ним для держави або регіону; театр має всі підстави розраховувати на більш сприятливу бюджетну політику держави або регіональної влади, яка б стимулювала його до більш ефективної праці.

The paper is devoted to the problem of finding ways to fully justify the budget support of the contemporary Ukrainian repertory theaters as one of the strategic directions for their further survival and development. The work has proved that the theater of this kind is a public socio-cultural institution, serving to educate, develop, communicate and go for a new level of propaganda and awareness of the national self-identity of the people, engaged in it. However, the theater also acts as a business entity, creating jobs, paying taxes, supporting restaurant-hotel-tourist and other kinds of businesses that provide various related services, acting as an infrastructure-creating component. The repertory theater as an institution is an integral part of a more extended institution – the state. The latter should provide financial support to repertory theaters which are legislatively regarded to be non-profit organizations. Experience shows that the support is usually rendered with whatever funds remain. The theater is financed in the last turn with the remainder of the state funds, because theaters are referred to the group of loss-making institutions. Such a policy is vicious, since the author of this publication has proved that in fact the theater performs a very important function of a recreation space. The theater restores the productive resource of the state (region) – the human capital of both a person and society. The present publication for the first time proposes approaches to a direct estimation of possible losses in the gross domestic product incurred by the state (region) when it neglects the financial support of its repertory theaters. The work proves that: the repertory theater is not a planned unprofitable business entity; the most urgent task is to develop a technique for measuring the contribution of the theater to the state or regional economy; the theater has every reason to claim a certain portion of the income earned by it for the state or a region; the theater has every reason to rely on a more favorable fiscal policy of the state or regional authorities, which would encourage it to work more efficiently. ; Статья посвящена проблеме поиска путей для полноценного обоснования бюджетной поддержки современных украинских репертуарных театров, как одного из стратегических направлений их дальнейшего выживания и развития. В работе доказано, что такой театр является публичным социально-культурным учреждением, которое призвано воспитывать, развивать, общаться и двигаться к новому уровню пропаганды и осознанию национальной самоидентичности людей, которые с ней сталкиваются. Но театр также выступает как субъект хозяйствования, создавая рабочие места, платя налоги, поддерживая ресторанно-туристический и другие виды бизнеса, которые предоставляют различные сопутствующие услуги, действуя как инфраструктурно образующий компонент. Репертуарный театр как институт является неотъемлемой частью более развитого института - государства. Последнее должно оказывать финансовую поддержку репертуарным театрам, которые на законодательном уровне рассматриваются как некоммерческие организации. Опыт показывает, что поддержка осуществляется по остаточному принципу. Театр обеспечивается в последнюю очередь из средств, которые в государстве остаются, поскольку театры классифицируются как убыточные учреждения. Такая политика является ошибочной, поскольку автор этой публикации доказал, что фактически театр выполняет очень важную функцию рекреационного пространства. Театр восстанавливает производительный ресурс государства (региона) - человеческого капитала как личности, так и общества. Эта публикация впервые представляет подходы к прямой оценке возможных потерь в валовом внутреннем продукте, понесенного государством (регионом), когда оно пренебрегает финансовой поддержкой его репертуарных театров. В работе доказано, что: репертуарный театр не является планово-убыточным предприятием; крайне необходимой задачей является разработка методики измерения вклада театра в экономику государства или региона; театр имеет все основания, чтобы претендовать на определенную часть из заработанного им для государства или региона; театр имеет все основания рассчитывать на более благоприятную бюджетную политику государства или региональной власти, которая бы стимулировала его к более эффективному труду. ; Статтю присвячено проблемі пошуку шляхів для повноцінного обґрунтування бюджетної підтримки сучасних українських репертуарних театрів, як одного із стратегічних напрямів їхнього подальшого виживання та розвитку. В роботі доведено, що такий театр є публічною соціально-культурною установою, що покликана виховувати, розвивати, спілкуватися і рухатися до нового рівня пропаганди та усвідомлення національної самоідентичності людей, які з нею стикаються. Але театр також виступає як суб'єкт господарювання, створюючи робочі місця, сплачуючи податки, підтримуючи ресторан-готель-туристичний та інші види бізнесу, які надають різні супутні послуги, діючи як інфраструктуро утворюючий компонент. Репертуарний театр як інститут є невід'ємною частиною більш розвиненої інституції - держави. Остання повинна надавати фінансову підтримку репертуарним театрам, які на законодавчому рівні розглядаються як некомерційні організації. Досвід показує, що підтримка здійснюється по остаточному принципу. Театр забезпечується в останню чергу з коштів, які в державі залишаються, оскільки театри класифікуються як збиткові установи. Така політика є помилковою, оскільки автор цієї публікації довів, що фактично театр виконує дуже важливу функцію рекреаційного простору. Театр відновлює продуктивний ресурс держави (регіону) - людського капіталу як особистості, так і суспільства. Ця публікація вперше представляє підходи до прямої оцінки можливих втрат у валовому внутрішньому продукті, понесеному державою (регіоном), коли він нехтує фінансовою підтримкою його репертуарних театрів. В роботі доведено, що: репертуарний театр не є планово-збитковим суб'єктом господарювання; вкрай необхідним завданням є розробка методики вимірювання внеску театру в економіку держави або регіону; театр має всі підстави, щоб претендувати на певну частину із заробленого ним для держави або регіону; театр має всі підстави розраховувати на більш сприятливу бюджетну політику держави або регіональної влади, яка б стимулювала його до більш ефективної праці.

"To this day I feel humiliation for what was done to me… The time I spent in Abu Ghraib — it ended my life. I'm only half a human now." That's what Abu Ghraib survivor Talib al-Majli had to say about the 16 months he spent at that notorious prison in Iraq after being captured and detained by American troops on October 31, 2003. In the wake of his release, al-Majli has continued to suffer a myriad of difficulties, including an inability to hold a job thanks to physical and mental-health deficits and a family life that remains in shambles.He was never even charged with a crime — not exactly surprising, given the Red Cross's estimate that 70% to 90% of those arrested and detained in Iraq after the 2003 American invasion of that country were guilty of nothing. But like other survivors, his time at Abu Ghraib continues to haunt him, even though, nearly 20 years later in America, the lack of justice and accountability for war crimes at that prison has been relegated to the distant past and is considered a long-closed chapter in this country's War on Terror.The Abu Ghraib "Scandal"On April 28th, 2004, CBS News's 60 Minutes aired a segment about Abu Ghraib prison, revealing for the first time photos of the kinds of torture that had happened there. Some of those now-infamous pictures included a black-hooded prisoner being made to stand on a box, his arms outstretched and electrical wires attached to his hands; naked prisoners piled on top of each other in a pyramid-like structure; and a prisoner in a jumpsuit on his knees being threatened with a dog. In addition to those disturbing images, several photos included American military personnel grinning or posing with thumbs-up signs, indications that they seemed to be taking pleasure in the humiliation and torture of those Iraqi prisoners and that the photos were meant to be seen.Once those pictures were exposed, there was widespread outrage across the globe in what became known as the Abu Ghraib scandal. However, that word "scandal" still puts the focus on those photos rather than on the violence the victims suffered or the fact that, two decades later, there has been zero accountability when it comes to the government officials who sanctioned an atmosphere ripe for torture.Thanks to the existence of the Federal Tort Claims Act, all claims against the federal government, when it came to Abu Ghraib, were dismissed. Nor did the government provide any compensation or redress to the Abu Ghraib survivors, even after, in 2022, the Pentagon released a plan to minimize harm to civilians in U.S. military operations. However, there is a civil suit filed in 2008 — Al Shimari v. CACI — brought on behalf of three plaintiffs against military contractor CACI's role in torture at Abu Ghraib. Though CACI tried 20 times to have the case dismissed, the trial — the first to address the abuse of Abu Ghraib detainees — finally began in mid-April in the Eastern District Court of Virginia. If the plaintiffs succeed with a ruling in their favor, it will be a welcome step toward some semblance of justice. However, for other survivors of Abu Ghraib, any prospect of justice remains unlikely at best.The Road to Abu Ghraib"My impression is that what has been charged thus far is abuse, which I believe technically is different from torture… And therefore, I'm not going to address the 'torture' word." So said Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld at a press conference in 2004. He failed, of course, to even mention that he and other members of President George W. Bush's administration had gone to great lengths not only to sanction brutal torture techniques in their "Global War on Terror," but to dramatically raise the threshold for what might even be considered torture.As Vian Bakir argued in her book Torture, Intelligence and Sousveillance in the War on Terror: Agenda-Building Struggles, his comments were part of a three-pronged Bush administration strategy to reframe the abuses depicted in those photos, including providing "evidence" of the supposed legality of the basic interrogation techniques, framing such abuses as isolated rather than systemic events, and doing their best to destroy visual evidence of torture altogether.Although top Bush officials claimed to know nothing about what happened at Abu Ghraib, the war on terror they launched was built to thoroughly dehumanize and deny any rights to those detained. As a 2004 Human Rights Watch report, "The Road to Abu Ghraib," noted, a pattern of abuse globally resulted not from the actions of individual soldiers, but from administration policies that circumvented the law, deployed distinctly torture-like methods of interrogation to "soften up" detainees, and took a "see no evil, hear no evil," approach to any allegations of prisoner abuse.In fact, the Bush administration actively sought out legal opinions about how to exclude war-on-terror prisoners from any legal framework whatsoever. A memorandum from Attorney General Alberto Gonzales to President Bush argued that the Geneva Conventions simply didn't apply to members of the terror group al-Qaeda or the Afghan Taliban. Regarding what would constitute torture, an infamous memo, drafted by Office of Legal Counsel attorney John Yoo, argued that "physical pain amounting to torture must be equivalent in intensity to the pain accompanying serious physical injury, such as organ failure, impairment of bodily function, or even death." Even after the Abu Ghraib photos became public, Rumsfeld and other Bush administration officials never relented when it came to their supposed inapplicability. As Rumsfeld put it in a television interview, they "did not apply precisely" in Iraq.In January 2004, Major General Anthony Taguba was appointed to conduct an Army investigation into the military unit, the 800th Military Police Brigade, which ran Abu Ghraib, where abuses had been reported from October through December 2003. His report was unequivocal about the systematic nature of torture there: "Between October and December 2003, at the Abu Ghraib Confinement Facility (BCCF), numerous incidents of sadistic, blatant, and wanton criminal abuses were inflicted on several detainees. This systemic and illegal abuse of detainees was intentionally perpetrated by several members of the military police guard force (372nd Military Police Company, 320th Military Police Battalion, 800th MP Brigade), in Tier (section) 1-A of the Abu Ghraib Prison."Sadly, the Taguba report was neither the first nor the last to document abuse and torture at Abu Ghraib. Moreover, prior to its release, the International Committee of the Red Cross had issued multiple warnings that such abuse was occurring at Abu Ghraib and elsewhere.Simulating AtonementOnce the pictures were revealed, President Bush and other members of his administration were quick to condemn the violence at the prison. Within a week, Bush had assured King Abdullah of Jordan, who was visiting the White House, that he was sorry about what those Iraqi prisoners had endured and "equally sorry that people who've been seeing those pictures didn't understand the true nature and heart of America."As scholar Ryan Shepard pointed out, Bush's behavior was a classic case of "simulated atonement," aimed at offering an "appearance of genuine confession" while avoiding any real responsibility for what happened. He analyzed four instances in which the president offered an "apologia" for what happened — two interviews with Alhurra and Al Arabiya television on May 5, 2004, and two appearances with the King of Jordan the next day.In each case, the president also responsible for the setting up of an offshore prison of injustice on occupied Cuban land in Guantánamo Bay in 2002 managed to shift the blame in classic fashion, suggesting that the torture had not been systematic and that the fault for it lay with a few low-level people. He also denied that he knew anything about torture at Abu Ghraib prior to the release of the photos and tried to restore the image of America by drawing a comparison to what the regime of Iraqi autocrat Saddam Hussein had done prior to the American invasion.In his interview with Alhurra, for example, he claimed that the U.S. response to Abu Ghraib — investigations and justice — would be unlike anything Saddam Hussein had done. Sadly enough, however, the American takeover of that prison and the torture that occurred there was anything but a break from Hussein's reign. In the context of such a faux apology, however, Bush apparently assumed that Iraqis could be easily swayed on that point, regardless of the violence they had endured at American hands; that they would, in fact, as Ryan Shepard put it, "accept the truth-seeking, freedom-loving American occupation as vastly superior to the previous regime."True accountability for Abu Ghraib? Not a chance. But revisiting Bush's apologia so many years later is a vivid reminder that he and his top officials never had the slightest intention of truly addressing those acts of torture as systemic to America's war on terror, especially because he was directly implicated in them.Weapons of American ImperialismOn March 19th, 2003, President Bush gave an address from the Oval Office to his "fellow citizens." He opened by saying that "American and coalition forces are in the early stages of military operations to disarm Iraq, to free its people and to defend the world from grave danger." The liberated people of Iraq, he said, would "witness the honorable and decent spirit of the American military."There was, of course, nothing about his invasion of Iraq that was honorable or decent. It was an illegally waged war for which Bush and his administration had spent months building support. In his State of the Union address in 2002, in fact, the president had referred to Iraq as part of an "axis of evil" and a country that "continues to flaunt its hostility toward America and to support terror." Later that year, he began to claim that Saddam's regime also had weapons of mass destruction. (It didn't and he knew it.) If that wasn't enough to establish the threat Iraq supposedly posed, in January 2003, Vice President Dick Cheney claimed that it "aids and protects terrorists, including members of al-Qaeda."Days after Cheney made those claims, Secretary of State Colin Powell falsely asserted to members of the U.N. Security Council that Saddam Hussein had chemical weapons, had used them before, and would not hesitate to use them again. He mentioned the phrase "weapons of mass destruction" 17 times in his speech, leaving no room to mistake the urgency of his message. Similarly, President Bush insisted the U.S. had "no ambition in Iraq, except to remove a threat and restore control of that country to its own people."The false pretenses under which the U.S. waged war on Iraq are a reminder that the war on terror was never truly about curbing a threat, but about expanding American imperial power globally.When the United States took over that prison, they replaced Saddam Hussein's portrait with a sign that said, "America is the friend of all Iraqis." To befriend the U.S. in the context of Abu Ghraib, would, of course, have involved a sort of coerced amnesia.In his essay "Abu Ghraib and its Shadow Archives," Macquarie University professor Joseph Pugliese makes this connection, writing that "the Abu Ghraib photographs compel the viewer to bear testimony to the deployment and enactment of absolute U.S. imperial power on the bodies of the Arab prisoners through the organizing principles of white supremacist aesthetics that intertwine violence and sexuality with Orientalist spectacle."As a project of American post-9/11 empire building, Abu Ghraib and the torture of prisoners there should be viewed through the lens of what I call carceral imperialism — an extension of the American carceral state beyond its borders in the service of domination and hegemony. (The Alliance for Global Justice refers to a phenomenon related to the one I'm discussing as "prison imperialism.") The distinction I draw is based on my focus on the war on terror and how the prison became a tool through which that war was being fought. In the case of Abu Ghraib, the capture, detention, and torture through which Iraqis were contained and subdued was a primary strategy of the U.S. colonization of Iraq and was used as a way to transform detained Iraqis into a visible threat that would legitimize the U.S. presence there. (Bagram prison in Afghanistan was another example of carceral imperialism.)Beyond Spectacle and Towards JusticeWhat made the torture at Abu Ghraib possible to begin with? While there were, of course, several factors, it's important to consider one above all: the way the American war not on, but of terror rendered Iraqi bodies so utterly disposable.One way of viewing this dehumanization is through philosopher Giorgio Agamben's Homo Sacer, which defines a relationship between power and two forms of life: zoe and bios. Zoe refers to an individual who is recognized as fully human with a political and social life, while bios refers to physical life alone. Iraqi prisoners at Abu Ghraib were reduced to bios, or bare life, while being stripped of all rights and protections, which left them vulnerable to uninhibited and unaccountable violence and horrifying torture.Twenty years later, those unforgettable images of torture at Abu Ghraib serve as a continuous reminder of the nature of American brutality in that Global War on Terror that has not ended. They continue to haunt me — and other Muslims and Arabs — 20 years later. They will undoubtedly be seared in my memory for life.Whether or not justice prevails in some way for Abu Ghraib's survivors, as witnesses – even distant ones — to what transpired at that prison, our job should still be to search for the stories behind the hoods, the bars, and the indescribable acts of torture that took place there. It's crucial, even so many years later, to ensure that those who endured such horrific violence at American hands are not forgotten. Otherwise, our gaze will become one more weapon of torture — extending the life of the horrific acts in those images and ensuring that the humiliation of those War on Terror prisoners will continue to be a passing spectacle for our consumption.Two decades after those photos were released, what's crucial about the unbearable violence and horror they capture is the choice they still force viewers to make — whether to become just another bystander to the violence and horror this country delivered under the label of the War on Terror or to take in the torture and demand justice for the survivors.This piece has been republished with permission from TomDispatch.

Trumpai apžvelgus UNESCO apibrėžtas skirtingas paveldo tipologijas, dėmesys skiriamas įvairioms kul- tūros vertybėms, kurios, nors ir nepriskiriamos "pagrindinėms" paveldo kategorijoms, simbolizuoja reikšmingą paveldo turtą, siūlantį, be savo įprastos paskirties, daugybę galimybių, kaip jį būtų galima pritaikyti "netradi- cinėms" pridėtinę vertę kuriančioms paslaugoms. Įžanginiame skyriuje pateikiami pavyzdžiai, iliustruojantys netradicinį kultūros paveldą: istorinis maršrutas "Rytų ekspresas", mėlynasis tramvajus Tramvia Blau ar funi- kulierius Tibidabo Funicular Barselonoje; parkai, sodai ir žaliosios erdvės kaip išskirtinių renginių vietos; ypa- tingos ar nykstančios augalijos ir gyvūnijos buveinės; istoriniai piligrimų keliai Via Francigena, El Camino de Santiago de Compostela ir Camí de Cel de Barcelona; Italijos asociacijos Italian Alpine Club (CAI) organizuo- jami Dolomitų kelias ir kalnų žygiai; kruizai, istoriškai reikšmingi komerciniai ir kariniai maršrutai, pavyzdžiui, Viduržemio jūros ir Baltijos jūros turai, maršrutai į Indiją; tradiciniai šou, koncertai, operos, muzikos / šokių renginiai ir ritualai; sausumos ir jūros augalija bei gyvūnija, kuriai gresia išnykimo pavojus; pajūrio ir pakrančių paveldas, pavyzdžiui, švyturiai, istoriniai uostai ir pan. Daugelyje Europos šalių "kultūros paveldui" gali būti priskiriami ir artefaktai, žmonių atrasti daugiau nei prieš 50 metų. Taigi į paveldo apsaugą gali pretenduoti daug įvairių objektų – nuo pirmojo bakelitinio radijo imtuvo ir pokarinių automobilių iki elektroninės kompiuterių įrangos ir dizaino kūrinių. Jeigu etno- gra nės kolekcijos, daug kartų žiūrėtos kino juostos ir TV įrašai taip pat vertinami kaip papildomi elemen- tai (saugomi jau beveik 60 metų), tuomet visa tai sudaro nepakeičiamą ir saugotiną informacijos "šaltinį", kurį dera perduoti ateinančioms kartoms. Be materialiojo paveldo, derėtų saugoti ir nematerialųjį paveldą, pavyzdžiui, muziką, šokius, ritualus, pasakas ir pan., taip pat naujausią, bet ne mažiau svarbų "ateities" pa- veldą. Apsidairius aplink XXI a. ateities muziejus kuratoriaus akimis, gali iškilti pagrįstas klausimas: "Ar ateities kartos, net ir artimos ateities kartos, sugebės suprasti dabartinės kartos kuriamą turinį?" Trumpai panagrinėjus milžiniškus ir įvairialypius paveldo klodus galima užduoti vieną svarbiausių klausimų: "Kaip užtikrinti tinkamą paveldo naudojimą, valorizaciją ir valdymą?" Nepakanka vien tik vadovautis esamu scenarijumi. Būtina pasirengti susitikti su ateities paveldu, galinčiu tapti tikru iššūkiu būsimiems kolekcio- nieriams ar kuratoriams. Paveldas turi daugybę funkcijų ir daugybę vertybių, tad verta gerai ištyrinėti šiuos daugiamačius ir turtingus klodus, kad būtų galima pasinaudoti visais jų teikiamais privalumais. Šiai už- duočiai veiksmingai ir kokybiškai atlikti yra būtina metodologija. "Verčių" požiūrio taikymas analizuojant paveldą galėtų prisidėti sprendžiant problemas ir užtikrintai pagrįsti paveldo išsaugojimo, apsaugos ir val- dymo strategijos apibrėžimą. Šis straipsnis supažindina su logišku požiūriu, nustatant ir grupuojant platų paveldui priskiriamų vertybių spektrą. Nuodugniai išanalizavus vertybes (pradedant nuo akivaizdžiausių), nustatomos naujos vertybės, kurios yra (tiesiogiai) susijusios su inovacijomis ir technologijomis. Vertybių, kurias galima priskirti kultūros paveldui, kiekis didėja, daugėjant suinteresuotųjų šalių, kurios laikomos paveldo naudojimo, konservavimo ir valdymo proceso dalyvėmis. Priimant su paveldu susijusius spren- dimus ir reaguojant į skirtingų suinteresuotųjų šalių poreikius, šių vertybių apibrėžimas yra lemiamas iš esmės dėl to, kad šios vertybės padeda nustatyti konkrečios teritorijos patrauklumo lygį. Kultūros paveldo samprata remiasi įvairialype paklausa, kurią būtina atpažinti visose sudėtinėse kultūros paveldo dalyse, norint nuodugniai ištyrinėti vertybių klodus, kuriuos (kaip bus pristatoma toliau) riboja skirtingi diferen- cijuotos paklausos poreikiai. Norint pasiekti šį tikslą reikia apibrėžti įrankius bei metodus, padėsiančius nustatyti ir vertinti kultūros paveldą atsižvelgiant į skirtingas jam priskiriamų vertybių perspektyvas. Kie- kviena konkreti vertybė išsamiai aprašoma, kad būtų lengviau atlikti atskiro atvejo analizę. Nepaisant visų nukrypimų, plačiąja prasme aiškinama Europos kultūros paveldo idėja perteikia šias vertybes: istorines, atminties, pilietybės, civilizacijos, pripažinimo, tradicijų, meno, mokslo, konservavimo ir technologines. Suvokti vertybių ir kitų skirtingų dalių esmę yra įmanoma pripažįstant ir veiksmingai naudojant mūsų palikimą, vertinant jį kaip sistemą sąveikų tarp įvairių aspektų: paveldo tipologijos (gamtinės, kultūrinės, . nematerialios, . ateities); daugybės "verčių" (ekonominių, investicijų grąžos, socialinių, kultūrinių, išskirtinumo / unikalu- mo ir pan.); geogra nių ypatumų (vertingumo vietinių požiūriu, nacionalinių, regioninių, globalinių, daugiau- sia nevietinių ir pan.); potencialių naudotojų / galutinių naudotojų (ekspertų, specialistų, kolekcionierių, verslininkų, miesto gyventojų, tyrėjų, bendruomenės narių ir pan.). Didžioji dalis šių vertybių yra "potencialios"; kartais nėra galimybių ar poreikio nustatyti jų piniginę išraišką. Daugeliu atvejų išlaidas dengiantis subjektas nėra tas, kuris daug uždirba iš kultūros paveldo "naudojimo", čia susiduriama su savotišku asimetrinės rinkos modeliu. Visuomenės reikmėms skirto kul- tūros paveldo atveju "verčių" "rezultatais" dalijasi skirtingi vertybių grandinės dalyviai, o kultūros paveldą prižiūrinti valstybinė institucija tarp jų būna ne visada. Kartais visas vertybių spektras neatrodo akivaizdus (bent jau) vadovams arba nemanoma, kad būtų tinkama ar "išmintinga" šiomis vertybėmis pasinaudoti. Tokių vertybių naudojimas nebūtinai turi kelti pavojų mūsų paveldui – kultūros vertybės nesivaržo tar- pusavyje, išmintingai jas naudojant, jos nebus "suvartotos". Netgi priešingai, aiškiai apibrėžus vertybių "vertę", jas būtų lengviau atpažinti ir apsaugoti, suformuluojant bazines sąlygas jų tinkamam naudojimui užtikrinti. Toks scenarijus atrodo kaip visiems naudingas susitarimas: miesto gyventojai gali pasinaudoti visais efektyvaus paveldo naudojimo teikiamais privalumais, o suinteresuotosios šalys – džiaugtis didesniu matomu ir išaugusiomis pajamomis. Sėkmingai įdiegtoje sistemoje būtų numatytas struktūrinis vertinimo procesas, atsižvelgiantis ir į speci nes vertinimo procedūras bei rodiklius, ir į ekspertus, prisidedančius prie šios blokinės schemos kūrimo. Daugeliu atvejų šios vertybės iliustruoja, kaip įgyvendinami lankytojų ir naudotojų lūkesčiai. Raktiniai žodžiai: kultūros paveldas, ateities paveldas, išmanusis paveldas, netradicinės kultūros vertybės, paveldo vertinimas, paveldo valdymas. ; Starting from a quick overview of the di erent typologies of heritage as de ned by UNESCO, the focus is made on a wide range of cultural assets that, even not classi ed the 'main' heritage families, represent, however, a relevant heritage asset that apart from the typical use o ers great opportunities to be suitable for 'unconventional' added value services. The introduction provides a selection of examples concerning unconventional cultural assets such as the historical trans- portation means Orient Express, Tramvia Blau or the Tibidabo Funicular in Barcelona; parks, gardens and green areas as scenarios of particular events or peculiar or extinct habitats of ora and fauna; historic itineraries such as via Francigena, El Camino de Santiago de Compostela and the Camí de Cel de Barcelona; the Dolomites and mountain hiking trails of the Italian Alpine Club (CAI); cruises, commercial and military routes important in history such as Mediterranean and Baltic routes, routes to India; traditional shows, concerts, opera, music/dances and rituals; land and marine ora and fauna considered to be at risk of extinction; maritime-coastal heritage such as lighthouses, historical harbours, etc. In many European countries, artefacts realised by human beings more than fty years ago are also considered potential 'Cultural Heritage'. Therefore, a variety of objects might be enlis- ted for protection such as the rst bakelite radio-set, post-war period cars, the early electronic computer equipment and design products. Furthermore, if ethnographic collections, many times movies and TV recordings are considered the complement pictures (that have already been pro- tected for almost sixty years), all of them constitute an irreplaceable 'source' of information to be protected and handed down to posterity. In addition to the tangible heritage, the intangible heritage such as music, dances, rituals, tales, etc. and last but not least the 'future' heritage should be preserved. If we look around in the shoes of a curator of a future museum of the 21st c., it is reasonable to ask ourselves 'Will future generations, even those of the near future, be able to access the content produced by this generation?' Having brie y explored the vast and heteroge- neous universe of heritage, one of the key questions posed to ourselves is 'How can we ensure a proper use, valorisation and management of it?' Along with the current scenario, we should be ready to deal with the future heritage that may represent a real challenge for future collectors or curators. As the heritage represents a multi-function and multi-value domain, there is a need to explore this multidimensional space in order to fully bene t from its richness. Thus, a metho- 129 130 dology enabling to complete the task in an e cient and productive way is required. Application of the 'value' approach in analysing heritage may contribute to solving the problem and provide a valid support in de ning a strategy to preserve, promote and manage it. The present paper outlines the logical approach for identi cation and clustering of the broad range of the values associated with the heritage. The in-depth analysis of values, starting from the more evident ones, leads to identi cation of a set of new values due to or directly connected with innovation and technologies. The plurality of values that can be associated with a cultural asset widens with the variety of stakeholders considered to participate in the process of heritage use, conservation and management. Establishing the values upon making decisions about the heritage and there- fore meeting the needs of di erent stakeholders is crucial, mainly due to the reason that such values contribute to identi cation of the degree of attractiveness of a given territory. The cultural heritage should be considered a system based on the heterogeneous demand to be recognised in its many components in order to investigate the value space throughout its extension that, as it will be outlined later, is delimited by di erent needs of the di erentiated demand; in order to do this, we need to identify and de ne tools and methods of measuring and evaluating the cultural heritage in the di erent perspectives of the value attributable to it. Each speci c value is outlined in detail to facilitate the implementation of the approach to a single case study. The concept of the European cultural heritage, interpreted in the broad sense and with all its declinations, is the bearer of a multitude of values: historical value, testimony, citizenship, civilization, recognition, traditions, artistic, scienti c, conservation and technology. The matter of values and the other di erent elements actively contributing to the overall appreciation and fruitful exploitation of our legacy might be considered a complex of interactions among the following di erent aspects: • Heritage typology (natural, cultural,. intangible,. future) • Wide set of 'values' (economic value, return of investment, social, cultural, exceptionality/uniquely, etc.) • Geographic range (valuable for locals, national, regional, global, non-local mainly, etc.) • Potential users/end users (experts, specialists, collectors, businessmen, citizens, researchers, community members, etc.) Major parts of these values are 'potential'; sometimes there is no chance or need to monetize them. It happens frequently that the one who covers the expenses is not the one who earns much money from the 'use' of the cultural asset, i.e. a kind of asymmetric market model is observed. In case of public cul- tural assets, the 'e ects' of the 'values' are shared among di erent actors in the value-chain, sometimes not including the public body looking after the cultural assets at all. Moreover, sometimes the full set of values is not evident at least to the managers or it is not considered proper or 'wise' to take advantage of them. The exploitation of such values will not necessarily jeopardize our heritage, cultural assets are not rivalling and a wise exploitation will not 'consume' them. On the contrary, a clear identi cation of their 'values' will help to identify and protect them developing the basic conditions to ensure a proper exploitation. Such a scenario looks like a win-win agreement: citizens may bene t from the fruitful exploitation of their own heritage, whereas stakeholders may bene t from enhanced visibility and inco- mes. The full implementation of the system foresees a structured evaluation process taking into account both speci c evaluation procedures, metrics and a network of experts providing their contribution in a kind of block chain architecture. In most cases, these values represent the ful lment of the present expectations of visitors and users. Keywords: Cultural heritage, future heritage, smart heritage, unconventional cultural assets, heritage valorisation, heritage management.

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Gabbur-3 microwatershedwas conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 536ha in Koppaltalukand district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 96per cent is covered by soils, 3 per cent byrock outcrops and one per cent by water bodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 13soil series and 24soil phases (management units) and 6land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm) soils.  About 10 per cent area has clayey soils at the surface, 73 per cent loamy soils and 13 per cent sandy soils.  About 58per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m)in available water capacity.  About 92 per cent area has very gently sloping (1-3%) and 4 per cent area has nearly level (0-1%)lands.  An area of about 28 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and68 per cent moderately eroded (e2) lands.  An area of about 12per cent has soils that are slightly to moderately acid (pH 5.5- 6.5), 2 per cent soils are strongly acid (pH 5.0-5.5), 25 per cent soils are neutral (pH 6.5-7.3),54 per cent are slightly to moderately alkaline (pH 7.3 to 8.4)and3 per cent are strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are 0.75%) in organic carbon.  Available phosphorus is low (57 kg/ha) in47 per cent area of the microwatershed.  About 68 per cent of the soils are medium (145-337 kg/ha) and 28 per cent of the soils are high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium content.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm).  Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 64 per cent area,26per cent area is medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) and high (>1.0 ppm) in about 6 per cent.  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm)in 36 per cent and deficient (0.6 ppm) in about 33 per cent area.  Available manganeseand copper are sufficient in all the soils.  The land suitability for 28major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershedwere assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 256 (48) 87 (16) Pomegranate 53 (10) 226 (42) Maize 37 (7) 179 (34) Guava 53 (10) 101 (19) Bajra 154 (29) 162 (30) Jackfruit 52(10) 100 (19) Red gram 53 (10) 226 (42) Jamun 29 (5) 204 (38) Bengalgram 102 (19) 280 (52) Musambi 122 (23) 157 (29) Groundnut 29 (5) 262 (49) Lime 122 (23) 157 (29) Sunflower 122 (23) 157 (29) Cashew 67 (12) 87 (16) Cotton 132 (25) 212 (40) Custard apple 256 (48) 196 (37) Chilli 154 (29) 63 (12) Amla 154 (29) 298 (56) Tomato 154 (29) 87 (16) Tamarind 29 (5) 117 (22) Drumstick 53 (10) 260 (49) Marigold 67 (12) 276 (52) Mulberry 53 (10) 236 (44) Chrysanthemum 67 (12) 276 (52) Mango 29 (5) 24 (4) Jasmine 67 (12) 174 (33) Sapota 53 (10) 100 (19) Crossandra 67 (12) 243 (45) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the6 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder,fibre and other horticulture crops that helps in maintaining productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plans have been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which inturn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 110 (55.28%) men and 89 (44.72%) were women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers was 4.2, marginal farmers' was 4.46, small farmers' was 4.63, semi medium farmers' was 4.3 and medium farmers' was 5.  The data indicated that, 39 (19.6 %) people were in 0-15 years of age, 82 (41.21 %) were in 16-35 years of age, 60 (30.15 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 18 (9.05%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Gabbur-3 had 43.72 per cent illiterates, 32.66 per cent of them had primary school education, 2.51 per cent of them had middle school education, 7.54 per cent of them had high school education, 7.54 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.50 per cent of them had diploma and 2.01 per cent of them had degree education.  The results indicate that, 88.64 per cent of households practicing agriculture and 13.64 per cent of the households were agricultural laborers.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 20.10 per cent of the household members, 59.30 per cent were agricultural labourers, 0.50 per cent was in private service, 16.08 per cent of them were student and 4.02 per cent were children.  The results show that only 1.01 per cent of the household members have participated in NGOs and 98.99 per cent of the households have not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 11.36 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 68.18 per cent of the households possess Katcha house, 18.18 per cent of them possess pucca/RCC house.  The results shows that 77.27 per cent of the households possess TV, 61.36 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 11.36 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 43.18 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 79.55 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results shows that the average value of television was Rs. 5075, mixer grinder was Rs.1903, motor cycle was Rs.47473, mobile phone was Rs.2108 and bicycle was Rs.1600.  About 45.45 per cent of the households possess plough, 18.18 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 4.55 per cent of the households possess irrigation pump, 4.55 per cent of the households possess tractor, 20.45 per cent of the households possess sprayer and 56.82 per cent of them possess weeder.  The results show that the average value of plough was Rs.1550, the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 15625, the average value of irrigation pump was Rs. 1571, 2 the average value of tractor was Rs. 250600, the average value of sprayer was Rs.1758 and the average value of weeder Rs.80.  The results indicate that, 31.82 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 31.82 per cent of the households possess local cow and 2.27 per cent of the households possess sheep.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.93, average own labour (women) available was 1.49, average hired labour (men) available was 13.52 and average hired labour (women) available was 9.89.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Gabbur-3 micro watershed possess 23.38 ha (40.61%) of dry land and 34.19 ha (59.39%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 7.02 ha (86.97%) of dry land and 1.05 ha (13.03%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 7.14 ha (78.55%) of dry land and 1.95 ha (21.45%) of irrigated land. Semi medium possess 2.14 ha (15.03%) of dry land and 12.13 ha (84.97%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 7.07 ha (27.07%) of dry land and 19.06 ha (72.93%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 299238.49 and average value of irrigated was Rs. 358119.30. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 526743.52 for dry land and Rs. 1709999.98 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 237903.69 for dry land and Rs. 819917.0 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 186415.09 for dry land and Rs. 424441.11 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 169.565.22 for dry land and Rs. 194033.97 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 30 functioning bore wells and 24 defunctioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 72.73 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 53.06 meters.  The results indicate that, marginal farmers had irrigated area of 2.58 hectares, small farmers had 2.76 hectares, semi medium farmers had 12.13 hectares and medium farmers had 18.62 hectares.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown maize (29.14 ha), bajra (14.49 ha), paddy (2.83 ha), sugarcane (2.23 ha), bengalgram (2.11 ha), cotton (1.71 ha), redgram (1.62 ha), sunflower (1.62 ha) and sapota (0.91 ha).  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Gabbur-3 micro watershed was found to be 88.60 per cent. In case of marginal farmers it was 100 per cent, for small farmers it was 100 per cent, in case of semi medium farmers it was 83 per cent and medium farmers had a cropping intensity of 71.43 per cent. 3  The results indicate that, 65.91 per cent of the households possess bank account and savings in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, 69.23 per cent of marginal, 75 per cent of small, 60.0 per cent of semi medium and 100 per cent of medium farmers have borrowed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that 3.45 per cent have availed loan from grameena bank.  The results indicate that, semi medium have availed a credit of Rs.12500.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households have borrowed loan from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production.  Results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did not repay their loan borrowed from institutional sources.  The results indicate that, around 100 per cent of the households opined that the loan helped them to perform timely agricultural operations.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for sugarcane was Rs. 63406.50. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 162690.67. The net income from sugarcane cultivation was Rs. 99284.17, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.57.  The total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 27366.09. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 39524.14. The net income from Maize cultivation was Rs. 12158.052, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.44.  The total cost of cultivation for Bajra was Rs. 30365.39. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 30642.85. The net income from Bajra cultivation was Rs. 277.47. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.01.  The total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 38588.45. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 55008.96. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 16420.51. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.43.  The total cost of cultivation for Sapota was Rs. 29035.29. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 262300.89. The net income from Sapota cultivation was Rs. 233265.60. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:9.03.  The total cost of cultivation for Cotton was Rs. 41171.24. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 45975.22. The net income from Cotton cultivation was Rs. 2409.43, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.12.  The total cost of cultivation for Paddy was Rs. 38588.45. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 55008.96. The net income from Paddy cultivation was Rs. 16420.51, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.43.  The total cost of cultivation for sunflower was Rs. 31812.67. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 53105. The net income from sunflower cultivation was Rs. 21292.33, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.67. 4  The total cost of cultivation for bengalgram was Rs. 38703.46. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 137289.48. The net income from bengalgram cultivation was Rs. 98586.02, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:3.55.  The total cost of cultivation for redgram was Rs. 17728.95. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 41496. The net income from redgram cultivation was Rs. 23767.05, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.34.  The results indicate that, 18.18 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and another 2.27 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate. Also, 31.82 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was inadequate.  The results indicate that the average annual gross income was Rs. 32,000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 60,307.85, for small farmers it was Rs. 69,750, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 120,000 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 117,125.38.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 5,656.59. For landless households it was Rs. 2,400, for marginal farmers it was Rs 5,847.63, for small farmers it was Rs. 5,468.75, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 6,583.33 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 6,410.94.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 33 coconut trees, 5 guava trees, 31 mango trees and 3 orange trees in their field.  The results indicate that, households have planted 85 neem trees, 19 teak trees, 5 tamarind trees, 4 acacia trees, 12 banyan and 3 peepul trees in their field.  The results indicate that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs.4,022.73 for land development, Rs.454.55 for irrigation facility and Rs.545.45 for improved crop production.  The results indicate that, government subsidy was the source of additional investment for 2.27 per cent for irrigation facility and for 4.55 per cent for improved crop production. Loan from bank was the major source of investment for 2.27 per cent of households for land development and for 2.27 per cent for improved crop production. Own funds were the source of additional investment for 25 per cent for land development, for 2.27 per cent for irrigation facility and for 4.55 per cent for improved crop production. Soft loan was the source of additional investment for 11.36 per cent for land development.  The results indicated that, bajra was sold to the extent of 95.22 per cent, bengalgram was sold to the extent of 80.39 per cent, maize was sold to the extent of 96.22 per cent, paddy and redgram were sold to the extent of 50 per cent. Cotton, sapota, sugarcane and sunflower were sold to the extent of 100 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 93.18 per cent of the households sold their produce in regulated markets and 9.09 per cent have sold their produce to cooperative marketing society. 5  The results indicated that 95.45 per cent of the farmers have used tractor and 2.27 per cent have used truck as a mode of transport for their agricultural produce.  The results indicated that, 22.73 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems.  The results indicated that, 65.91 per cent of the households are interested in soil testing.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 47.73 per cent of the households, bore well was the source of drinking water for 52.27 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, 86.36 percent used fire wood and 13.64 percent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility in the micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 90.91 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card, 6.82 per cent possessed APL card and 2.27 per cent did not possess any PDS card.  The results indicated that, 43.18 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 97.73 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 79.55 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 20.45 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 31.82 per cent, fruits were adequate for 29.55 per cent, milk was adequate for 15.91 per cent and eggs were adequate for 20.45 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, cereals were inadequate for 2.27 percent, pulses were inadequate for 18.18 per cent, oilseeds were inadequate for 59.09 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 47.73 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 40.91 per cent, milk were inadequate for 40.91 per cent and eggs were inadequate for 54.55 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, oilseeds were market surplus for 13.64 per cent, vegetables were market surplus for 18.18 per cent and fruits were market surplus for 4.55 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 63.64 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (68.18%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (43.18%), inadequacy of irrigation water (13.64%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (38.64%), high rate of interest on credit (18.18%), low price for the agricultural commodities (13.64%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (13.64%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (13.64%), ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Sous la direction de Catherine Laurent. INRA SAD-APT, 16 Rue Claude Bernard 75231 Paris cedex 5 (France) Diplôme : Dr. d'Universite ; This research work aims at analysing the consequences of the dynamics of privatization of agricultural technical extension in three European countries : France, the Netherlands, and Germany (the new Länder). From the late nineteen eighties onwards, privatisation has been a major trend within extension systems worldwide. The privatization of extension is not only meant to decrease public spending in the support of the agricultural sector. It also relies on the idea that charging services to farmers could increase their effectiveness. Thanks to privatization, agricultural extension would become more "demand-driven". Nevertheless, such an idea is controversial, as it does not take into account the consequences of privatization at other levels, and mainly its accountability regarding new agricultural and rural policies in Europe. These policies have been characterized since the 90s by various targets: primary production, food safety, environmental protection, social cohesion. All these stakes have to be taken into account for evaluating agricultural extension. The problem is planted of the technical integration by farmers of multiple and contradictory objectives (such as protection of the environment and productivity), some of which can determine their access to markets (food safety standards for instance). But at the very same time, privatization has deeply transformed extension systems. Thus, it is important to understand both the institutional and organisational components of the dynamics of extension to evaluate the impact of privatization on new goals of Europe's agricultural and rural policies. To achieve that purpose, I have built a theoretical and methodological framework based on a representation of agricultural extension as a service relation that enables a coproduction of knowledge. It makes it possible not only to take into account the specificities of advisory services at the microeconomic level regarding the exchanges between farmers and advisers, but also to analyze the dynamics of extension at the level of agricultural sector. Combining theoretical tools from regulationist and evolutionary theories allows an analysis of the coherence between institutional and organisational dimensions of this dynamics and the goals of agricultural policies. In that prospect, an historical and comparative analysis was realized on empirical work and data collection in the three countries. The results show a couple of potential drawbacks in privatization. 1) Some groups of farmers who could play important roles in rural development (for instance: part-time farmers) would be excluded on the long run from access to relevant knowledge. 2) The withdrawal of state funding and management of extension has induced the deconstruction of collective frameworks of accumulation of knowledge, shared by a diversity of actors (farmers, extension suppliers, research institutes, etc.), by weakening the links between them. This has been confirmed by a closer study of three different categories of private suppliers in the case of technical extension for cereal production in three areas: the French department of Ain, the Dutch province of Zeeland, and the German Länder of Brandenburg. The use of a specific framework for the analysis of the internal performance's conception of these suppliers, made it possible to identify three different logics of services' production: a "service-based" logic, associated to consultancy firms, in which the personalization and individualization of advisory services play a key role; an "industrial" logic within the services of firms based on the intensive use of modelling software, and a logic "of segmentation" of the quality and intensity of the services of farmers' cooperatives. Besides a better understanding of the consequences of the withdrawal of public funding on the functioning of a diversity of private extension' suppliers, this analysis has shown that these suppliers tend to invest less and less in R&D activities for the accumulation and the validation of technological knowledge. This confirms that privatization weakens the institutional and organizational contribution of agricultural extension to a collective construction of a knowledge base which could enable agriculture to fulfil a diversity of objectives ; L'objet de ce travail de recherche est d'analyser les conséquences du mouvement de privatisation des dispositifs de conseil technique agricole à partir de l'analyse des situations néerlandaise, allemande (nouveaux Länder), et française. Ce mouvement ne répond pas seulement à des arguments budgétaires visant la réduction du soutien au secteur agricole. Il résulte aussi de l'idée que la facturation des services aux agriculteurs peut accroître leur efficacité. Cependant, cette vision est controversée, notamment parce qu'elle ne tient pas compte des conséquences négatives de la privatisation pour des types d'agriculteurs par ailleurs prioritaires pour certains objectifs de politiques agricoles et rurales. En Europe, ces politiques sont en effet depuis le début des années 1990 caractérisées par une pluralité d'objectifs : production primaire, sécurité sanitaire, protection de l'environnement, cohésion sociale, etc., qui sont autant d'enjeux pour l'évaluation des dispositifs de conseil agricole. En effet, pour les exploitations agricoles, le problème se pose des modalités techniques d'intégration d'objectifs contradictoires (par exemple : la protection de l'environnement et la productivité), dont certains peuvent conditionner leur accès aux marchés (tels que les normes réglementaires de sécurité sanitaire). Il existe ainsi des attentes et des enjeux nouveaux vis-à-vis du conseil. Dans le même temps, la privatisation a transformé en profondeur les dispositifs de conseil. Il est donc nécessaire d'analyser la dynamique de ces dispositifs dans leurs dimensions organisationnelles et institutionnelles pour évaluer les conséquences de la privatisation sur de nouveaux objectifs des politiques agricoles. Pour cela, j'ai construit un cadre théorique et méthodologique ad-hoc. Le conseil est représenté comme une relation de service permettant la coproduction de connaissances. A partir de là, il est possible non seulement de rendre compte des spécificités des échanges entre conseillers et agriculteurs, mais également de bâtir une analyse des dispositifs de conseil à l'échelle du secteur agricole, en combinant des acquis des théories régulationniste et évolutionniste pour analyser la cohérence des transformations institutionnelles et organisationnelles des dispositifs de conseil technique vis-à-vis de l'évolution des politiques agricoles et rurales. Dans un premier temps, une analyse historique et comparative a été réalisée sur la base d'un travail empirique dans les trois pays. Les résultats de cette l'analyse montrent que la privatisation est source de contradictions nouvelles pour les politiques de développement agricole et rural. D'une part, elle pourrait exclure de l'accès à des connaissances stratégiques certains groupes d'exploitations pourtant porteurs d'enjeux de développement rural (par exemple : les exploitations agricoles à temps partiel). D'autre part, le désengagement de l'Etat s'est traduit par une déconstruction de dispositifs collectifs d'accumulation de connaissances partagées par une diversité d'acteurs (prestataires de conseil, instituts de recherche, laboratoires de recherche, agriculteurs, etc.). Ce constat a été confirmé par l'analyse de l'activité de conseil de trois types de prestataires privés de conseil technique pour la production de céréales dans trois régions : l'Ain (France), la Zélande (Pays- Bas), et le Brandebourg (Allemagne). Grâce à la construction d'une grille d'analyse de la performance interne du conseil technique agricole (GAPICTA), trois logiques de conseil ont pu être identifiées : une logique « servicielle » pour laquelle l'individualisation et la personnalisation des prestations guident l'élaboration de la performance de cabinets de consulting ; une logique « industrielle », portée par des sociétés fondées sur l'utilisation intensive de logiciels de modélisation agronomique ; et enfin une logique « de segmentation » des relations de service au sein des coopératives agricoles. Cette analyse permet ainsi de mieux comprendre l'organisation et la performance interne de prestataires privés de conseil. Elle montre aussi que ceux-ci investissent de moins en moins dans l'accumulation et la validation de références techniques par des activités de R&D. Ceci confirme que les recompositions actuelles tendent à affaiblir la contribution institutionnelle et organisationnelle du conseil à la construction collective de bases de connaissances nécessaires pour élaborer des solutions techniques permettant d'intégrer la diversité des objectifs attachés à l'agriculture par les politiques rurales

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Vojenahalli-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 541 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 87 per cent is covered by soil and 13 per cent by water bodies, settlements The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below  The soils belong to16 soil series and 23 soil phases (management units) and 7 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is 150cm) soils.  About 15 per cent loamy (sandy loam and sandy clay loam) and 71 per cent has clayey (sandy clay and clay) soils at the surface.  About 72 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 9 per cent has nearly level (0-1%) and 77 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 62 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 25 per cent is moderately eroded (e2).  An area of about 12 per cent is neutral (pH 6.5 to 7.3), 20 per cent is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3 to 7.8), 20 per cent moderately alkaline (pH 7.8 to 8.4), 28 per cent strongly alkaline (pH 8.4 to 9.0) and 7 per cent very strongly alkaline (pH >9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are 57 kg/ha) in (337 kg/ha) in 39 per cent area of the soils.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 31 per cent area of the soils.  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm) in 7 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available iron is deficient (4.5 ppm) in 25 per cent of the area.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 38 per cent of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 6(1) 369 (68) Sapota 6(1) 64(12) Maize 6(1) 369 (68) Pomegranate 6(1) 276(51) Bajra 16(3) 410(76) Guava 3(<1) 67(12) Redgram 6(1) 189(35) Jackfruit 6(1) 64(12) Bengal gram - 393(73) Jamun 3(<1) 223(41) Groundnut - 75(14) Musambi 6(1) 276(51) Sunflower 6 (1) 244 (45) Lime 6(1) 276(51) Cotton 3(<1) 372(69) Cashew 6(1) 68(13) Chilli 6(1) 81(15) Custard apple 16(3) 437(81) Tomato 6(1) 32(6) Amla 16(3) 437(81) Brinjal 36(7) 367(68) Tamarind 3(<1) 182(34) Onion 27(5) 40(7) Marigold 6(1) 368(68) Bhendi 27(5) 376(70) Chrysanthemum 6(1) 368 (68) Drumstick 6(1) 271(50) Jasmine 6(1) 157(29) Mulberry 6(1) 224(41) Crossandra 6(1) 87(16) Mango 3(<1) 86(5) - - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 7 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plans have been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FEATURES OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 91 (53.53%) men and 79 (46.47%) were women among the sampled households.  The average family size of marginal farmers was 5, small farmer was 5, semi medium farmer was 7.3 and medium farmers were 7.8.  The data indicated that 36 (21.18%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 74 (43.53%) were in 16-35 years of age, 50 (29.41 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 10 (5.88%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that the Vojenahalli-1 had 32.94 per cent illiterates, 1.18 per cent functional literates, 27.65 per cent of them had primary school education, 7.05 per cent of them had middle school education, 21.76 per cent of them had high school education, 3.53 per cent of them had PUC education, 1.18 per cent of them had Diploma, 2.94 per cent of them had degree education, 0.59 per cent of them had ITI and 1.18 per cent of them had other education.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of households were practicing agriculture.  The results indicated that agriculture was the major occupation for 48.82 per cent of the household members, 14.71 per cent were agricultural labourers, 1.76 percent were in general labour, 0.59 per cent of them were in government services, 1.76 per cent of them were private services, 26.47 per cent of them were students 2.94 per cent were housewives.  The results showed that 1.18 per cent of them participated in Sthree Shakthi Sangha, 1.76 per cent of them participated in self help group and 97.06 per cent of them have not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicated that 46.67 per cent of the households possess Katcha house, 23.33 per cent of them possess Pucca house/RCC and 33.33 per cent of them possess Semi Pacca house.  The results showed that 86.67 per cent of the households possess TV, 86.67 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 20 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 63.33 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 3.33 per cent of the households possess auto and 80 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results showed that the average value of television was Rs.7000, mixer grinder was Rs.1965, Auto was Rs.42500, bicycle Rs.2000, motor cycle was Rs.37600, auto was Rs. 500000 and mobile phone was Rs.1975.  About 26.67 per cent of the households possess plough, 13.33 per cent of them possess bullock cart, 10 per cent of the households possess seed/fertilizer drill, 16.67 per cent of the households posses irrigation pump, 3.33 per cent of the households possess power tiller, 13.33 cent of the households possess tractor, 26.67 per cent of the households possess sprayer, 66.67per cent of them possess weeder, 33.33 per cent of the households possess harvester, 3.33 per cent of them were 2 possess chaff cutter and 3.33 per cent of the households possess earth remover/duster.  The results showed that the average value of plough was Rs.1900, the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 19750, the average value of seed/Fertilizer drill Rs. 3625, irrigation pump Rs. 245000, the power tiller Rs. 250000, the average value of tractor Rs. 525000, the average value of sprayer was Rs.2500, the average value of weeder Rs. 139, the average value of harvester Rs. 50, the average value of chaff cutter Rs.2000, and the average value of earth remover/duster Rs.150000.  The results indicated that, 16.67 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 30 per cent of the households possess local cow and 10 per cent of the households possess crossbred cow, 6.67 per cent of the households buffalo, 3.33 per cent of the households sheep and poultry birds, respectively.  The results indicated that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.72, average own labour (women) available was 1.53, average hired labour (men) available was 15.73 and average hired labour (women) available was 16.27.  The results indicated that, 63.33 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was adequate and 36.67 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicated that, households of the Vojenahalli-1 micro-watershed possess 10.79 ha (32.90%) of dry land and 22.02 ha (67.10%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 5.78 ha (86.08%) of dry land and 0.93 ha (13.92%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 5.01 ha (43.11%) of dry land and 6.61 ha (56.89%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 5.47 ha (100%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 9 ha (100%) of irrigated land.  The results indicated that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 564941 and average value of irrigated was Rs. 553933. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 596326 for dry land and 855411 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 528715 for dry land Rs. 680232 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 594189 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 405373 for irrigated land.  The results indicated that, there were 17 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicated that, bore well was the major irrigation source for 56.67 per cent of the farmers and canal was the source of irrigation for 3.33 per cent of farmers.  The results indicated that on an average the depth of the bore well was 83.08 meters. 3  The results indicated that, in case of marginal farmers there was 0.94 ha of irrigated land, in case of small farmers there was 7.07 ha of irrigated land, semi medium farmers were having 5.47 ha of irrigated land and medium farmers were having 8.60 ha of irrigated land. On an average there were 22.07 ha of irrigated land.  The results indicated that, farmers have grown Bajra (0.81 ha), Cotton (0.49 ha), Cowpea (1.21 ha), Maize (28.70 ha), Paddy (0.81 ha), Red gram (1.7 ha), Bengal gram (0.81 ha), Groundnut (1.21 ha) and Jowar (0.53 ha).  Marginal farmers have grown cotton, maize, Bengal gram, jowar and red gram. Small farmers have grown maize, paddy and cowpea. Semi medium farmers have grown maize, red gram and groundnut. Medium farmers have grown bajra and cowpea.  The results indicated that, the cropping intensity in Vojenahalli-1 micro-watershed was found to be 91.06 per cent. In case of Marginal farmers it was 93.55 per cent, for small farmers it was 99.21 per cent, in case of semi medium farmers it was 98.22 per cent and medium farmers had cropping intensity of 75.43 per cent.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 40666.55. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 39436.99. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. -1229.56, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.97.  The total cost of cultivation for tomato was Rs. 113058.61. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 600810.80. The net income from tomato cultivation was Rs. 487752.20, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:5.31.  The total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 70320. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 65455. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. -4865. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.93.  The total cost of cultivation for red gram was Rs. 30057.24. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 21736. The net income from red gram cultivation was Rs.-8321.24. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.72.  The total cost of cultivation for bengal gram was Rs. 37179.20. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 11115. The net income from bengal gram cultivation was Rs. -26064.20. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.3.  The total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 64625.79. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 428133.32. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. 363507.53. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:6.62.  The total cost of cultivation for cowpea was Rs. 20307.98. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 16171.11. The net income from cowpea cultivation was Rs. -4136.87. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.8. 4  The total cost of cultivation for jowar was Rs. 69450.13. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 20900. The net income from jowar cultivation was Rs. - 48550.1. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.3.  The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 33231.29. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 38696.67. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 5465.37. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.16.  The total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 33561.71. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 18648.50. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. - 14913.21. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.56.  The results indicated that, dry fodder available in the micro watershed was 85 tons and it was available for 64 days. Green fodder available was 55 tons and it was available for 49 days.  The results indicated that, 36.67 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 13.33 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was inadequate. The data also revealed that 36.67 per cent of the farmers opined that green fodder is adequate and 10 per cent of the farmers opined that green fodder is inadequate  The results indicated that the average annual gross income in the micro watershed was Rs. 65,153.33. Marginal farmers had an income of Rs. 53,860, for small farmers it was Rs. 53,500, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 116,000, for medium farmers it was Rs.77,500.  The results indicated that the average expenditure of marginal farmers was Rs. 5,310, small farmer was Rs. 2,881.94, semi medium farmer was Rs. 11,300 and medium farmer was Rs. 9,250.  The results indicated that, sampled households have grown 42 coconut trees and 4 mango trees in their fields.  The results indicated that, households have planted 30 Neem, 5 Banyan trees, 3 tamarind trees and 2 peepul trees in their field and also 91 Neem trees in the backyard.  The results indicated that, bajra, bengal gram, cotton cowpea, groundnut, paddy, jowar, redgram were sold to the extent of 100 per cent. Maize and tomato were sold to the extent of 99.88 per cent and 33.33 per cent respectively.  The results indicated that, 6.67 percent of the households have sold their produce to agents/ traders, 83.33 percent of the households sold their produce in local/village merchant, 33.33 percent of the households sold their produce to regulated market and 10 percent of the households sold their produce to cooperative marketing society and contract marketing arrangement respectively.  The results indicated that 30 per cent of the households have used cart as a mode of transport, 96.67 per cent have used tractor and 6.67 per cent have used truck. 5  The results indicated that, 80 percent used fire wood, 20 percent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 50 per cent, 40 per cent of households used bore well water, 6.67 per cent of households used open well water and 6.67 per cent of households used lake/tank water.  The results indicated that, electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 50 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 70 per cent of marginal, 33.33 per cent of small, 50 per cent of semi medium and 50 per cent of medium had sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 90 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card, 6.67 per cent of the sample households possess APL card and 3.33 per cent of the households have not possessed any PDS card.  The results indicated that, 16.67 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme which included 100 per cent of the marginal, 16.67 per cent of the small, 25 per cent of the semi medium and 25 per cent of the medium farmers.  The results indicated that, cereals, pulses, vegetables, milk, egg and meat were adequate for 100 percent, 53.33 percent, 16.67 percent, 26.67 percent, 16.67 percent of the households respectively.  The results indicated that, Lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 16.67 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (46.67%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (36.67%), inadequacy of irrigation water (20%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (16.67%), high rate of interest on credit (10%), low price for the agricultural commodities (43.33%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (23.33%), inadequate extension services (16.67%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (20%), less rainfall (100%) and Source of Agritechnology information(Newspaper /TV/Mobile) (53.33). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

In this period of "planetary urbanism", it is alarming to see that artistic images of the future city are frequently dystopic, machine-dominated constructions that tend to erase the presence of people and social interaction from their scope[1]. In contrast, we observe the rising importance of building "people-friendly cities" in which collaborative social processes, diverse knowledge and perspectives, and citizen participation in city planning are central and highly valued. In this latter vision, grassroots organizations, networks and multi-sector partnerships constitute key building blocks for decision-making, taking action and ongoing monitoring and stewardship. And within this purview, new narratives and means of collaboration – new forms of sociability, exchange, cooperation, bonding and joint endeavors – serve to stimulate experiments and innovate new pathways to interlink the socio-cultural, economic, environmental and other dimensions of cities. Cities are strategic terrains where the multiple dynamics of globalization and technology are highly concentrated and where creative responses and innovations to these global dynamics are made legible in concrete, localized forms. Cities are thus central to the political-economic and socio-cultural knowledge systems, decisions and actions that must evolve to collectively address our unsustainable patterns of human relations with the planet and each other. The challenge of the future city is to re-think the city, our way of being, and how we design and enact new models, solutions and possibilities. This is simultaneously a local and global issue. Today, a wide range of "future city" research and design projects, consultancies and collections of crowd-sourced ideas are focusing on ground-level ways to build the future city and improve daily lives through imaginative alternatives to current urban challenges. Through networks of these actors, local actions on the spaces and practices of daily life are propelled by powerful imaginaries that others around the world are engaged in the same or aligned struggles, and opportunities are created for translocal learning, sparking new ideas and local adaptations. While art and culture tend to be found on the margins of debate among futurists, they are often highlighted in these information contexts focusing on concrete actions and social change, as a means to re-think our relations with our urban environment or as tangible projects that change our ways of living together. Experiences internationally have shown how artistic and socio-cultural activities have transformative power to build and change the meanings of the city, relations with the urban territory and connections with each other. Cultural artifacts, activities and narratives can recover, create and embody the symbolic resources and "marginalized wisdom" (Chan 2010) that individuals need to navigate the world around them and potentially become change agents for more sustainable living and urban development practices. However, culture's place within contemporary urbanization processes to build more sustainable cities is not yet widely understood and thus insufficiently recognized. ; En esta época de "urbanismo planetario" es alarmante ver que las imágenes que circulan acerca de la ciudad del futuro corresponden a paisajes apocalípticos dominados por las máquinas, las que tienden a borrar la presencia de la gente y la interacción social desde su propia dimensión[1]. En contraste con esto, podemos observar la creciente importancia de crear "ciudades amigables" en donde los procesos sociales colaborativos, los diversos conocimientos y perspectivas y la participación ciudadana en la planificación de la ciudad son elementos clave y altamente valorados. Con respecto a esta última visión, agrupaciones políticas, redes y asociaciones multisectoriales son el pilar para la toma de decisiones, las acciones, el constante monitoreo y administración. Asimismo, dentro de este ámbito, nuevas narrativas y medios de colaboración —nuevas formas de sociabilidad, intercambio, cooperación, vinculación y esfuerzos conjuntos— sirven para estimular e innovar en caminos que enlacen, entre otras cosas, las dimensiones socioculturales, económicas y ambientales de las ciudades. Las ciudades son terrenos estratégicos en donde confluyen múltiples dinámicas de globalización y tecnología y en donde las respuestas e innovaciones a estas dinámicas globales son legibles de manera concreta y localizada. De este modo, las ciudades son el centro de los sistemas de conocimiento político, económico y sociocultural, donde se toman decisiones y acciones que deben evolucionar de manera colectiva para abordar los patrones de insustentabilidad que caracterizan las relaciones humanas con el planeta y con nosotros mismos. El desafío de la ciudad del futuro es replantearse la ciudad, la manera en que somos y cómo diseñamos y representamos los nuevos modelos, soluciones y posibilidades. Este es un conflicto simultáneo tanto nivel local como global. Hoy en día, un gran número de investigaciones y proyectos de diseño que abordan la "ciudad del futuro", así como también asesorías y grupos de ideas colectivas se están concentrando sentar las bases para su construcción y mejorar la vida diaria a través de alternativas creativas para los desafíos urbanos actuales. Por medio de redes, las acciones locales sobre los espacios y las prácticas cotidianas son impulsadas por poderosos imaginarios que en otras partes del mundo se encuentran comprometidos o alineados bajo la misma lucha. De este modo, se crean oportunidades para el aprendizaje translocal, la emanación de nuevas ideas y la adaptación local. Si bien el arte y la cultura tienden a encontrarse en los márgenes de los debates futuristas, a menudo son resaltados en estos contextos de información, mediante acciones concretas y de cambio social como una forma de replantear nuestra relación con el ambiente urbano, o como proyectos tangibles que cambian nuestra forma de vivir juntos. Las experiencias han demostrado de manera internacional cómo las actividades artísticas y socioculturales poseen un poder transformativo para construir y cambiar el significado de la ciudad, las relaciones con el territorio urbano y las conexiones con los demás. Los artefactos, actividades y narrativas culturales pueden recobrar, crear y representar los recursos simbólicos de la "sabiduría marginalizada" (Chan, 2010) que los individuos necesitan para navegar por el mundo a través de ellos y convertirse en potenciales agentes de cambio para prácticas más sustentables de desarrollo de las ciudades y de la vida. No obstante, el lugar de la cultura en los procesos de urbanización contemporáneos para construir ciudades más sustentables aún no es entendido de manera amplia, por lo que no es lo suficientemente reconocido.

Smoking is a major heritable and modifiable risk factor for many diseases, including cancer, common respiratory disorders and cardiovascular diseases. Fourteen genetic loci have previously been associated with smoking behaviour-related traits. We tested up to 235,116 single nucleotide variants (SNVs) on the exome-array for association with smoking initiation, cigarettes per day, pack-years, and smoking cessation in a fixed effects meta-analysis of up to 61 studies (up to 346,813 participants). In a subset of 112,811 participants, a further one million SNVs were also genotyped and tested for association with the four smoking behaviour traits. SNV-trait associations with P < 5 × 10-8 in either analysis were taken forward for replication in up to 275,596 independent participants from UK Biobank. Lastly, a meta-analysis of the discovery and replication studies was performed. Sixteen SNVs were associated with at least one of the smoking behaviour traits (P < 5 × 10-8) in the discovery samples. Ten novel SNVs, including rs12616219 near TMEM182, were followed-up and five of them (rs462779 in REV3L, rs12780116 in CNNM2, rs1190736 in GPR101, rs11539157 in PJA1, and rs12616219 near TMEM182) replicated at a Bonferroni significance threshold (P < 4.5 × 10-3) with consistent direction of effect. A further 35 SNVs were associated with smoking behaviour traits in the discovery plus replication meta-analysis (up to 622,409 participants) including a rare SNV, rs150493199, in CCDC141 and two low-frequency SNVs in CEP350 and HDGFRP2. Functional follow-up implied that decreased expression of REV3L may lower the probability of smoking initiation. The novel loci will facilitate understanding the genetic aetiology of smoking behaviour and may lead to the identification of potential drug targets for smoking prevention and/or cessation. ; The authors would like to thank the many colleagues who contributed to collection and phenotypic characterisation of the clinical samples, as well as genotyping and analysis of the GWA data. Special mentions are as follows: CGSB participating cohorts: Some of the data utilised in this study were provided by the Understanding Society: The UK Household Longitudinal Study, which is led by the Institute for Social and Economic Research at the University of Essex and funded by the Economic and Social Research Council. The data were collected by NatCen and the genome wide scan data were analysed by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. The Understanding Society DAC have an application system for genetics data and all use of the data should be approved by them. The application form is at: https://www.understandingsociety.ac.uk/about/health/data. The Airwave Health Monitoring Study is funded by the UK Home Office, (Grant number 780-TETRA) with additional support from the National Institute for Health Research Imperial College Health Care NHS Trust and Imperial College Biomedical Research Centre. We thank all participants in the Airwave Health Monitoring Study. This work used computing resources provided by the MRC- funded UK MEDical Bioinformatics partnership programme (UK MED-BIO) (MR/L01632X/1). Paul Elliott wishes to acknowledge the Medical Research Council and Public Health England (MR/L01341X/1) for the MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health; and the NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Health Impact of Environmental Hazards (HPRU-2012-10141). Paul Elliott is supported by the UK Dementia Research Institute which receives its funding from UK DRI Ltd funded by the UK Medical Research Council, Alzheimer's Society and Alzheimer's Research UK. Paul Elliott is associate director of the Health Data Research UK London funded by a consortium led by the UK Medical Research Council. SHIP (Study of Health in Pomerania) and SHIP-TREND both represent population-based studies. SHIP is supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF); grants 01ZZ9603, 01ZZ0103, and 01ZZ0403) and the German Research Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG); grant GR 1912/5-1). SHIP and SHIP-TREND are part of the Community Medicine Research net (CMR) of the Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University Greifswald (EMAU) which is funded by the BMBF as well as the Ministry for Education, Science and Culture and the Ministry of Labor, Equal Opportunities, and Social Affairs of the Federal State of Mecklenburg-West Pomerania. The CMR encompasses several research projects that share data from SHIP. SNP typing of SHIP and SHIP-TREND using the Illumina Infinium HumanExome BeadChip (version v1.0) was supported by the BMBF (grant 03Z1CN22). LifeLines authors thank Behrooz Alizadeh, Annemieke Boesjes, Marcel Bruinenberg, Noortje Festen, Ilja Nolte, Lude Franke, Mitra Valimohammadi for their help in creating the GWAS database, and Rob Bieringa, Joost Keers, René Oostergo, Rosalie Visser, Judith Vonk for their work related to data-collection and validation. The authors are grateful to the study participants, the staff from the LifeLines Cohort Study and Medical Biobank Northern Netherlands, and the participating general practitioners and pharmacists. LifeLines Scientific Protocol Preparation: Rudolf de Boer, Hans Hillege, Melanie van der Klauw, Gerjan Navis, Hans Ormel, Dirkje Postma, Judith Rosmalen, Joris Slaets, Ronald Stolk, Bruce Wolffenbuttel; LifeLines GWAS Working Group: Behrooz Alizadeh, Marike Boezen, Marcel Bruinenberg, Noortje Festen, Lude Franke, Pim van der Harst, Gerjan Navis, Dirkje Postma, Harold Snieder, Cisca Wijmenga, Bruce Wolffenbuttel. The authors wish to acknowledge the services of the LifeLines Cohort Study, the contributing research centres delivering data to LifeLines, and all the study participants. Niek Verweij was supported by NWO VENI (016.186.125). Fenland authors thank Fenland Study volunteers for their time and help, Fenland Study general Practitioners and practice staff for assistance with recruitment, and Fenland Study Investigators, Co-ordination team and the Epidemiology Field, Data and Laboratory teams for study design, sample/data collection and genotyping. We thank all ASCOT trial participants, physicians, nurses, and practices in the participating countries for their important contribution to the study. In particular we thank Clare Muckian and David Toomey for their help in DNA extraction, storage, and handling. We would also like to acknowledge the Barts and The London Genome Centre staff for genotyping the Exome Chip array. The BRIGHT study is extremely grateful to all the patients who participated in the study and the BRIGHT nursing team. We would also like to thank the Barts Genome Centre staff for their assistance with this project. Patricia B. Munroe, Mark J. Caulfield, and Helen R. Warren wish to acknowledge the NIHR Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit at Barts and The London, Queen Mary University of London, UK for support. Mark J. Caulfield are Senior National Institute for Health Research Investigators. EMBRACE Collaborating Centres are: Coordinating Centre, Cambridge: Daniel Barrowdale, Debra Frost, Jo Perkins. North of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, Aberdeen: Zosia Miedzybrodzka, Helen Gregory. Northern Ireland Regional Genetics Service, Belfast: Patrick Morrison, Lisa Jeffers. West Midlands Regional Clinical Genetics Service, Birmingham: Kai-ren Ong, Jonathan Hoffman. South West Regional Genetics Service, Bristol: Alan Donaldson, Margaret James. East Anglian Regional Genetics Service, Cambridge: Joan Paterson, Marc Tischkowitz, Sarah Downing, Amy Taylor. Medical Genetics Services for Wales, Cardiff: Alexandra Murray, Mark T. Rogers, Emma McCann. St James's Hospital, Dublin & National Centre for Medical Genetics, Dublin: M. John Kennedy, David Barton. South East of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, Edinburgh: Mary Porteous, Sarah Drummond. Peninsula Clinical Genetics Service, Exeter: Carole Brewer, Emma Kivuva, Anne Searle, Selina Goodman, Kathryn Hill. West of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, Glasgow: Rosemarie Davidson, Victoria Murday, Nicola Bradshaw, Lesley Snadden, Mark Longmuir, Catherine Watt, Sarah Gibson, Eshika Haque, Ed Tobias, Alexis Duncan. South East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Guy's Hospital London: Louise Izatt, Chris Jacobs, Caroline Langman. North West Thames Regional Genetics Service, Harrow: Huw Dorkins. Leicestershire Clinical Genetics Service, Leicester: Julian Barwell. Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, Leeds: Julian Adlard, Gemma Serra-Feliu. Cheshire & Merseyside Clinical Genetics Service, Liverpool: Ian Ellis, Claire Foo. Manchester Regional Genetics Service, Manchester: D Gareth Evans, Fiona Lalloo, Jane Taylor. North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, NE Thames, London: Lucy Side, Alison Male, Cheryl Berlin. Nottingham Centre for Medical Genetics, Nottingham: Jacqueline Eason, Rebecca Collier. Northern Clinical Genetics Service, Newcastle: Alex Henderson, Oonagh Claber, Irene Jobson. Oxford Regional Genetics Service, Oxford: Lisa Walker, Diane McLeod, Dorothy Halliday, Sarah Durell, Barbara Stayner. The Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust: Ros Eeles, Nazneen Rahman, Elizabeth Bancroft, Elizabeth Page, Audrey Ardern-Jones, Kelly Kohut, Jennifer Wiggins, Jenny Pope, Sibel Saya, Natalie Taylor, Zoe Kemp and Angela George. North Trent Clinical Genetics Service, Sheffield: Jackie Cook, Oliver Quarrell, Cathryn Bardsley. South West Thames Regional Genetics Service, London: Shirley Hodgson, Sheila Goff, Glen Brice, Lizzie Winchester, Charlotte Eddy, Vishakha Tripathi, Virginia Attard. Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, Princess Anne Hospital, Southampton: Diana Eccles, Anneke Lucassen, Gillian Crawford, Donna McBride, Sarah Smalley. Understanding Society Scientific Group is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ES/H029745/1) and the Wellcome Trust (WT098051). Paul D.P. Pharoah is funded by Cancer Research UK (C490/A16561). SHIP is funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) and the German Research Foundation (DFG); see acknowledgements for details. F.W. Asselbergs is funded by the Netherlands Heart Foundation (2014T001) and supported by UCL Hospitals NIHR Biomedical Research Centre. The LifeLines Cohort Study, and generation and management of GWAS genotype data for the LifeLines Cohort Study is supported by the Netherlands Organization of Scientific Research NWO (grant 175.010.2007.006), the Economic Structure Enhancing Fund (FES) of the Dutch government, the Ministry of Economic Affairs, the Ministry of Education, Culture and Science, the Ministry for Health, Welfare and Sports, the Northern Netherlands Collaboration of Provinces (SNN), the Province of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the University of Groningen, Dutch Kidney Foundation and Dutch Diabetes Research Foundation. Niek Verweij is supported by Horizon 2020, Marie Sklodowska-Curie (661395) and ICIN-NHI. Phenotype collection in the Lothian Birth Cohort 1921 was supported by the UK's Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC), The Royal Society and The Chief Scientist Office of the Scottish Government. Phenotype collection in the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 was supported by Age UK (The Disconnected Mind project). Genotyping was supported by Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology (Pilot Fund award), Age UK, and the Royal Society of Edinburgh. The work was undertaken by The University of Edinburgh Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, part of the cross council Lifelong Health and Wellbeing Initiative (MR/K026992/1). Funding from the BBSRC and Medical Research Council (MRC) is gratefully acknowledged. Paul W. Franks is supported by Novo Nordisk, the Swedish Research Council, Påhlssons Foundation, Swedish Heart Lung Foundation (2020389), and Skåne Regional Health Authority. Nicholas J Wareham, Claudia Langenberg, Robert A Sacott, and Jian'an Luan are supported by the MRC (MC_U106179471 and MC_UU_12015/1). The BRIGHT study was supported by the Medical Research Council of Great Britain (Grant Number G9521010D); and by the British Heart Foundation (Grant Number PG/02/128). The BRIGHT study is extremely grateful to all the patients who participated in the study and the BRIGHT nursing team. The Exome Chip genotyping was funded by Wellcome Trust Strategic Awards (083948 and 085475). We would also like to thank the Barts Genome Centre staff for their assistance with this project. The ASCOT study and the collection of the ASCOT DNA repository was supported by Pfizer, New York, NY, USA, Servier Research Group, Paris, France; and by Leo Laboratories, Copenhagen, Denmark. Genotyping of the Exome Chip in ASCOT-SC and ASCOT-UK was funded by the National Institutes of Health Research (NIHR). Anna F. Dominiczak was supported by the British Heart Foundation (Grant Numbers RG/07/005/23633, SP/08/005/25115); and by the European Union Ingenious HyperCare Consortium: Integrated Genomics, Clinical Research, and Care in Hypertension (grant number LSHM-C7-2006-037093). Nilesh J. Samani is supported by the British Heart Foundation and is a Senior National Institute for Health Research Investigator. Panos Deloukas is supported by the British Heart Foundation (RG/14/5/30893), and NIHR, where his work forms part of the research themes contributing to the translational research portfolio of Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Centre which is funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR). The LOLIPOP study is supported by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, the British Heart Foundation (SP/04/002), the Medical Research Council (G0601966, G0700931), the Wellcome Trust (084723/Z/08/Z, 090532 & 098381) the NIHR (RP-PG-0407-10371), the NIHR Official Development Assistance (ODA, award 16/136/68), the European Union FP7 (EpiMigrant, 279143) and H2020 programs (iHealth-T2D, 643774). We acknowledge support of the MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, and the NIHR Health Protection Research Unit on Health Impact of Environmental Hazards. The work was carried out in part at the NIHR/Wellcome Trust Imperial Clinical Research Facility. The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, the NHS, the NIHR or the Department of Health. We thank the participants and research staff who made the study possible. JC is supported by the Singapore Ministry of Health's National Medical Research Council under its Singapore Translational Research Investigator (STaR) Award (NMRC/STaR/0028/2017). The research was supported by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Exeter Clinical Research Facility and ERC grant 323195; SZ-245 50371-GLUCOSEGENES-FP7-IDEAS-ERC to T.M. Frayling. Hanieh Yaghootkar is funded by Diabetes UK RD Lawrence fellowship (grant:17/0005594) Anna Dominiczak was funded by a BHF Centre of Research Excellence Award (RE/13/5/30177) GSCAN participating cohorts: The Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA), Principal Investigators: B. Porjesz, V. Hesselbrock, H. Edenberg, L. Bierut. The study includes eleven different centers: University of Connecticut (V. Hesselbrock); Indiana University (H.J. Edenberg, J. Nurnberger Jr., T. Foroud); University of Iowa (S. Kuperman, J. Kramer); SUNY Downstate (B. Porjesz); Washington University in St. Louis (L. Bierut, J. Rice, K. Bucholz, A. Agrawal); University of California at San Diego (M. Schuckit); Rutgers University (J. Tischfield, A. Brooks); Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA (L. Almasy), Virginia Commonwealth University (D. Dick), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (A. Goate), and Howard University (R. Taylor). Other COGA collaborators include: L. Bauer (University of Connecticut); J. McClintick, L. Wetherill, X. Xuei, Y. Liu, D. Lai, S. O'Connor, M. Plawecki, S. Lourens (Indiana University); G. Chan (University of Iowa; University of Connecticut); J. Meyers, D. Chorlian, C. Kamarajan, A. Pandey, J. Zhang (SUNY Downstate); J.-C. Wang, M. Kapoor, S. Bertelsen (Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai); A. Anokhin, V. McCutcheon, S. Saccone (Washington University); J. Salvatore, F. Aliev, B. Cho (Virginia Commonwealth University); and Mark Kos (University of Texas Rio Grande Valley). A. Parsian and M. Reilly are the NIAAA Staff Collaborators. COGA investigators continue to be inspired by their memories of Henri Begleiter and Theodore Reich, founding PI and Co-PI of COGA, and also owe a debt of gratitude to other past organizers of COGA, including Ting-Kai Li, P. Michael Conneally, Raymond Crowe, and Wendy Reich, for their critical contributions. COGA investigators are very grateful to Dr. Bruno Buecher without whom this project would not have existed. The authors also thank all those at the GECCO Coordinating Center for helping bring together the data and people that made this project possible. ASTERISK, a GECCO sub-study, also thanks all those who agreed to participate in this study, including the patients and the healthy control persons, as well as all the physicians, technicians and students. As part of the GECCO sub-studies, CPS-II authors thank the CPS-II participants and Study Management Group for their invaluable contributions to this research. The authors would also like to acknowledge the contribution to this study from central cancer registries supported through the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Program of Cancer Registries, and cancer registries supported by the National Cancer Institute Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results program. Another GECCO sub-study, HPFS and NHS investigators would like to acknowledge Patrice Soule and Hardeep Ranu of the Dana Farber Harvard Cancer Center High-Throughput Polymorphism Core who assisted in the genotyping for NHS, HPFS under the supervision of Dr. Immaculata Devivo and Dr. David Hunter, Qin (Carolyn) Guo and Lixue Zhu who assisted in programming for NHS and HPFS. HPFS and NHS investigators also thank the participants and staff of the Nurses' Health Study and the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study, for their valuable contributions as well as the following state cancer registries for their help: AL, AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, DE, FL, GA, ID, IL, IN, IA, KY, LA, ME, MD, MA, MI, NE, NH, NJ, NY, NC, ND, OH, OK, OR, PA, RI, SC, TN, TX, VA, WA, WY. The authors assume full responsibility for analyses and interpretation of these data. PLCO, a substudy within GECCO, was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, and additionally supported by contracts from the Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS. Additionally, a subset of control samples were genotyped as part of the Cancer Genetic Markers of Susceptibility (CGEMS) Prostate Cancer GWAS1, CGEMS pancreatic cancer scan (PanScan)2, 3, and the Lung Cancer and Smoking study4. The prostate and PanScan study datasets were accessed with appropriate approval through the dbGaP online resource (http://cgems.cancer.gov/data/) accession numbers phs000207.v1.p1 and phs000206.v3.p2, respectively, and the lung datasets were accessed from the dbGaP website (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gap) through accession number phs000093.v2.p2. For the lung study, the GENEVA Coordinating Center provided assistance with genotype cleaning and general study coordination, and the Johns Hopkins University Center for Inherited Disease Research conducted genotyping. The authors thank Drs. Christine Berg and Philip Prorok, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, the Screening Center investigators and staff or the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer Screening Trial, Mr. Tom Riley and staff, Information Management Services, Inc., Ms. Barbara O'Brien and staff, Westat, Inc., and Drs. Bill Kopp and staff, SAIC-Frederick. Most importantly, we acknowledge the study participants for their contributions to making this study possible. We also thank all participants and staff of the André and France Desmarais Montreal Heart Institute's (MHI) Biobank. The genotyping of the MHI Biobank was done at the MHI Pharmacogenomic Centre and funded by the MHI Foundation. HRS is supported by the National Institute on Aging (NIA U01AG009740). The genotyping was funded separately by the National Institute on Aging (RC2 AG036495, RC4 AG039029). Our genotyping was conducted by the NIH Center for Inherited Disease Research (CIDR) at Johns Hopkins University. Genotyping quality control and final preparation of the data were performed by the University of Michigan School of Public Health. CHDExome+ participating cohorts: BRAVE: The BRAVE study genetic epidemiology working group is a collaboration between the Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, UK, the Centre for Control of Chronic Diseases, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh and the National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Dhaka, Bangladesh. CCHS, CIHDS, and CGPS collaborators thank participants and staff of the Copenhagen City Heart Study, Copenhagen Ischemic Heart Disease Study, and the Copenhagen General Population Study for their important contributions. EPIC-CVD: CHD case ascertainment and validation, genotyping, and clinical chemistry assays in EPIC-CVD were principally supported by grants awarded to the University of Cambridge from the EU Framework Programme 7 (HEALTH-F2-2012-279233), the UK Medical Research Council (G0800270) and British Heart Foundation (SP/09/002), and the European Research Council (268834). We thank all EPIC participants and staff for their contribution to the study, the laboratory teams at the Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit for sample management and Cambridge Genomic Services for genotyping, Sarah Spackman for data management, and the team at the EPIC-CVD Coordinating Centre for study coordination and administration. MORGAM: The work by MORGAM collaborators has been sustained by the MORGAM Project's recent funding: European Union FP 7 projects ENGAGE (HEALTH-F4-2007-201413), CHANCES (HEALTH-F3-2010-242244) and BiomarCaRE (278913). This has supported central coordination, workshops and part of the activities of the The MORGAM Data Centre, at THL in Helsinki, Finland. MORGAM Participating Centres are funded by regional and national governments, research councils, charities, and other local sources. PROSPER: collaborators have received funding from the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement n° HEALTH-F2-2009-223004 PROMIS: The PROMIS collaborators are are thankful to all the study participants in Pakistan. Recruitment in PROMIS was funded through grants available to investigators at the Center for Non-Communicable Diseases, Pakistan (Danish Saleheen and Philippe Frossard) and investigators at the University of Cambridge, UK (Danish Saleheen and John Danesh). Field-work, genotyping, and standard clinical chemistry assays in PROMIS were principally supported by grants awarded to the University of Cambridge from the British Heart Foundation, UK Medical Research Council, Wellcome Trust, EU Framework 6-funded Bloodomics Integrated Project, Pfizer. We would like to acknowledge the contributions made by the following individuals who were involved in the field work and other administrative aspects of the study: Mohammad Zeeshan Ozair, Usman Ahmed, Abdul Hakeem, Hamza Khalid, Kamran Shahid, Fahad Shuja, Ali Kazmi, Mustafa Qadir Hameed, Naeem Khan, Sadiq Khan, Ayaz Ali, Madad Ali, Saeed Ahmed, Muhammad Waqar Khan, Muhammad Razaq Khan, Abdul Ghafoor, Mir Alam, Riazuddin, Muhammad Irshad Javed, Abdul Ghaffar, Tanveer Baig Mirza, Muhammad Shahid, Jabir Furqan, Muhammad Iqbal Abbasi, Tanveer Abbas, Rana Zulfiqar, Muhammad Wajid, Irfan Ali, Muhammad Ikhlaq, Danish Sheikh and Muhammad Imran. INTERVAL: Participants in the INTERVAL randomised controlled trial were recruited with the active collaboration of NHS Blood and Transplant England (www.nhsbt.nhs.uk), which has supported field work and other elements of the trial. DNA extraction and genotyping was funded by the National Institute of Health Research (NIHR), the NIHR BioResource (http://bioresource.nihr.ac.uk/) and the NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre (www.cambridge-brc.org.uk). The academic coordinating centre for INTERVAL was supported by core funding from: NIHR Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Donor Health and Genomics, UK Medical Research Council (MR/L003120/1), British Heart Foundation (RG/13/13/30194), and NIHR Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre. A complete list of the investigators and contributors to the INTERVAL trial is provided in reference.

AIDS strikes most heavily at those already marginalized by conventional society. With no immediate prospect of vaccination or cure, how can liberty, dignity, and reasoned hope be preserved in the shadow of an epidemic? In this humane and graceful book, philosopher Timothy Murphy offers insight into our attempts--popular and academic, American and non-American, scientific and political--to make moral sense of pain. Murphy addresses the complex moral questions raised by AIDS for health-care workers, politicians, policy makers, and even people with AIDS themselves. He ranges widely, analyzing contrasting visions of the origin and the future of the epidemic, the moral and political functions of obituaries, the uncertain value of celebrity involvement in anti-AIDS education, the functional uses of AIDS in the discourse of presidential campaigns, the exclusionary function of HIV testing for immigrants, the priority given to AIDS on the national health agenda, and the hypnotic publicity given to "innocent" victims. Murphy's discussions of the many social and political confusions about AIDS are unified by his attempt to articulate the moral assumptions framing our interpretations of the epidemic. By understanding those assumptions, we will be in a better position to resist self-serving and invidious moralizing, reckless political response, and social censure of the sick and the dying

Walking is the main mode of transportation for many of the world's people, particularly those in cities of the majority world. In the metropolitan region of Jakarta, walking in the public realm constitutes the main transportation mode for almost 40 percent of trips—a massive contribution to urban mobility. On the other hand, there is no comprehensive planning for pedestrians in an analogous manner to other modes of transportation. Pedestrian facilities are often dilapidated, damaged, dangerous, or missing completely. Additionally, there is no process for assessing the inventory of pedestrian facilities, planning pedestrian facilities at a region-wide level, or even identifying the location of vernacular pedestrian routes in low-income and informal areas. Provincial pedestrian planning focuses on piecemeal, symbolic spaces such as monumental plazas that serve the nation-building project, but overlooks the functional network of routes that address the daily needs of the city's residents. This dissertation examines the issue of walkability planning in Jakarta by investigating what matters to pedestrians and how pedestrian space is produced. The research employs mixed methods, including pedestrian network groundtruthing, structured streetscape observations, multimodal traffic counts, pedestrian activity mapping, pedestrian surveys and interviews with policy-makers. Data is analyzed through a combination of in-depth qualitative analysis as well as quantitative and statistical analysis. Based on this research, six key elements of walkability planning are proposed for Jakarta: multidisciplinarity, ethnography, accessibility, legibility, integrated activity, and shared streets. A literature review of walkability metrics reveals that walking is a highly multidisciplinary activity, with very different metrics emerging from different fields. In order to effectively encourage pedestrian activity, new multidisciplinary metrics should integrate the perspectives of all of these related disciplines and pedestrian planning should occur through inter-agency coordination. In Jakarta, interviews with policy-makers suggested that pedestrian planning is hindered by the fact that there is no lead agency for pedestrian planning, and there is a lack of cooperation between the different agencies that plan and produce urban public space. Pedestrian planning is also hindered by a discursive framework that is both modally and geographically biased—favoring motorized, long-distance modes of transportation and employing method derived from a Western research and planning norms. In order to overcome this discursive bias, ethnography should become a standard part of urban research, planning and design. The need for ethnography and qualitative analysis was made visible by the mismatch between standard transportation terminology, and prevailing practices observed in pedestrian mapping exercises and raised by pedestrians in on-the street interviews. For example, standard survey categories do not account for informal or integrated activity patterns like mobile street vending. From surveys conducted with mobile street vendors, it was difficult to separate their pedestrian activities into categories of travel from home to work, business-related travel, and visiting friends and relatives. In fact, it was difficult to even separate their travel from their activities since many vendors carried out business as they made their way through the neighborhood. With a large portion of the population engaged in the informal sector, the discrepancy between assumed and actual behavior severely compromises the quality of transportation-related research that is conducted in Jakarta and many other majority world cities. Ethnographic and qualitative research methods may therefore assist in producing more context-sensitive planning data and outcomes. These context-sensitive methods could include new analytical methods that focus on integrated activity, rather than trip-based or activity-based analysis. In relation to pedestrian activity, context-sensitive planning encompasses new approaches to accessibility that combine the notion of transportation accessibility with disabled access and universal access standards. The need for such an approach was revealed during interviews with policy-makers, who described accessibility in terms of market goods rather than human rights. Within the market for urban public space, ordinary pedestrians were unable to compete with other modes of transportation; within the market for urban impressions, ordinary pedestrian spaces were outcompeted by prominent, symbolic spaces; and within the market for cultural capital, ordinary pedestrians were excluded from planning processes because even the discourse of pedestrian planning was inaccessible to regular residents. In response to this problem of exclusion, integrated accessibility may facilitate inclusion in both planning processes and urban spaces within the city. In particular, integrated accessibility would aim to provide comprehensive routes of travel for all pedestrians, rather than isolated pockets of so-called accessible (yet unreachable) facilities. More context sensitive planning would also be facilitated through greater legibility of fine-grained and vernacular pedestrian networks that were missing from standard planning maps. These fine-grained networks represent highly connected facilities that serve much of Jakarta's pedestrian transportation task. While the current synoptic illegibility of these areas may conveniently allow some communities to avoid state intrusion, it also means that low-income populations are chronically under-served with respect to basic urban planning and services. Increased legibility therefore allows for improvement and maintenance of urban systems like safe, functional pedestrian networks, and it may also play a role in increasing tenure security for Jakarta's significant floating population. In many of these vernacular spaces, new street design approaches would also benefit pedestrians, who tend to use the streets as shared spaces, rather than spaces that are rigidly segregated by mode. Pedestrian activity mapping revealed that only an overwhelming majority of pedestrians used streets as hybrid spaces, with activity types falling into the categories of surface sensitive, risk-averse, distance-minimizing and stationary pedestrians. More realistic shared street designs would therefore accommodate —rather than ignore—the types of activities that occur along Jakartan streets. Design standards for "great streets" in Jakarta would also emphasize the safe sharing of streets through self-enforcing approaches to speed limits, and the integration of various urban elements like drainage, mobility and public-private interaction. While walkability planning in Jakarta displays many "wicked problem" features, there is much that can be done to improve, if not resolve, conditions for pedestrians within the region. Recommended strategies for walkability planning in Jakarta include a regional walkability plan and environmental policy developed using participatory planning, reformed governance and institutional arrangements, and a constituency building approach. The strategies also include expansion of road designations and an integrated accessibility strategy that draws upon new data sources from a WikiPlaces network map, an integrated activity study and pedestrian network cost-benefit analysis. In addition to Jakarta specific proposals, a number of proposals are made to advance discourse on walkability more generally. These approaches include decentered analysis of integrated activity, informal economic activity analysis, vernacular placemaking and Asian shared street design. Pedestrians and pedestrian plans traverse diverse physical, administrative and disciplinary spaces in cities of the world. Integrated and multidisciplinary approaches are therefore required to understand and accommodate these key users of public space. In Jakarta, walkability planning has potential to improve urban transportation efficiency while contributing to traffic safety, economic vitality, environmental quality and democratic governance. Successful walkability planning in Jakarta may also provide a model for planning in other cities where Western models of planning are unrealistic, inequitable and inappropriate. Jakartan lessons on walkability planning are particularly relevant, and improvements in walkability are particularly powerful, for cities characterized by relatively low median incomes, high land use densities, a substantial informal sector, rapid urbanization and rapid motorization. By improving walkability planning in Jakarta and other cities of the majority world, policy-makers and planners can move toward more sustainable, socially equitable and efficient cities.

Walking is the main mode of transportation for many of the world's people, particularly those in cities of the majority world. In the metropolitan region of Jakarta, walking in the public realm constitutes the main transportation mode for almost 40 percent of trips--a massive contribution to urban mobility. On the other hand, there is no comprehensive planning for pedestrians in an analogous manner to other modes of transportation. Pedestrian facilities are often dilapidated, damaged, dangerous, or missing completely. Additionally, there is no process for assessing the inventory of pedestrian facilities, planning pedestrian facilities at a region-wide level, or even identifying the location of vernacular pedestrian routes in low-income and informal areas. Provincial pedestrian planning focuses on piecemeal, symbolic spaces such as monumental plazas that serve the nation-building project, but overlooks the functional network of routes that address the daily needs of the city's residents. This dissertation examines the issue of walkability planning in Jakarta by investigating what matters to pedestrians and how pedestrian space is produced. The research employs mixed methods, including pedestrian network groundtruthing, structured streetscape observations, multimodal traffic counts, pedestrian activity mapping, pedestrian surveys and interviews with policy-makers. Data is analyzed through a combination of in-depth qualitative analysis as well as quantitative and statistical analysis. Based on this research, six key elements of walkability planning are proposed for Jakarta: multidisciplinarity, ethnography, accessibility, legibility, integrated activity, and shared streets. A literature review of walkability metrics reveals that walking is a highly multidisciplinary activity, with very different metrics emerging from different fields. In order to effectively encourage pedestrian activity, new multidisciplinary metrics should integrate the perspectives of all of these related disciplines and pedestrian planning should occur through inter-agency coordination. In Jakarta, interviews with policy-makers suggested that pedestrian planning is hindered by the fact that there is no lead agency for pedestrian planning, and there is a lack of cooperation between the different agencies that plan and produce urban public space. Pedestrian planning is also hindered by a discursive framework that is both modally and geographically biased--favoring motorized, long-distance modes of transportation and employing method derived from a Western research and planning norms. In order to overcome this discursive bias, ethnography should become a standard part of urban research, planning and design. The need for ethnography and qualitative analysis was made visible by the mismatch between standard transportation terminology, and prevailing practices observed in pedestrian mapping exercises and raised by pedestrians in on-the-street interviews. For example, standard survey categories do not account for informal or integrated activity patterns like mobile street vending. From surveys conducted with mobile street vendors, it was difficult to separate their pedestrian activities into categories of travel from home to work, business-related travel, and visiting friends and relatives. In fact, it was difficult to even separate their travel from their activities since many vendors carried out business as they made their way through the neighborhood. With a large portion of the population engaged in the informal sector, the discrepancy between assumed and actual behavior severely compromises the quality of transportation-related research that is conducted in Jakarta and many other majority world cities. Ethnographic and qualitative research methods may therefore assist in producing more context-sensitive planning data and outcomes. These context-sensitive methods could include new analytical methods that focus on integrated activity, rather than trip-based or activity-based analysis. In relation to pedestrian activity, context-sensitive planning encompasses new approaches to accessibility that combine the notion of transportation accessibility with disabled access and universal access standards. The need for such an approach was revealed during interviews with policy-makers, who described accessibility in terms of market goods rather than human rights. Within the market for urban public space, ordinary pedestrians were unable to compete with other modes of transportation; within the market for urban impressions, ordinary pedestrian spaces were outcompeted by prominent, symbolic spaces; and within the market for cultural capital, ordinary pedestrians were excluded from planning processes because even the discourse of pedestrian planning was inaccessible to regular residents. In response to this problem of exclusion, integrated accessibility may facilitate inclusion in both planning processes and urban spaces within the city. In particular, integrated accessibility would aim to provide comprehensive routes of travel for all pedestrians, rather than isolated pockets of so-called accessible (yet unreachable) facilities. More context sensitive planning would also be facilitated through greater legibility of fine-grained and vernacular pedestrian networks that were missing from standard planning maps. These fine-grained networks represent highly connected facilities that serve much of Jakarta's pedestrian transportation task. While the current synoptic illegibility of these areas may conveniently allow some communities to avoid state intrusion, it also means that low-income populations are chronically underserved with respect to basic urban planning and services. Increased legibility therefore allows for improvement and maintenance of urban systems like safe, functional pedestrian networks, and it may also play a role in increasing tenure security for Jakarta's significant floating population. In many of these vernacular spaces, new street design approaches would also benefit pedestrians, who tend to use the streets as shared spaces, rather than spaces that are rigidly segregated by mode. Pedestrian activity mapping revealed that only an overwhelming majority of pedestrians used streets as hybrid spaces, with activity types falling into the categories of surface-sensitive, risk-averse, distance-minimizing and stationary pedestrians. More realistic shared street designs would therefore accommodate--rather than ignore--the types of activities that occur along Jakartan streets. Design standards for "great streets" in Jakarta would also emphasize the safe sharing of streets through self-enforcing approaches to speed limits, and the integration of various urban elements like drainage, mobility and public-private interaction. While walkability planning in Jakarta displays many "wicked problem" features, there is much that can be done to improve, if not resolve, conditions for pedestrians within the region. Recommended strategies for walkability planning in Jakarta include a regional walkability plan and environmental policy developed using participatory planning, reformed governance and institutional arrangements, and a constituency building approach. The strategies also include expansion of road designations and an integrated accessibility strategy that draws upon new data sources from a WikiPlaces network map, an integrated activity study and pedestrian network cost-benefit analysis. In addition to Jakarta-specific proposals, a number of proposals are made to advance discourse on walkability more generally. These approaches include decentered analysis of integrated activity, informal economic activity analysis, vernacular placemaking and Asian shared street design. Pedestrians and pedestrian plans traverse diverse physical, administrative and disciplinary spaces in cities of the world. Integrated and multidisciplinary approaches are therefore required to understand and accommodate these key users of public space. In Jakarta, walkability planning has potential to improve urban transportation efficiency while contributing to traffic safety, economic vitality, environmental quality and democratic governance. Successful walkability planning in Jakarta may also provide a model for planning in other cities where Western models of planning are unrealistic, inequitable and inappropriate. Jakartan lessons on walkability planning are particularly relevant, and improvements in walkability are particularly powerful, for cities characterized by relatively low median incomes, high land use densities, a substantial informal sector, rapid urbanization and rapid motorization. By improving walkability planning in Jakarta and other cities of the majority world, policy-makers and planners can move toward more sustainable, socially equitable and efficient cities.

An argument for why Plato's Laws can be considered his most important political dialogueIn Beyond the Republic, André Laks argues that the Laws, Plato's last and longest dialogue, is also his most important political work, surpassing the Republic in historical relevance. Laks offers a thorough reappraisal of this less renowned text, and examines how it provides a critical foundation for the principles of lawmaking. In doing so, he makes clear the tremendous impact the Laws had not only on political philosophy, but also on modern political history.Laks shows how the four central ideas in the Laws—the corruptibility of unchecked power, the rule of law, a "middle" constitution, and the political necessity of legislative preambles—are articulated within an intricate and masterful literary architecture. He reveals how the work develops a theological conception of law anchored in political ideas about a god, divine reason, that is the measure of political order. Laks's reading opens a complex analysis of the relationships between rulers and citizens; their roles in a political system; the power of reason and persuasion, as opposed to force, in commanding obedience; and the place of freedom.Beyond the Republic presents a sophisticated reevaluation of a philosophical work that has exerted an enormous if often hidden influence even into the present day

With a whirlwind of dramatic events gripping the world's attention, it can be easy to forget that we are now less than one year away from the 2024 presidential election.Despite their expected focus on domestic issues, candidates will have a lot to answer for this cycle when it comes to foreign policy as the war in Ukraine drags on and U.S.-China relations continue to deteriorate.The Democratic Party has chosen not to hold debates despite growing concerns about President Joe Biden's chances next year. With only a couple of months to go before the primaries start, the Quincy Institute decided that it would be useful to survey Biden's challengers from the left on how they would handle a range of foreign policy issues if elected.The candidates' responses show interesting differences on a range of questions, from a potential Israeli-Saudi normalization deal to the possibility of using military force to fight the cartels in Mexico. The questionnaire went out before the October 7 Hamas attacks against Israel and the subsequent war in Gaza, but we pulled together candidates' reactions to the events where possible.We received responses from Democratic candidate Marianne Williamson as well as independent candidates Robert F. Kennedy Jr. and Cornel West. Biden's campaign declined to participate, so we have aggregated relevant quotes and information about the president's stances where possible. We did the same for Rep. Dean Phillips (D-Minn.), who entered the race in late October and has not responded to our requests. We will update this page if we receive further responses.Biggest challenges to U.S. security; how to avoid war with China; potential negotiations to end the war in Ukraine; U.S. role in Saudi-Israeli normalization; withdrawing troops from Middle East; military force and the Mexican cartels; Israel-Hamas warWhat, in your view, are the three most pressing challenges to U.S. national security?Joe Biden (D)While President Biden has not directly addressed this question, his national security adviser said the following about the White House's 2022 National Security Strategy: "Our strategy proceeds from the premise that the two strategic challenges — geopolitical competition and shared transnational threats — are intertwined. We cannot build the broad coalitions we need to out-compete our rivals, if we sideline the issues that most directly impact the lives of billions of people." He further argued that "this is a decisive decade for shaping the terms of competition, especially with the PRC [China]. This is a decisive decade for getting ahead of the great global challenges — from climate to disease to emerging technology."Marianne Williamson (D)"The three most pressing challenges to U.S. national security are the nuclear threat, climate change, and our inability to go beyond the adversarial positioning in which countries view each other. We are closer to nuclear war than we've been in a long time. We must move towards a nuclear-free world, and we must begin by adopting a no first use policy. Once we adopt this policy, it will be much easier for us to get other nuclear-armed countries to do the same. There is no threat I am more concerned about than climate change. We are living through the last few years where we have a chance to save humanity. We must immediately undergo a just transition from a dirty fossil fueled economy to a clean renewable economy, and create millions of good jobs in the process. The time for incrementalism on climate is over. If we only view other countries through an adversarial lens, in terms of how they can harm or serve our interests, then we cannot deal with these crucial issues that challenge the security of all of us. We must work together with the international community for the common interest so that we can begin to deal with climate change, nuclear weapons, pandemics, and other threats."Robert F. Kennedy Jr. (I)"The most pressing challenges are the ones we have created ourselves. First is the risk of nuclear war, which belligerent and provocative U.S. policy has elevated to levels not seen since the Cold War.The second is the bankrupting of America's wealth, the result of decades of elevated military spending. The trillions spent on armaments could have gone toward building modern infrastructure, feeding and housing people, tackling chronic disease, and nourishing a thriving domestic economy.A third threat to national security is the epidemic of violence in our streets and in our homes. When we wage endless wars abroad, their mirror image afflicts us at home. Realistically, our nation is not threatened by an armed invasion by a foreign power. We have to broaden what we mean by 'national security' to include the things that actually make Americans feel insecure."Cornel West (I)"Climate Change: Climate change is not an endpoint that awaits us in the distant future, it is among us right now and impacting lives across the country and the entire world, especially the most vulnerable and most disadvantaged populations here in the U.S. — Black, Brown, Indigenous, and the poor. According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), climate change-related damages cost the United States an estimated $165 Billion in 2022, Hurricane Ida, a Category 4 storm that massacred communities in Florida, including the loss of 150 lives, cost taxpayers approximately $112.9 Billion alone. Moreover, NOAA estimates that in the last 40 years, 341 storms exacerbated by climate change have cost the nation more than $2.5 Trillion. To put that into perspective, that's $80 Billion more than the national deficit of approximately $1.7 Trillion, thus far, for Fiscal Year 2023, and 1.5 percent of the national debt that stands at $161.7 trillion and counting. A nation already in massive debt, coupled with the astronomical costs of a growing climate crisis is the direct antithesis of national security. It's undeniable that more calamities associated with the climate crisis, including more powerful weather incidents that induce extreme flooding, extreme heat, and other environmental stressors, are inevitable. These events will have profound impacts on myriad systems and institutions that are necessary to maintain a livable society including, but not limited to, the production of food, access to clean water sources, the quality and availability of housing, transportation, education, and healthcare. The collapse of these systems could reasonably engender massive social unrest that would result in the massive displacement and forced migration of people as we are already witnessing with the United Houma Nation, Pointe-au Chien Indian Tribe, and Biloxi-Chitimacha-Choctaw of present-day Louisiana, who are the first federally recognized climate migrants, whose land is literally sinking due to oil and gas extraction in the Gulf of Mexico, which has rendered their land susceptible to the impacts of climate change. In fact, the United Nations Office of the High Commissions for Refugees has predicted that more than 200 million people, globally, will be forced to relocate due to climate change, including 40% of United Statesians who currently reside in coastal areas. From the atrocities of Hurricane Katrina to the current situation at the United States border with Mexico, we have already witnessed the consequences of climate-related breakdowns of social, economic, and other systems necessary to maintain quality of life and life itself breakdown all coupled with mass migration of innocent people seeking refuge.Increased Militarism: The United States is the single biggest military spender in the world with an annual budget roughly the size of the next seven largest military budgets combined. According to records kept by the National Priorities Project at the Institute for Policy Studies (IPS), in any given year, military spending accounts for over half of the federal government's annual discretionary budget. The U.S. military's bloated budget is utilized to build weapons and warcraft, which are in turn utilized to threaten other nations and demand their cooperation with the perceived U.S. military hegemony or offered to cooperative nations as part of military alliances. In FY 2023 alone, out of a $1.8 trillion federal discretionary budget, $1.1 trillion – or 62 percent – was for militarized programs. On top of war and weapons for the Pentagon, these expenditures include domestic militarism for police departments across the country and mass incarceration, as well as increased detentions and deportation, which represent direct threats to the security of Black, Brown, Indigenous and poor people in the United States. As we are witnessing right now, the current administration is complicit in thousands of civilian deaths by giving Israel military aid at $3.8 billion this year, half of which goes to Israel's missile system. They are now requesting a combined supplemental aid package at $106 billion for Israel along with Ukraine, Taiwan and the Indo-Pacific region, and US immigration enforcement at the US-Mexico southern border. To put this in perspective, combined with the estimated $113 billion in military aid the US has already sent to Ukraine, should the Congress grant President Biden's additional $105 billion package to Ukraine and Israel, this would represent almost 60% of the initially estimated $379 billion in climate change expenditures over 10 years included as part of the so-called Inflation Reduction Act. Further, the $105 billion military aid package to Israel and Ukraine is one hundred times the paltry $1 billion that the US pledged to the Green Climate Fund earlier this year, to fund climate mitigation and adaptation in the formerly colonized countries of Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Pacific. Our friends at IPS also indicate that the U.S. could safely redirect at least $350 billion from the Pentagon's current spending per year and achieve true security by ending wars, reducing our aggressive posture overseas, and reining in military contracts that drain public coffers for private gain - all measures that would actually increase national security, while making resources available for critical domestic needs including, but not limited to, increased access to healthcare, improving the nation's broken education system - including an iniquitous student loan debt crisis, and real action to address the climate crisis. With the largest military in the world, the US is the single largest greenhouse gas emitting institution and consumer of fossil fuels on the entire planet, with a carbon footprint bigger than 140 other countries. The environmental and climate impacts of global militarism and war are staggering. Militarization continues to increase greenhouse gas emissions and pollute and poison land, water and air through weapons production, storage, and use, which is ironic Defense Secretary, Lloyd Austin, himself recently declared, 'There is little about what the Defense Department does to defend the American people that is not affected by climate change. It is a national security issue, and we must treat it as such.'Rising White Supremacy and Nationalism: We have already observed how the interlinked crises of the calamities associated with climate change, which push those disproportionately impacted further to the margins and thereby increasing the militarization of the southern border, urban areas, and throughout the world to address associated entropy of social systems and infrastructure tends to increase sentiments that beguile far too many U.S. residents to embrace elements of white supremacy ideology, thereby increasing instances of violence and acceptance of authoritarian and fascist paradigms that represent clear and present dangers to national security – no one knows this better than the U.S. Department of Justice. In 2001, Attorney General, Merrick Garland admonished the Senate Appropriations Committee stating, in part, "Domestic violent extremists pose an elevated threat in 2021 and in the FBI's view, the top domestic violent extremist threat we face comes from racially or ethnically motivated violent extremists, specifically those who advocate for the superiority of the white race." This salient issue has the potential to literally tear our nation asunder. A nation this divided is itself a national security risk that can be taken advantage of by nations hostile to the U.S. due to imperialist and interventionist past and present foreign policies of our country and their lasting impacts to [a] marked number of nations across the globe. Dismantling growing white supremacy and nationalism will require a multifaceted and intersectional approach that seeks to deracinate the root causes of this epidemic that prevents the U.S. from living up to its best self while also remaining a seemingly indelible threat. This will require tying requisite economic relief from an oligarchic approach to wealth accumulation and redistribution that exacerbates the white supremacy ideology ensconced in the fabric of this nation in such a way that has been negatively radicalizing poor white folk who may not even realize how the capitalist domination system upheld by the political duopoly extract from them as much as non-white people they are bamboozled to hate and stigmatize. I am confident that my Economic Justice prescriptions that include establishing a federal Universal Basic Income commission, wealth tax on all billionaire holdings and transaction, ending all tax loopholes for the oligarchy, and establishing a national $27 minimum wage, with special considerations for specific geographies where $27/hour would not be a family-sustaining wage, will be key steps in eviscerating the rise of white supremacy and nationalism in our nation that hurts the people perpetrated against as much as the people doing the perpetrating."As president, what would you do to avoid a direct military confrontation with China?Joe Biden (D)Biden has not directly addressed this question since becoming president, but a White House readout from his meeting with Chinese President Xi Jinping last year gives a good summary of his administration's stated approach to relations with China. "President Biden explained that the United States will continue to compete vigorously with the PRC, including by investing in sources of strength at home and aligning efforts with allies and partners around the world. He reiterated that this competition should not veer into conflict and underscored that the United States and China must manage the competition responsibly and maintain open lines of communication. The two leaders discussed the importance of developing principles that would advance these goals and tasked their teams to discuss them further. President Biden underscored that the United States and China must work together to address transnational challenges – such as climate change, global macroeconomic stability including debt relief, health security, and global food security – because that is what the international community expects."Marianne Williamson (D)"We absolutely cannot have a direct military confrontation with China, which would be one step away from World War III and nuclear Armageddon. The U.S. must accept that we are in a multipolar world. While I am deeply concerned about China's authoritarianism and serious violations of human rights, I do not think that China is interested in invading the U.S. or in starting a war with us. While we should do what we can through peaceful diplomacy to lessen Chinese human rights violations, we cannot start World War III between two nuclear-armed countries. Our military must stop trying to encircle China in the South China Sea. Instead, we must talk to China and seek peaceful coexistence."Robert F. Kennedy Jr. (I)"We believe that China has no desire for military confrontation. We will therefore ratchet down the tensions and cease the provocations in the South China Sea and elsewhere. We will adopt a posture that does not see China as an 'adversary,' and begin to negotiate arms control treaties in good faith so that both countries can reduce military spending to better the lives of their citizens."Cornel West (I)"We all know where a direct military confrontation with the People's Republic of China (PRC) will lead — irreparable nuclear holocaust that will lead to the loss and alteration of hundreds of millions of innocent lives over a conflict engendered by two so-called superpowers. We need to be honest with the people of the world, the U.S. and PRC are currently in a cold war that must be thawed to save lives and a global economy both hanging in the balance. The first step in thawing the current cold war will require a cessation to the myriad proxy wars that use nations like Ukraine, Taiwan, and numerous global south nations from Africa to Southeast Asia, to Latin America as pawns in an arms and resource extraction race. As president I will cease the saber rattling and chest beating that are doing nothing but instigating the PRC with military war games in waterways of Southeast Asia such as the Sea of Japan, Yellow Sea, East China Sea and others. I am confident this will open pathways for diplomacy that leads to cooperation in lieu of competition with the PRC. I agree with the Quincy Institute's assessment that the current administration's rhetoric of competition with the PRC is a feckless attempt to marginalize and exclude the nation from the global community, which in turn pushes them to form alliances with nations the U.S. also finds itself in a contemporary cold war with including, but not limited to, the Islamic Republic of Iran and Russia. One area where I believe we should especially be cooperating rather than competing with the PRC is the climate crisis. While it's true that the PRC is the largest emitter in the world, the U.S. remains the largest historic emitter despite only representing five percent of the world's population. Planetary survival literally requires less finger pointing at who is most responsible for the climate crisis and more finger pointing towards mutual and cooperative solutions. And rather than compete with the PRC for requisite critical resources to develop the infrastructure for renewable energy and regenerative economies, we must cooperate with them such that we don't render the need to address the climate crisis into a rationalization for casus belli over possession critical resources that will also drag global south nations into proxy wars they want no part of. The PRC, the U.S., and the entire world has a collective interest in protecting lives and the planet from the impacts of climate change. As president, my first step in avoiding a military confrontation with the PRC would be to invite and work with them to be a leading partner in addressing the climate crisis by exchanging ideas, resources, and technologies that can rapidly emancipate both nations from reliance on fossil fuels, which will improve relations, cooperation, and the habitability of the planet at once, while also preventing a military confrontation that will take more lives than the climate crisis."Is it in the U.S. national interest for the president to convene negotiations in an effort to end the war in Ukraine?Joe Biden (D)Biden generally emphasizes that Ukraine should be the driving force behind any peace negotiations and has argued that Russian President Vladimir Putin has not shown signs that he is ready to negotiate. He has, however, helped to convene several international conferences to discuss a diplomatic path forward, one of which reportedly included discussions about concessions that Ukraine may make in exchange for peace. (The administration denied these reports.)Marianne Williamson (D)"Firstly, this question is framed in terms of the 'U.S. national interest,' but I think it's time we start concerning ourselves more with the interests of humanity as a whole than the interests of the American government or American corporations, which is usually what is meant by 'U.S. national interest.'Yes, I think the U.S. should convene negotiations with Russia and Ukraine. Russia's invasion of Ukraine is a despicable crime, and we should support Ukraine and their autonomy. However, we need to do what we can to bring about a just but realistic peace. It seems extremely unlikely that either side in this conflict will have a complete victory over the other anytime soon, so if we don't want to let this draw out for two decades like our war in Afghanistan, then we should press for negotiations. I think that the withdrawn letter by progressive Congress members from last year that urged negotiations was a good and reasonable letter, and they should not have buckled to pressure and withdrawn it."Robert F. Kennedy Jr. (I)"Yes. Current U.S. strategic thinking is that the war serves the national interest by weakening Russia. That thinking is faulty on two counts. First, it is not weakening Russia. Second, a weak and unstable Russia would make us much less secure, not more secure. The United States and the world will be best served when Russia knows that we are not out to destroy her."Cornel West (I)"The conflict between Ukraine and Russia is not going to be ameliorated by military means. With $113 billion of taxpayer dollars already sent to Ukraine leading to no more than an endless war of attrition, as well as poll numbers indicating dithering support for a series of blank checks to continue it, it's clear the people of the United States have had enough. It's not just in the national interest for a diplomatic solution to this conflict, it's the duty of the President of the United States to lead this process with our global partners in Europe, Asia, and Africa. As president, I will give Ukraine no other choice but to enter a diplomatic process as part of my commitment to cease all war funding and weapons to Ukraine and instead invest in peacemaking."If Saudi Arabia agreed to normalize relations with Israel but requested a guarantee from the United States to defend the Kingdom militarily in exchange, would you seek to ratify a treaty making that commitment?Joe Biden (D)President Biden has not directly commented on this proposal, but his administration has led the initiative to negotiate a defense commitment in exchange for normalization.Rep. Dean Phillips (D)Phillips has endorsed the Biden administration's approach. "Never did we imagine it possible in our lifetimes to see the possible normalization of relations between the Saudis and Israelis. It's an extraordinary and historic opportunity not just for these two countries, but for the entire world," he told NPR. "The United States plays a significant role relative to a defense pact with the Saudis equipment and materiel relative to their military and potentially a civilian nuclear program as well. If those things can be met and also meeting some of the needs of the Palestinians, this could be an extraordinary legacy at a time the world surely needs it." Marianne Williamson (D)"No. The U.S. cannot get involved in another war in the Middle East – especially not in order to defend Saudi Arabia, arguably the worst human rights violator in the region. It is time the U.S. stops aiding Saudi Arabia and Israel in their egregious human rights violations."Robert F. Kennedy Jr. (I)"We think the premise of this question to be unlikely. Saudi Arabia is armed to the teeth and has no need of such a guarantee. As it has good relations with most other nations, its [only] plausible national security threat is Iran. However, much of the Sunni-Shiite conflict in the past arose from U.S. geopolitical maneuvering that elevated tensions throughout the region."Cornel West (I)"I wouldn't even qualify this request as a treaty as it would be more of a death sentence for innocent civilians in the region and more service members, too many who have already been lost due to U.S. empire building in the Middle East, mainly to protect oil profits of fossil fuel cartels both domestically and globally. We need less iron domes and a more iron-clad diplomatic process that leads to lasting peace and mutual dignity for all people in the Middle East. To this end, as president I would insist that any normalization of relations between the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the State of Israel include immediate steps to liberate Palestinian people from occupation and a wanton cycle of violence that's killing precious Palestinian and Israeli lives alike."As Commander-in-Chief, would you bring home the U.S. troops currently stationed in Iraq and Syria?Joe Biden (D)While Biden has not directly addressed this question, a senior Pentagon official recently said the U.S. "has no intent to withdraw in the near future" from Syria.Marianne Williamson (D)"Yes I would, but in Syria, I would first negotiate an agreement that ensures the Kurds will not be harmed before withdrawing the troops that are protecting them."Robert F. Kennedy Jr. (I)"Yes. Those nations do not want our troops there. I will instigate bold peace initiatives in places where there are still military tensions, in some cases replacing troops with international peacekeepers."Cornel West (I)"As indicated in my Policy Pillars Rooted in a Movement of Truth, Justice, and Love, as president I would immediately embark on a responsible and expeditious closure of global U.S. military bases as part of a larger initiative to cease and desist U.S. empire building and maintenance and slash the bloated military budget, including the disbanding of NATO, such that we can reinvest those funds in myriad social and economic justice programs domestically. As tensions in the Middle East associated with the crisis in Palestine/Israel grow, the U.S. presence is only exacerbating an already incendiary situation while putting brave service people in harm's way for no other reason than to maintain U.S. empire and a military hegemony in a region that needs less bullets and rockets and more diplomacy. To this end, as president, I would bring those troops home immediately, honor them for their service and ensure a Just Transition so that they can use the skills they gained in the military and put them to use for beneficial services to the people of the U.S."If elected, would you request an authorization from Congress to use military force against drug cartels in Mexico?Joe Biden (D)Biden has not commented directly on calls to authorize military force against the cartels, but a National Security Council spokesperson said in April that the administration "is not considering military action in Mexico.""Designating these cartels as foreign terrorist organizations would not grant us any additional authorities that we don't already have," the spokesperson added.Marianne Williamson (D)"No. The U.S. has invaded and militarily intervened in Latin America time after time, and it has only brought violence and misery and fueled the immigration that we now complain about. It is time we reject the imperialist Monroe Doctrine, which declared Latin America our backyard. It is time we respect our neighbors to the south and stop invading their countries."Robert F. Kennedy Jr. (I)"Absolutely not. The Mexicans have the power to overcome the drug cartels themselves. We can aid them by sharing intelligence, by shutting down the illegal weapons trade, by cracking down on money laundering activities of US banks, and by prosecuting the cartels' collaborators in this country."Cornel West (I)"Absolutely not. To be clear, asking the Congress for authorization to use military force in Mexico would essentially be asking Congress to approve a military invasion through a declaration of war against Mexico. The so-called war against drugs in the United States has been and continues to be an abject failure. This 50-year war has been used as a rationalization for crimes against humanity, especially those most marginalized by failed drug policies - Black, Brown, Indigenous and poor people, who have been subjected to a racialized and classist mass incarceration pogrom that has needlessly locked up over 400,000 people for non-violent drug-related crimes between 1980 and 1997 alone. A failed domestic drug war should not be an impetus to start a foreign drug war in the sovereign territory of one of our North American partners. It should instead be an impetus to enact efficacious policies that treat addiction as a national threat to public health. Instead of increasing militarism and launching a foreign war, we should declare war against the lack of access to healthcare and the lack of economic opportunities that contribute to drug use. Reducing and decriminalizing drug use in the United States will directly reduce the amount of drugs that are smuggled across the border, thereby reducing revenues for drug cartels in Mexico. This is less an issue of militarism and more an issue of addiction driven by supply and demand."Reactions to Israel-Hamas warJoe Biden (D)In a speech on Oct. 20, Biden said: "In Israel, we must make sure that they have what they need to protect their people today and always.The security package I'm sending to Congress and asking Congress to do is an unprecedented commitment to Israel's security that will sharpen Israel's qualitative military edge, which we've committed to — the qualitative military edge.We're going to make sure Iron Dome continues to guard the skies over Israel. We're going to make sure other hostile actors in the region know that Israel is stronger than ever and prevent this conflict from spreading.Look, at the same time, [Prime Minister] Netanyahu and I discussed again yesterday the critical need for Israel to operate by the laws of war. That means protecting civilians in combat as best as they can. The people of Gaza urgently need food, water, and medicine."Rep. Dean Phillips (D)In a long tweet, Phillips said, "The destruction of Hamas is necessary, but the military campaign must follow international law and conventions of civilized nations. [...]I support a pause in hostilities and the immediate safe passage of civilians from Gaza into temporary shelters in Egypt and/or Jordan and the largest humanitarian relief effort in world history.I am pro-Israeli and anti the Netanyahu government — and [its] enabling of settlements on Palestinian land. [...]Israel has a right to exist, defend itself, and ensure the terror and butchering of Oct 7 never happens again.Palestinians have a right to a nation of their own, and that begins with a free and fair election for the first time since 2006 in which a choice can be made; peace or war.Israelis must also be afforded the same right to choose peace or war."Marianne Williamson (D)Williamson tweeted: "For Israel to prosecute an all out war on Gaza is already a catastrophe for the people of Gaza. It can easily become a catastrophe for the people of Israel as well. There's no end game there, for them or for the rest of the world, that doesn't multiply the horror. The United States should join an international consortium — Egypt, Jordan and others — in efforts to secure release of the hostages and cessation of the bombing."Robert F. Kennedy Jr. (I)On Oct. 7, Kennedy said the following in a statement: "This ignominious, unprovoked, and barbaric attack on Israel must be met with world condemnation and unequivocal support for the Jewish state's right to self-defense. We must provide Israel with whatever it needs to defend itself — now. As President, I'll make sure that our policy is unambiguous so that the enemies of Israel will think long and hard before attempting aggression of any kind.I applaud the strong statements of support from the Biden White House for Israel in her hour of need. However, the scale of these attacks means it is likely that Israel will need to wage a sustained military campaign to protect its citizens. Statements of support are fine, but we must follow through with unwavering, resolute, and practical action. America must stand by our ally throughout this operation and beyond as it exercises its sovereign right to self-defense."Kennedy later warned against using the attacks and subsequent war as a justification for war with Iran. "It didn't take long for the neocons in Washington to spin the Hamas terror attacks to advance their agenda of war against Iran," he tweeted on Oct. 27. "If President Biden doesn't resist them, they might get their wish."Cornel West (I)














In a recent statement, West said, "US taxpayers want no part in funding the Israeli war machine that is committing genocidal war crimes in Gaza. We need stronger, clearer headed representation like this within our highest levels of government." He has also said, "We want a ceasefire. We want an end of the siege. We want an end of occupation. We want equal rights, equal dignity, and equal access for Palestinians and Jews."

156 p. Cd ; This paper presents the results of an investigation on government procurement performed control subjects by the Comptroller General of Santander CGS, for fiscal years 2011 and 2012. The starting the collection of information related to the state contracts control subjects who presented to the Comptroller into surrendering their fiscal accounts format through F20-1A Integra Audit System IAS. This information is processed in two different ways, to determine a representative sample for each fiscal year and analyze the information provided is to determine possible tax findings. From the analysis, shortcomings arising from the system used was found for the surrender of the mind, specifically the broad freedoms offered by F20-1A format and allows the presentation of inconsistent data, product of some simple oversight and others that are clearly mistakes as planned, but in either case impede the processing and analysis, which results in an inefficient fiscal control action. Once identified system weaknesses, proceeded to examine the tools available to address them and thereby improve fiscal control by the control authority; thus strategies ranging from the modification of F20-1A format, through the modification of the resolution that currently governs the fiscal accountability of the control subjects was formulated CGS, to the modification of the organizational chart, in order to achieve greater efficiency in the fiscal control, which over time results in more effective in the allocation of public resources for government procurement and increased vigilance compliance with the principles of government contracting. ; Este trabajo presenta los resultados de una investigación sobre la contratación estatal llevada a cabo por los sujetos de control de la Contraloría General de Santander CGS, para las vigencias fiscales 2011 y 2012. Se partió de la recopilación de la información relacionada con la contratación estatal que los sujetos de control presentan a la Contraloría en la rendición de sus cuentas fiscales a través del formato F20-1A del Sistema Integra de Auditorías SIA. Esta información se procesó mediante dos vías distintas, para determinar una muestra representativa para cada vigencia fiscal y sobre esta analizar la información suministrada a fin de determinar posibles hallazgos fiscales. Del análisis, se encontraron falencias derivadas del sistema empleado para la rendición de la cuenta, específicamente las amplias libertades que ofrece el formato F20-1A y que permite la presentación de datos incoherentes, algunos producto del simple descuido y otros que a todas luces se ven como errores planeados, pero que en cualquiera de los casos dificultan su procesamiento y análisis, lo que deriva en una ineficaz acción de control fiscal. Una vez detectadas las debilidades del sistema, se procedió a estudiar las herramientas disponibles para subsanarlas y mejorar de esta manera el control fiscal ejercido por el ente de control; así, se formuló una estrategia que va desde la modificación del formato F20-1A, pasando por la modificación de la Resolución que actualmente rige la rendición de cuentas fiscales de los sujetos de control de la CGS, hasta la modificación del organigrama de la entidad, a fin de obtener una mayor eficacia en el control fiscal, lo que con el tiempo se traduce en una mayor eficacia en la asignación de recursos públicos para la contratación estatal y una mayor vigilancia del cumplimiento de los principios de la contratación estatal. ; INTRODUCCIÓN 11 CAPITULO 1 12 RESEÑA DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN 12 1. Formulación del Problema 12 2. Justificación 13 3. Objetivos 14 3.1 Objetivo General 14 3.2 Objetivos Específicos 14 4. Metodología 14 5. Hipótesis del Trabajo 15 CAPÍTULO 2. 16 DIAGNÓSTICO SOBRE LA CONTRATACIÓN ESTATAL DE SANTANDER PARA LAS VIGENCIAS FISCALES 2011 A 2012 16 1. Fundamentación Teórica 16 1.1 El Contrato. 16 1.2 El Contrato Estatal 16 1.2.1 Los Fines Esenciales de la Contratación Estatal. 18 1.2.2. Principios de la administración pública. 19 1.2.3 Estatuto Anticorrupción 19 1.2.4 Modalidades de selección del contratista. 22 1.2.4.1 Licitación Pública 22 1.2.4.2. Selección Abreviada. 23 1.2.4.3. Concurso de Méritos. 25 1.2.4.4. Contratación Directa 26 1.2.4.5. Contratación inferior al 10% de la menor cuantía. 27 1.2.5 Contratación pública. 27 2. Metodología Adoptada 28 3. Formulación del Diagnóstico 29 3.1 Diagnóstico de la Contratación Estatal de los sujetos de control de la Contraloría General de Santander, Vigencia fiscal 2011. 29 3.1.1 Generalidades. 29 3.1.2 Modalidades de contratación. 32 3.1.2.1 Modalidad: contratación directa. 34 3.1.2.2. Modalidad: Selección Abreviada. 36 3.1.2.3. Modalidad: Mínima Cuantía. 38 3.1.2.4 Licitación Pública. 41 3.1.2.5 Concurso de Méritos. 43 3.1.3. Muestra representativa 2011. 45 3.1.3.1 Hallazgos encontrados. 46 3.2 Diagnóstico de la Contratación Estatal de los sujetos de control de la Contraloría General de Santander, Vigencia fiscal 2012. 50 3.2.1 Generalidades. 50 3.2.2 Modalidades de contratación 2012. 51 3.2.2.1 Modalidad: contratación directa. 54 3.2.2.2. Modalidad: Mínima Cuantía 56 3.2.2.3. Modalidad: Selección Abreviada 58 3.2.2.3. Modalidad: Convocatoria Pública. 60 3.2.2.4 Licitación Pública. 62 3.2.2.5 Concurso de Méritos. 63 3.2.3. Muestra representativa 2012. 65 3.2.3.1 Hallazgos encontrados en la contratación 2012. 67 3.3 Debilidades encontradas al sistema. 71 3.4 Debilidades institucionales. 75 CAPÍTULO 3 76 Estrategias de auditoría tendientes a mejorar la el control fiscal que ejerce la Contraloría General de Santander sobre los recursos públicos de sus respectivos sujetos de control. 76 1. Fundamentación Teórica 76 1.1 La corrupción. 76 1.1.1 Corrupción en la contratación estatal 78 1.1.2 Control a la contratación. 80 1.1.3 Auditoria en línea. 80 2. Metodología adoptada 81 3. Estrategias de auditoría tendientes a mejorar la el control fiscal que ejerce la Contraloría General de Santander 82 3.1 Delimitación de la estrategia. 82 3.1.1. Primera línea de acción. 82 3.1.2. Segunda línea de acción. 82 3.1.3 Tercera línea de acción. 82 3.2 Modificaciones a la Resolución 294 (Abril 30/2009). 83 3.2.1 Modificación al Artículo 8. 83 3.2.1.1 Artículo 8 actual. 83 3.2.1.2 Modificación. 83 3.2.2 Modificación al Artículo 14. 84 3.2.2.1 Artículo 14 actual. 84 3.2.1.2 Modificación. 84 3.2.3. Clasificación de los sujetos de control responsables de rendir la cuenta. 85 3.2.3.1 Clasificación Actual. 85 3.2.3.2 Modificación. 85 3.2.4 Modificaciones al Artículo 25. 86 3.2.4.1 Artículo 25 Actual. 86 3.2.4.2 Modificación. 86 3.2.5 Modificaciones al Artículo 26. 87 3.2.5.1 Artículo 26 actual. 87 3.2.5.2 Modificación. 88 3.2.6 Modificaciones a los Artículos 28.y 29 89 3.2.6.1 Artículos 28 y 29 Actuales. 89 3.2.6.2 Modificaciones 89 3.3 Modificación a los formatos que diligencian los sujetos de control para la rendición de la cuenta, específicamente el formato F20-1A 90 3.3.1 NIT Sujeto Vigilado. 91 3.3.2 Nombre Sujeto Vigilado. 91 3.3.3 Régimen de Contratación. 92 3.3.4 Presupuesto del Sujeto Vigilado. 92 3.3.5 Departamento. 93 3.3.6 Municipio. 93 3.3.7 Modalidad de Selección. 93 3.3.8 Objeto del Contrato. 94 3.3.9 Valor Inicial del Contrato. 94 3.3.10 Cédula/NIT del Contratista. 94 3.3.11 Nombre Completo del Contratista. 95 3.3.12 Fecha Inicio del Contrato, Fecha Terminación del Contrato Y Fecha Liquidación del Contrato. 95 3.4 Reorganización interna de la Contraloría General de Santander. 96 3.5 Impulsar el Control Social a la Contratación de las Entidades Públicas. 100 CONCLUSIONES 102 BIBLIOGRAFÍA ; Ej. 1 ; Maestría ; Magister en Gestión Pública y Gobierno