Cyberactivism is a timely collection of essays examining the growing importance of online activism. The contributors show how online activists have not only incorporated recent technology as a tool for change, but also how they have changed the meaning of activism, what community means, and how they conceive of collective identity and democratic change. Topics addressed range from the Zapatista movement's use of the web to promote their cause globally to the establishment of alternative media sources like indymedia.org to the direct action of ""hacktivists"" who disrupt commercial com
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"Der Beitrag behandelt die verschiedenen politischen Aspekte von Online-Wahlen im Überblick. Zunächst geht es um die Frage, warum überhaupt Online-Wahlen eingeführt werden sollen und mit welchen Argumenten die Einführung vertreten wird. Dabei geht es aber auch um eine Gewichtung der Argumente. Ein weiterer Aspekt des Beitrags besteht in der Beschreibung und Analyse der Veränderungen, die eine Modifizierung von Wahlen mit sich bringt. Bislang, so die These, ist der Korridor der Ausgestaltung noch relativ offen, doch werden die Optionen mit fortschreitenden Experimenten sehr schnell enger werden. Umso wichtiger sei es, rechtzeitig die unterschiedlichen Maßstäbe zu nennen, die an unterschiedliche Typen von Wahlen herangetragen werden sollten. Eine Wahlform, die für die Wahl in der Aktionärsversammlung adäquat sein mag, muss nicht auch den Ansprüchen genügen, denen die Wahl zum Deutschen Bundestag gerecht werden muss." (Autorenreferat)
"The enemy of my enemy is my friend." This common adage, which seems to be adhered to in social interactions (e.g. high school cliques or work relationships) as well as in political alliances within countries and between countries, describes the ability of groups or people to work together when they face an opponent, although otherwise they have little in common. In social psychology this phenomenon has been termed the "common enemy effect". Such group behavior can be studied using networks to depict the players within a group and the relationships between them. In this paper we study the effect of a common enemy on a model of network formation, where self-interested, myopic players can use links to build a network, knowing that they are facing a common enemy who can disrupt the links within the network and whose goal it is to minimize the overall value of the network. We find that introducing such a common enemy can lead to the formation of stable and efficient networks which would not be stable without the threat of disruption. However, we also find that fragmented networks as well as the empty networks are also stable. While the common enemy can thus have a positive effect on the incentives of players to form an efficient network, it can also lead to fragmentation and disintegration of the network.
The importance of problems caused by global warming and increased GHG emissions have been recognised by the international community which responded to this challenge through a growing number of studies, agreements and policies dealing with climate change prevention, mitigation and adaptation. The shift to green economy is confirmed as the highest development aim, while establishing a balanced relationship between environmental policies, economic efficiency, technological upgrading and behavioural transition is one of main global assignments of our epoch. The importance of knowledge and innovations is also emphasised, while their availability, diffusion and exchange represent a key-reinforcement of green transition, especially in societies which are facing severe economic, social and environmental problems caused by sensitive local circumstances. The case of Serbia, which is the focus of this article, presents one of possible paths towards climate change adaptation, conditioned by more than two turbulent decades of the recent history of the country. Since democratic changes in 2000, environmental issues have become visible on institutional (governmental) level - through introduction of new environmental laws, research funding, preparation and implementation of specific documents or strategies, and on non-institutional (non-governmental) level - as different environmentally focused initiatives, usually supported by international, regional or local funds. However, on both levels information networks represent an inevitable structural ingredient, which enables a sustainable and locally adjusted approach to climate adaptation. Following global trends, information networks in Serbia are mainly used in the domain of public communication of climate changes, covering three major thematic areas of climate adaptability - human behaviour, ecological awareness and general efficiency. Considering all these specificities, the article provides a review of detected practices related to the use of information networks in climate change adaptation on both global and local level, stressing the possible benefits and limitations in the context of Serbia. The first part of the article introduces a global background of the problem of climate adaptation, summarising major environmental trends, research problems and policy responses, and emphasising the relation between climate change and urban(ised) environment. The second part is dedicated to the case of Serbia, focusing on three aspects - general condition of the environment, the legal framework and the perception/recognition of urban context and its environmental effects in recent development documents. The third part is focused on the relation between information networks, built environment/cities and climate changes, providing an overview of global trends and Serbian practice, while possible improvements of detected local weaknesses are given in the concluding part. ; Publisher's Version
Given the social and political influence of social networks, which are often structured and organized by what today falls under the umbrella term artificial intelligence, we seek to define this new social frame. Most importantly, we ask how to frame this new social sphere in current theory and how it can be conceptualized for social sciences. However, this is not possible without constructing a logical frame for a problem as deeply entwined with the modern history of logic as AI is. We will therefore frame the problem of AIs as social actors within the logical discourse that Lacanian psychoanalysis opened. Our analysis shows that the inherent indeterminate that constitutes the psychoanalytic subject is omitted from AI-supplanted identities. Logical analysis also allows us to discern a specific mode of subjectivation that is made much more prominent through the normalization of phenomena like echo chambers and online identities.
Digital era is characterized by a rapid growing information, one of them is online media. Despite many criticisms regarding journalistic ethic and the value of its news, online media is still considered as a trustworthy information resources compared to other means which are unattached to journalistic ethic. The need of people towards information from online media, especially associated with public local information, one of them is the local government performance (Pemda). This study focuses on potential of online media as a reliable information resource of government accomplishment by identifying a consistent content about local government presenting in the news, how to connect one information to another and build public knowledge towards local government implementation. The method of study using quantitative analysis and data retrieval by machine extraction – Data Intelligence Media Management (IMA). The result demonstrates that there are two kinds of information presented by online media which are regional information performance and facts concerning government performance, through OPD information and government officials. Information on regional performance has greater exposure rather than information on government performance; tends to be dominated by crisis and performance information related to the interests of non-local governments. Meanwhile, government information tends to be dominated by the performance of regional heads compared to other local government officials. On the other side, the focus of OPD performance information tends to follow regional news trends. This trend is largely due to indicators of the dissemination of information on local government performance through information dissemination strategies.
The present study aims at understanding the application of Internet of Things (IoT) in online food retailing, influencing purchase frequency of ready‐to‐eat food products. The research is empirical in nature in which an internet based consumer survey was conducted to collect 329 valid responses on PAN India basis. This research comprehensively investigated, shortlisted, and finally selected the factors of consumer involvement and decision making using IoT in online food retailing. The binary logistic regression model revealed that the factors relative advantage, best deals, availability and information, consumer satisfaction, and channel efficiency significantly influences the consumer purchase frequency for ready‐to‐eat food products at various stages in online food retailing. The understanding, extrapolation, and proper management of these factors will help online food retail players in implementing IoT enable services effectively in their retail formats to gain consumer confidence.
Input data for communication network design/optimization problems involving multi-hour or uncertain tra c can consist of a large set of tra c matrices. These matrices are explicitly considered in prob- lem formulations for link dimensioning. However, many of these matrices are usually dominated by others so only a relatively small subset of ma- trices would be su cient to obtain proper link capacity reservations, sup- porting all original tra c matrices. Thus, elimination of the dominated matrices leads to substantially smaller optimization problems, making them treatable by contemporary solvers. In the paper we discuss the issues behind detecting domination of one tra c matrix over another. We consider two basic cases of domination: (i) total domination when the same tra c routing must be used for both matrices, and (ii) ordi- nary domination when tra c dependent routing can be used. The paper is based on our original results and generalizes the domination results known for fully connected networks. ; While working on the paper during his stay as an invited professor at Warsaw University of Technology, W. Ben-Ameur was supported by European Union in the framework of European Social Fund. P. Pav on was supported by the FP7 BONE project, by the MEC project TEC2010-21405- C02/TCM CALM, and by \Programa de Ayudas a Grupos de Excelencia de la R. de Murcia, F. S eneca" { he had also stayed at Warsaw University of Technology while working on the results presented in the paper. M. Pi oro was supported by the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education (grants no. 280/N- DFG/2008/0 and N517 397334), and by the Swedish Research Council (grant no. 621-2006-5509).
Abstract How successful is the Islamic State's online strategy? To what extent does the organization achieve its goals of attracting a global audience, broadcasting its military successes, and marketing the Caliphate? Using Twitter and YouTube search data, collected throughout 2015 and early 2016, we assess how suspected ISIS accounts, sympathizers, and opponents behave across two social media platforms, offering key insights into the successes and limitations of ISIS's information warfare strategy. Analyzing the tweet content and metadata from 16,364 suspected ISIS accounts, we find that a core network of ISIS Twitter users are producing linguistically diverse narratives, touting battlefield victories and depicting utopian life in the Caliphate. Furthermore, a dataset of over 70 million tweets, as well as analysis YouTube search data, indicates that although pro-ISIS content spreads globally and remains on message, it is far less prolific than anti-ISIS content. However, this anti-ISIS content is not necessarily anti-extremist or aligned with Western policy goals.
This book investigates why networks, some with joined-up governance remits, appeared ineffective in handling neighbourhood unemployment even in periods when the national unemployment levels dropped. It deploys a multi-theoretical and methodological framework to investigate this empirical puzzle, and to test and analyse the causal factors influencing network outcomes. Chapters examine network concepts, network theories, outcome indicators, the historical infrastructure and management of unemployment policy, and governing network trends in post-war urban regeneration interventions. Comparative network case studies offer empirical evidence and a high degree of local variation. Mixed methods (qualitative and quantitative approaches), including social network analysis, uncover formal and informal networks, and eighty-six interviews in two English local authorities with persistent unemployment, give voice to network practitioner experiences. Findings explain why sub-optimal network outcomes prevail and operational difficulties persist on the ground. Students and academics, professionals and activists can use the results to challenge network governance theories and the policy status-quo. J.M. Hurst completed her PhD in Politics Research at Birkbeck College, University of London, UK. She has practitioner experience of the policy field and is currently carrying out multidisciplinary research on the subject of unemployment identities and network impact.
Europäischer Verteidigungsfonds in: Gabler Wirtschaftslexikon Online (5.2019) wurde 2017 zur Finanzierung der EU-Verteidigungsunion geschaffen, engl. European Defence Industrial Development Programme (abgek. EDIDP). Zunächst waren 5,5, Mrd. Euro pro Jahr vorgesehen. Im März 2019 wurde für die Finanzjahre 2019-2020 eine Finanzierung von ca. 500 Mio. Euro beschlossen, mit welchen die bislang 34 gemeinsamen Projekte kofinanziert werden sollen. Der Europäische Verteidigungsfonds wird die nationalen Verteidigungsinvestitionen koordinieren, ergänzen und verstärken. 20 % der Finanzierung erfolgt aus dem Verteidigungsfonds, die nationalen Haushalte der teilnehmenden EU-Mitgliedstaaten finanzieren 80 % der Projekte. Verstetigung des Europäischen Verteidigungsfonds ab 2021: Ab 2021 wird ein vollwertiger Europäischer Verteidigungsfonds verstätigt und damit einen Beitrag zur strategischen Autonomie der EU leisten. Im mehrjährigen Finanzrahmen 2021-2027 sind 13 Mrd. Euro für den Europäischen Verteidigungsfonds vorgesehen.
Existing studies have been inconclusive on whether and the extent to which gendered social networks contribute to the gender gap in business performance. Drawing on a random sample of Chinese Canadian entrepreneurs, this research examines the nexus of social networks, Internet use, and the gender gap in business performance. Results reveal a marked gender difference in firm size, which becomes narrowed after social networks, voluntary association participation, Internet use, and business characteristics are controlled. More important, network composition and structural position have different implications for men and women entrepreneurs. Men are more effective in converting relational advantages into business advantages. Interaction effects suggest that kin homophily hurts women's business performance but not men's. Yet, women gain more from participating in transnational entrepreneurship.
