Suchergebnisse

In World War II, 350,000 women served in the American military. Was this service a critical event in their lives as it has been in the lives of many men? This article describes background characteristics of women who served and their reasons for volunteering, and focuses on some short-and long-term effects of this service on their attitudes and values. The work is based on surveys taken at the time (but not analyzed), and on a questionnaire developed by the author and filled out by 338 women veterans of the Army and Navy Nurse Corps, the WAC, WAVES, Marine Corp Women's Reserve, and SPARS.

Suzanne Pharr's Homophobia: A Weapon of Sexism may be an effective tool for women committed to overcoming their own homophobia who want practical advice on recognizing and eradicating it, although as an essay in theory it does not advance the issues. The author seems unaware that Celia Kitzinger has argued recently that "homophobia" is not a helpful concept because it individualizes problems better seen as political and begs the question of the rationality of the fear. I argue that "homophobia" has been misused but that freed of the medical model and understood in connection with issues of pride and shame, it can be a helpful concept.

Using as a case study the evaluation of a drunk drivers treatment program, the author describes the political roles and actions she took to plan the evaluation and disseminate the results. This case is representative of situations to which evaluators will be exposed as privatization of service delivery increases and authority for and ownership of such programs becomes more decentral ized and diffuse. The evaluator must take an active role in identifying the needs, perspectives, and potential authority and influence of each audience and must be prepared to encourage audiences to address new issues where gaps in accountability have emerged.

This article reports on a study in which 54 retired women social workers were interviewed in depth about their commitment to work vis-à-vis their family responsibilities during their working years. Family responsibilities were measured by a variable, degree of family responsibility (DFR), operationalized by the author. Work commitment was measured by the duration of employment, status achieved, and the Simpson work-commitment scale. No differences in the commitment to work based on the DFR were found, which suggests that women need not be assigned to one or the other role exclusively but can be involved in both family and work.

The author draws on the policy analysis literature to delineate the linkage between conceptualization of risk and the formulation and proposed solution of risk-related policy problems. Two concepts of risk are identified: (1) a concept of risk as a physically given attribute of hazardous technologies and (2) a concept of risk as a socially constructed attribute. The argument is advanced that the social construction of risk provides a firm, theoretical basis for the design of policy. The discussion links the perception, manage ment, and communication of risk to the more fundamental issue of the nature and role of science and technology.

A fair amount of attention has been given recently to teaching ethics and what manners of conduct are proper, especially in the public sector. This article examines not only the substance of teaching ethics, but also the process. The author contends that professors of ethics are in a difficult field because its scope is so broad. While different professions have different ethical codes and standards, it remains true that all fields have ethical considerations. The challenge for the ethics professor is to instill in students a basic understanding of proper conduct, realizing that some actions and decisions are better than others, while not attempting to appear morally omniscient.

Until very recently almost nothing was known about the life of Bartolomé Salvador de Solórzano, the author of the first Spanish treatise on double-entry bookkeeping. This paper presents the results of further research on this subject and complements the findings presented in a previous paper by Hernández Esteve. A more complete picture of the life of Bartolomé Salvador de Solórzano can now be drawn. On the whole there is now evidence regarding aspects such as birth, baptism, parents, godparents, relatives, profession, business, residence, condition, travels, partners, death, etc. Some details on the publication and distribution of his book also are known.

This article describes the restraints on biological weapons, as dictated in the 1925 Geneva Protocol and the Biological Weapons Convention, and the weaknesses of these instruments. Falk clearly argues for nonpossession as a requirement of international stability. He points out that their commitment to unconditional renunciation has been disregarded by the United States and the Soviet Union. The author concludes that the failure of major powers to comply with the rules they themselves set has encouraged emulation by the rest of the world. It is the duty of those with extensive knowledge of this weaponry to eliminate the pressure for its development.

SummaryThis paper compares the interpersonal dynamics of the family and residential care for older children within the context of ecologically based permanency planning where the birth family will be the preferred source of permanence in most cases. The author argues, on the basis of a review of the research, that foster care has a great deal to offer many children and is undoubtedly preferable for young children, but residential care is a genuine and important alternative for some older children. She concludes that the decision for placement should rest on a comprehensive assessment, taking into account consumer views.

Since the mid-1970s hundreds of thousands of workers have left the South Asian countries for the Middle East on the basis of temporary labour contracts. Their remittances have become their home countries' most important source of foreign exchange. The author explores the impact of this phenomenon on the economic development of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka, focusing on growth and structural change. The results suggest that the South Asian countries experienced a short-term boom due to the workers' remittances. However, disaggregation reveals that behind this apparent boom are sectors which have lagged behind in development. (DÜI-Sen)

Stalin must have known better. A non-Russian and the author of Marxism and the National Question, he was surely aware that his slogan of "socialism in one country" obscured the USSR's profoundly multinational character. To the degree that he really built socialism, Stalin clearly did so not in one country but in many simultaneously. Indeed, not only did the Soviet republics lend one another what Soviet propagandists like to call disinterested proletarian assistance, but some, such as Kazakhstan, the Ukraine, and the countries of Central Asia, may have served as the involuntary base for the "primitive accumulation of capital" as well.