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Graffiti-making as a disruptive art has been historically well located within the politics of territoriality/transgression, deindustrialization/decline, appropriation/affirmation and other inter-related frameworks. Such historicizations exist in parallel to the history of institutionalization of graffiti-making, leading up to the emergence of the phrase post-graffiti in the discourse. The post-graffiti has alternatively and independently also been used to describe an empirically observed shift in graffiti making practices; from the typographical to the iconographical. In this context, the operationalization of a set of urban intervention policies by the Lisbon City Council, that were designed to institutionalize, sanction and take control of graffiti-making, provides an interesting inroad into the processes that underlie its market absorption. Through a field analysis of street art in Lisbon as well as an examination of the intervention policy and its consequences, this paper argues that the intervention policies and associated public rhetoric manufactured a binary of order-disorder within the practices of graffiti-making, enabling graffiti and graffiti-making practices in Lisbon to be spatially localized, facilitating market activities. For the graffiti and the graffiti-makers, state/administrative sanction and the emergence of market activities meant heightened security, safety and a greater audience field – conditions that made iconographical aesthetics a virtue and a necessity. Thus, the post-graffiti shift has to be understood within the context of institutionalization. These processes are to be looked at as particular conditions of the neoliberal capital.

Graffiti-making has been historically well located within the politics of territoriality/ transgression, deindustrialization/ decline, appropriation/ affirmation and other such inter-related frameworks. Such historicizations exist in parallel to a history of institutionalization of graffiti-making, leading up to the first emergence of the phrase post-graffiti in the discourse. The post-graffiti has alternatively and independently also been used to describe an empirically observed shift in graffiti-making practices; from the typographical to the iconographical. In this context, the operationalization of a set of urban intervention policies by the Lisbon City Council provide an interesting inroad into the processes that underlie the market absorption of graffiti. Through a field analysis of street art in Lisbon as well as an examination of the intervention policy and its consequences, this paper presents that the intervention policies and associated public rhetoric manufactured a binary of order-disorder within the practices of graffiti-making, enabling graffiti and graffiti-making practices in Lisbon to be spatially localized. Such spatial localization, in turn, facilitated market activities surrounding graffiti. For the graffiti and the graffiti-makers, state/administrative sanction and the emergence of market activities meant heightened security, safety and a greater audience field – conditions that made iconographical aesthetics a virtue and a greater necessity. Thus, the post-graffiti shift in aesthetics has to be understood within the context of institutionalization of street art enabled by urban interventions and contemporary capitalism.

This publication draws on experiences from post-conflict environments in different parts of the world. The authors examine the proactive roles of girls and boys in promoting security for themselves and their families. The publication focuses on children's suffering and their specific vulnerabilities during and after a war. It also looks into the international legal frameworks created to protect and empower children and youth in post-conflict environments, and gives examples of initiatives to help young people escape victimhood and voicelessness. As the young post-war generation will become the next leaders, parents and teachers, ensuring children and youth's active role in post-conflict peacebuilding today could be among the most effective means of building sustainable peace tomorrow

RESUMENLos temas de la cosecha y post‐cosecha en la investigaciön de sistemas agricolesLa creciente literatura sobre la investigación de sistemas agricolas presta poca atención al sistema de cosecha y post‐cosecha (SCPC), Y aún así el SCPC es probable que sea central en cualquier programa de investigación de sistemas agrícolas, tanto por ser prioritario de por sí como por los efectos que tendrán en el SCPC tradicional los cambios tecnológicos en otras partes del sistema agricola. El argumento se ilustra con un caso estudiado en Santa Cruz, Bolivia, examinándose asimismo las implicaciones para la organización de la investigación de sistemas agricolas.SUMMARYThe growing literature on farming systems research pays little attention to the harvest and post‐harvest system (HPHS). Yet the HPHS is likely to be central to any programme of farming systems research both because it is a priority on its own account and because technology changes in other parts of the farm system disturb the traditional HPHS. The argument is illustrated by a case study from Santa Cruz, Bolivia and the implications for the organisation of farming systems research are examined.RÉSUMÉQuestions de récoltes et post‐récoltes dans la recherche des systèmes agricolesLa littérature grossisante sur les recherches des systèmes agricoles ne prête que peu d'attention au système récolte et post‐récolte (SRPR). II est cependant très possible que le SRPR soit au coeur même de tout programme de recherche des systèmes agricoles tant parce que c'est en lui‐même une priorité de recherche que parce que les modifications de la technologie dans d'autres parties du système agricole troublent le SRPR traditionnel. Le point est illustré par une étude individuelle de Santa Cruz, en Bolivie, et les implications pour l'organisation de la recherche des systèmes d'exploitation agricole sont examinées.

Cover front -- Title page -- Imprint -- CONTENTS -- Acknowledgements -- Foreword -- 1. Introduction -- Working with Prof. Botman's pedagogy of hope -- In search of the subject in the sociology of South African education -- Putting ethnography to work -- Youth subjectivity against the backdrop of social and educational reproduction in the city -- Putting theory to work -- Subjectivity and schooling in the post-apartheid turnover -- Chapter layout -- 2. Educational renovation in an urban township -- Conceptualising space, urban informality and educational renovation -- Formal and informal spatial parallels and the racialisation of schooling in Rustvale Extension -- Flows, fluxes and school identities or what schools become in a 'township on the move' -- Renovating school governance in the social-spatial flows of the township -- Conclusion -- 3. Muslim community schooling in the city -- Post-apartheid Muslim community schools -- Theoretical framework -- Methodology -- Muslim community schools in the post-apartheid democratic terrain -- Muslim schooling discourse, differentiation and agency -- School governance as a mediator of community adaptation processes -- Islamisation as framing discourse -- Conclusion -- 4. Schooling subjectivities across the city -- Geography and subjectivity in the city's suburban schools -- Educational desire lines in the city's township spaces -- Spatialised desire lines across lines of subordination -- Conclusion -- 5. Reflexive adaptations of school principals in local urban space -- The principals' pedagogical 'space hopping' upon entry into their schools -- Pedagogical performance and the tentative navigation of space -- Pedagogical performances in domesticating space -- Conclusion -- 6. Schooling, youth adaptation and 'translocal' citizenship across the post-apartheid city.

ABSTRACTOnline education and computer‐assisted instruction (CAI) have existed for years, but few general tools exist to help instructors create and evaluate lessons. Are these tools sufficient? Specifically, what elements do instructors want to see in online testing tools? This study asked instructors from various disciplines to identify and evaluate the importance of several features that they want to see in testing tools. Along with standard elements, the respondents evaluated the importance of more advanced elements including adaptive responses and programmability, which would be used to add responsiveness and intelligence to provide more tailored questions and assistance. A latent variable analysis of the detailed model was performed and the results reveal that several advanced features not commonly available today would be useful to many instructors—particularly to handle higher level courses. Instructors teaching lower level courses tended to emphasize basic testing and simple grading features. The features were grouped into nine categories: question formats, feedback, programmability, grading, question bank, page display capabilities, platform, data analysis, and security. The results of the study examine the relative importance of the categories as well as the detail items within each category.

The debate on missile defense in the United States has been going on for more than half a century, and brought about extensive literature on this subject. Although many studies on BMDS are publications dedicated to U.S. strategy, foreign and security policy, only a few works are focused solely on the U.S. missile defense strategy in the post-Cold War era from the long-term perspective. The aim of this article is to discuss the U.S. missile defense strategy in the post-Cold War era. The paper consists of an introduction, three sections, and a conclusion. The introduction includes short literature review and explains the domestic and international significance of BMDS. In the first section, BMDS is defined and described, next the ongoing debate about sources of U.S. focus on missile defense development is presented. In the last section, four functions of the BMDS in the U.S. post-Cold War strategy are analyzed. Conclusion includes brief recap, as well as costs and benefits assessment of the consequences of the BMDS deployment.

The transition from neutrality to post-neutrality has been debated by constructivists and rationalists alike as a seemingly logical and unproblematic move: the end of the Cold War and the widening of the security agenda in a globalizing world have meant that a state-centric approach to security is no longer viable or desirable. The former neutrals are subsequently reconfiguring their security policies to reflect this development and contributing to European and NATO security initiatives, and at the same time contributing their own unique 'soft security' experiences and practices. This article aims to problematize this seemingly smooth move from neutrality to post-neutrality by examining the discourses deployed to facilitate this change. Arguing that there is a politics of post-neutrality at work, it draws attention to how identity is being reconstituted in the process of European integration and identity-formation, and how discourses on changing forms of security cooperation are facilitating the discursive dissemination of an inevitable logic that neutrality in any form will eventually be abandoned.

The article approaches politics as an eminently controversial and multiscalar phenomenon. It reviews different versions of politics that coexist in post-human settings, not necessarily in an harmonious or complementary way. These range from the conventional forms or terminals of politics (megalopolitics), in which the awareness that one is practicing politics and the practice of politics are coincidental aspects, to other more complex articulations in which the political is more structuring in its effects where it is less recognisabel as experience. To make these new articulations intelligible - or which biopolitics or the politics of bodies, and nanopolitics or the politics of (all) things are the most outstanding - it is necessary to elaborate new conceptual ensembles that disfigure politics, which until now has been caught in the figurative trap of anthropocentrism. ; El artículo aborda la política como un fenómeno eminentemente controvertido y multiescalar. En él se hace un repaso de distintas versiones de la política que coexisten en entornos post-humanos, pero no de manera necesariamente armoniosa o complementaria: desde las formas convencionales o terminales de la política (la megalopolítica) en las que saberse haciendo política y hacer política son aspectos coincidentes, a otras articulaciones más complejas en las que lo político es más estructurante allí donde es menos reconocible como experiencia. Para hacer inteligibles estas nuevas articulaciones, de entre las que destacan la biopolítica o política de los cuerpos, y la nanopolítica o política de (todas) las cosas, es preciso elaborar nuevos dispositivos que desfiguren una política hasta ahora presa de la trampa figurativa del antropocentrismo.

Magyar, Bálint: Post-Communist Mafia State. The Case of Hungary. Budapest: Central European University Press, 2016, 311 pages.