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"Common culture and common language facilitate trade between individuals. Individuals have incentives to learn the other languages and cultures so that they have a larger pool of potential trading partners. The value of assimilation is larger to an individual from a small minority than to one from a large minority group. When a society has a very large majority of individuals from one culture, individuals from minority groups will be assimilated more quickly. Assimilation is less likely when an immigrant's native culture and language are broadly represented in his or her new country. Also, when governments protect minority interests directly, incentives to be assimilated into the majority culture are reduced. In a pluralistic society, a government policy that encourages diverse cultural immigration over concentrated immigration is likely to increase the welfare of the native population. Sometimes, policies that subsidize assimilation and the acquisition of majority language skills can be socially beneficial. The theory is tested and confirmed by examining U.S. census data, which reveal that the likelihood that an immigrant will learn English is inversely related to the proportion of the local population that speaks his or her native language." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Intelligence operations as intrinsic to Russian culture, policy, and survival as a great power; some comparison with US.

Indian Business Culture addresses the cultural issues related to doing business in India. It looks at the impact of history and politics on business practice, and provides case studies to show how different companies have fared in India. India is one of the most rapidly developing economies in the world. Increasing numbers of multi-national companies are investing in large-scale projects in India, and business is booming. India is also a country of great racial and cultural diversity, often misunderstood by the world at large.Indian Business Culture is ideal for those who want to understand In

The bureaucracy has a structure that breeds its own administrative culture. In Thailand bureaucratic culture had developed for a long time ago since the era of King Chulalongkorn. Form this time arwards, Bangkok appointed bureaucracy was instituted, control over the Buddhist Monkhood (Sangka). While in the Philippines, the former President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo announced her goal of building a strong republic which has a strong institutions and strong bureaucracy and free from corrupt practices and nepotism. A lesson from USA introduces "minimal state" during the Reagan Administration and "reinventing government" by the Clinton Administration.

"This volume explores the specificity of the urban culture in western Europe during the period c. 1150-1550. Since the mid-twentieth century, many studies have complicated the association, traditionally made, between the medieval growth of towns and the birth of a modern, secular world; but few have given any attention to what actually made urban culture 'urban'. This volume begins by placing medieval 'urban culture' within its spatial context, to consider how urban conditions determined the perception and representation of the city-dweller. Contributors examine a variety of urban cultures, from the political to the artistic, from London and Bruges to Florence and Venice, and beyond Europe. They show how urban culture involved a process of interaction with other discourses (royal, noble, ecclesiastical) and that it was not monolithic: the relationship between urban environments and the cultures they generated were hybrid, fluid and dynamic."--Back cover

While much has been written about the link between postmodernism & popular culture, very little has been said about the connection of either with political culture. Three such possible connections are explored: with political identity, with subversion & empowerment, & with moral theory. Each suggests an avenue for political scientists to follow; however, it is warned that some of the more extravagant claims made for postmodernism & popular culture need treating with political skepticism. 22 References. AA

Above the waterline are aspects of a culture that are explicit visible and easily taught. The surface culture is where behaviors customs and courtesies and traditions are more easily seen. For the military culture this area includes things such as: the uniform and rank, the salute, the playing of the national anthem before commanders calls and movies, the POWs ceremony, the honoring of heroes and the change of command ceremony. At the water line is a transition zone where the observer has to be more alert in the area where implicit understanding becomes talked about and where ethos is codified in decreed. At this level of military culture are found the service creed, the core values and the oath of office. Some of what identifies service members and veterans as belonging to the military culture are not readily apparent and exist below the waterline. Below the surface is the hidden culture the more enduring and powerful characteristics of military culture. The beliefs, habits, values, assumptions, understandings, and judgments that affect the culture's worldview. These intangible values and guiding ideals that are mostly acquired while in uniform and are often kept for life are referred to as the Military or Warrior Ethos. These are often things a member knows but cannot easily articulate the hidden aspects of a culture are not taught directly.

After Writing Culture: Epistemology and Praxis in Contemporary Anthropology. Allison James. Jenny Hockey. and Andrew Dawson. eds. New York: Routledge, 1997. 274 pp.