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Intro -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- List of Figures -- Chapter 1: Setting the Stage -- Environmental Communication -- The Public Sphere and Social Discourse -- Mass Media, Interpretive Packages and Framing -- Examining Environmental Messages in Discourse -- Synopsis -- Chapter 2: The Arc of the Book -- Hegemony -- Examining Power -- Metaphysics: Indigenous Ontology and Epistemology -- Morality, Respect and Resilience -- What Is Meant by Respect? -- Synopsis -- Chapter 3: Buckshot for Brains: Cultivating the American Indian Mind -- Progress in the 1800s -- Philadelphia: A Hub for Science and Pseudoscience -- The Skull as a Virtual Personality Map -- Phrenological Characteristics of Humans -- The Appeal of Sciencing -- The Quantification of Race -- How Phrenology Cultivated the Native American Mind -- Synopsis -- Chapter 4: Black Hawk's Skull -- Final -- Black Hawk's Skull -- Phrenological Characteristics of Black Hawk: Combative and Animal Qualities -- Skull as Synecdoche -- Black Hawk's Skull Stolen -- Synopsis -- Chapter 5: The Kennewick Man Story -- Introduction -- The Skeleton's Doppelgänger -- DNA Studies Cement Authenticity -- Synopsis -- Chapter 6: Discourse and Resistance in the Kennewick Man Story -- Introduction -- The Current Study -- The Investigation -- The Findings -- Conflict Frame -- Authority Frame -- Ideological Frames -- Native American Knowledges, Traditions and Beliefs -- Knowledge and Tradition Frame -- Beliefs Frame -- Scientific Empiricism -- Evidence Frame -- Methods Frame -- Personification of Science -- Race Frame -- Intertextuality Frame -- Modern Actor Portrays Kennewick Man -- Skeleton as Treasure and Antiquity -- Pop Culture and Bitter History -- The Noble Savage -- Synopsis -- Chapter 7: How Sioux-Settler Relations Underscore the Dakota Access Pipeline -- The Black Snake -- Progress and Morality.

Intro -- DEDICATION -- List of Abbreviations -- Introduction -- PART ONE - FINDING THE METAPHOR -- CHAPTER I - The Nature of Metaphor -- 1. Using Metaphor -- 2. Being Used by Metaphor -- CHAPTER II - Analysis and Synthesis -- 1. Foreword -- 2. Analysis and Synthesis -- 3. Descartes -- 4. Newton -- 5. "The Sciences now have Masks on them" -- 6. "If the Masks were taken off..." -- 7. Replacing the Masks -- CHAPTER III - New Metaphors for Old -- 1. Retrospect -- 2. Recognizing Hidden Metaphor -- 3. Presenting the Literal Truth -- 4. The Geometrical Model -- 5. The Linguistic Model -- PART TWO - THE METAPHOR DESCRIBED AND APPLIED -- CHAPTER IV - Ordinary Language -- 1 Signs -- 2. How Different Things Get the Same Names -- 3. Definitions -- 4. Necessary Connection -- 5. Understanding Words -- 6. Functions of language -- 7. Errors in Language -- CHAPTER V - Visual Language -- I. The Problem of Vision -- 2. The Linguistic Solution -- 3. The Visual and Tactual Square -- 4. Learning to See Situation, Size, and Distance -- 5. Conclusion: Visual Data and Mind-Facta -- PART THREE - TESTING THE METAPHOR -- CHAPTER VI - The History of Vision -- 1. Seventeenth-Century Theories -- 2. Classical Optics -- CHAPTER VII - The Geometrical Model -- 1. Features of Geometrical Theories of Vision -- 2. Nativism and Empiricism -- 3. Ronchi's Theory -- CHAPTER VIII - Test Cases -- 1. The Barrovian Case -- 2. Ronchi's Criticisms -- 3. The Horizontal Moon -- 4. The Inverted Retinal Image -- Conclusion -- 1. Language or the Camera -- 2. Language or the Machine.

Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Notes on Contributors -- List of Figures -- Chapter 1 Introduction -- 1.1 The Idea of Community in Western Philosophy from Aristotle to the Present -- 1.2 Previous Research on Community -- 1.3 Past and Present Community Practice -- 1.4 Chapter Survey -- 1.5 Towards Transdisciplinary Critical Community Research -- 1.6 Limitations and Outlook -- References -- Part I What Is Community? -- Chapter 2 Rethinking Sociological Perspectives on Community and Commonality: Contours of Micro-Sociological Community Research -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Nature and Constitutive Characteristics of Community -- 2.3 Matrix of Analysis -- 2.4 Empiricism of a Yoga Group -- 2.5 Outlook: Rethinking Community? -- References -- Chapter 3 Rethinking Anthropological Perspectives on Community: Watchful Indifference and Joint Commitment -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 'Joint Commitment' -- 3.3 Coordination -- 3.4 Visiting a Montreal Park -- 3.5 Watchfulness -- 3.6 Indifference -- 3.7 Staying Apart Together -- References -- Chapter 4 Diversity in Community: Rethinking Psychological Perspectives on Bridging Differences -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Challenge #1: Problematise the Assignment of People to Discrete Diversity-Related Categories -- 4.3 Challenge #2: Foreground the Social Arrangements that Shape How We Each Inhabit Social Identities and the Meanings We Attach to Group Memberships -- 4.4 Challenge #3: Articulate Specific Practices within Settings that Co-Create the Expression and Meaning of Differences -- 4.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5 Rethinking Philosophical Perspectives on Community: Prepositional Community -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 The Prepositional -- 5.3 Prepositional Community -- 5.4 What Is to Be Done? -- References -- Part II The Digital Age and Communities in Flux.

Intro -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Notes on Contributors -- List of Figures -- 1: Introduction: Putting Wacquant to Work -- Introduction -- Theory, Empiricism, Reflexivity: Wacquant as "Post-philosophical" Sociologist -- Wacquant in the Polarized Metropolis: Key Concepts -- Outline of the Book -- References -- 2: Class, Ethnicity and State in the Making of Urban Marginality -- References -- Part I: Class: Gender, Families and Surveillance -- 3: 'We live like prisoners in a camp': Surveillance, Governance and Agency in a US Housing Project -- Introduction -- How a 'Forgotten Neighbourhood' Became a Ghetto -- Surveillance: Management of 'the Projects' -- Control: Management of Poor Black Mothers -- Hidden Transcripts and Practices With(in) Punitive Containment -- Conclusions -- References -- 4: Maternal Outcasts: Governing Vulnerable Mothers in Advanced Marginality -- Introduction -- Mothers as Targets of the Centaur State -- Women in the 'Carceral-Assistantial Net' -- Feminist-Informed Research: Listening to Marginalised Voices -- Social Profile of Mothers in Advanced Marginality -- Motherhood Vignettes: Amy, Carly, Sylvia -- Amy -- Carly -- Sylvia -- Bad Starts and the Myth of Social Mobility -- Maternal Outcasts and Precious Cargo -- Child Removal: A Life Sentence -- Conclusion -- References -- 5: Exploring Family-Based Intervention Mechanisms as a Form of Statecraft -- Introduction -- Policy and Research Context -- Urban Marginality and Policy Programme Rationalities -- Application of Wacquant's Work -- Conclusion -- References -- Part II: Ethnicity: Invisibilization, Informality and (Dis)identifications -- 6: Fluid Identifications in the Age of Advanced Marginality -- In the 'Hood: Identifications and Social Scenes -- Out of the 'Hood: Identifications and Territorial Circulations -- Identifications and Temporality.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Introduction -- 1. Science and Technology: Public Image and Public Policy -- The 1930s Reevaluation of Science -- Policy and a Philosophy of Science and Technology -- Logical Empiricism: The Philosophical Ideal -- The Philosophical Ideal: Policy Implications -- Science and Technology: The New Synthesis -- Historical Approach to Science and Technology -- The New Synthesis: Policy Implications -- Conclusion -- Notes -- Selected Readings -- 2. A Double Wedding: Science and Government, Knowledge and Power -- World War II and the Politics of Science -- Postwar Honeymoon -- Science and Policy from 1945 to 1968: NSF -- Science Policy After Apollo -- Reviving Science: Ford, Carter, and Reagan -- Conclusion -- Notes -- Selected Readings -- 3. Energy: Problems of Social Choice -- Energy, Ethics, and Politics -- DOE and an Equitable Policy for Energy -- Energy Policy, Leadership, and the Public -- Notes -- Selected Readings -- 4. Nuclear Power and Social Justice -- Nuclear Power in Midland -- Development of U.S. Nuclear Policy -- Ethics and Politics in Nuclear Policy -- Notes -- Selected Readings -- 5. Hazardous Waste: Assessing Risk -- Radwaste in New Mexico -- Radwaste in the United States -- Radioactive Waste Policy Since 1977 -- Risk and Responsibility in Policy Making -- Conclusion -- Notes -- Selected Readings -- 6. Communications Technology: Policy for a Wired Nation -- Development of Cable Communications -- Cable and the Law -- The Franchise Wars -- Cable and Constitutional Conundrums -- Cable and the Future -- Notes -- Selected Readings -- 7. Recombining Genes: Scientific Liberty and Public Safety -- Regulatory Tangle: NIH and Cambridge -- Courts and Corporations: DNA Policy After Cambridge -- Conclusion -- Notes -- Selected Readings.

Intro -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Editors and Contributors -- List of Figures -- Chapter 1 Introduction: Particularizing Positivism -- The Promise and Perils of Global Intellectual History -- The Fabrication of Positivism: Auguste Comte and John Stuart Mill in Context -- Rival Universalisms -- Brokerage -- Five Key Themes -- Scope of the Volume -- Part I Empires of Positivism -- Chapter 2 Striking a Chord: The Reception of Comte's Positivism in Colonial India -- Conclusion -- Chapter 3 Positivism, Revolution, and History in Brazil -- Reappraising the National Past -- Between Evolution and Revolution -- The "Cataclysmic" View of History -- The "Epic" View of Brazilian History -- Epilogue -- Chapter 4 Positivism in the Late Ottoman Empire: The "Young Turks" as Mediators and Multipliers -- Positivism as a Method: The Implementation of a New Political System -- The Durkheimian Moment in Turkish Positivism -- From Pluricultural Ottomanism to Turkish Nationalism -- The Fortunes of Positivism Among the Ottoman Elites -- Positivism Contested -- Conclusion -- Part II Positive Knowledge and the Making of Positivism -- Chapter 5 An Enlightened Path to Positivism? Reflections on the Institutionalization of Science in Bourbon Spain -- Spanish Novatores: Anti-Dogmatic Empiricism -- Empirical Desengaño and "Enlightened Catholicism" -- Anti-Encyclopédisme and the Caroline Enlightenment -- Krausopositivism and the Anti-Materialistic Imperative -- Chapter 6 Trading Epistemological Insults: "Positive Knowledge" and Natural Science in Germany, 1800–1850 -- Positive Knowledge and the Study of Nature -- Bildung, the Schools, and Positive Knowledge -- Conclusion -- Chapter 7 The French Philosophical Crisis of the 1860s and the Invention of the "Positivist School" -- Introduction

Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- List of figures -- List of tables -- Acknowledgements -- Foreword -- 1 Introduction -- Conflicted sanctions -- A different perspective -- Structure of the book -- PART I Conceptualizing international sanctions conflicts -- 2 Sanctions: disconnected theorizing of a relational phenomenon -- 2.1 Sanctions theory: current state of the art -- 2.1.1 Conceptualizations of sanctions 20 -- 2.1.2 Theories of international sanctions as coercive instruments -- 2.2 Technocratic empiricism -- 2.3 The challenges of theorizing international sanctions -- 3 A sociological theory of coercive international sanctions -- 3.1 The meaning of sanctions in conflict communication -- 3.1.1 Sanctions, risk and danger -- 3.1.2 Sanctions rationales and sanctions strategies -- 3.1.3 Conclusion -- 3.2 International conflict and coercive sanctions -- 3.2.1 Conflict as communicated incompatibilities -- 3.2.2 Conclusion -- 3.3 Securitization: theory of agency and causal mechanism -- 3.3.1 Securitization, concept development -- 3.3.2 Agency and temporality -- 3.3.3 Agency, causes and responsibility -- 3.3.4 Securitization as causal mechanism -- 3.3.5 Conclusion -- 3.4 Conflict, sanctions strategies and cooperation -- 4 Methodology and methods -- 4.1 Methodology: analyticism -- 4.2 Methods: framing analysis and process tracing -- 4.2.1 Framing analysis -- 4.2.2 Process tracing -- 4.3 Case selection rationale -- PART II Analysis: sanctions and conflict (de-)escalation -- 5 Sticks, carrots and conflict transformation: China's sanctions against Taiwan -- 5.1 Delineating the conflict between China and Taiwan -- 5.1.1 Mainland China's idea of the Chinese nation -- 5.1.2 Taiwan's idea of nation -- 5.2 A conflict with three different sanctions strategies -- 5.2.1 One China, diverging visions: negative sanctions fueling discord

Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Abbreviations and Local Terminologies -- Part I: 'Devil' in the Deep Blue Sea? -- Chapter 1: Warming World, Threatened Poor -- 1.1 Cursed Waters and Sifting Soils in Indian Sundarbans -- 1.2 The Third World: Battling Environmental Marginalisation and Discursive Alienation -- 1.2.1 Does the Ecologically Subalternised Want to Adapt? -- 1.2.2 Governing Adaptation: What About Vulnerability? -- The Reductionist Regime of Resilience -- Transformations: Hobson's Choice? -- 1.2.3 Human Security Framework: Subjectivities and Spatialities of Vulnerabilities -- 1.3 Sustainable Rationalities: Economic vs. Ecological -- 1.4 The Sundarbans: A Living Theatre, Not a One-Act Play -- 1.5 Romancing Theory and the Burden of Injustice -- References -- Chapter 2: Recipe of a Disaster: Peripheral Lives in the Epicentre of Changing Climate -- 2.1 Infinite Waters, Floating Land, Vanishing Tigers and Submerging Humans -- 2.2 Subsisting Sustainability? -- 2.2.1 Diminishing Gain from Grains: Anomalies of Agriculture -- 2.2.2 Fishing in Troubled Waters -- 2.2.3 Forest That Feeds: Harangued for Honey -- 2.2.4 Working Away from the Nature: 'Other Work' -- 2.2.5 Unaccounted and Underpaid: Gender Biases in Livelihood -- 2.3 Organised Chaos: Administering Sundarbans -- 2.4 Incapacitated: Everyday Agonies from Unmet Entitlements -- 2.4.1 Public Health: Stillborn -- 2.4.2 Education: Capital Divestment? -- 2.4.3 Transportation: Journeys Through Risks and Fate -- 2.5 Conclusion: From 'Frames of Explanation' to 'Webs of Relation' -- References -- Part II: Digging Deep: Evidence and Empiricism -- Chapter 3: Dusting the Layers: Evolution of Vulnerabilities -- 3.1 From the British to the Babus -- 3.1.1 Flight of Fancy and 'Fascination': Imperial Imaginings vs. Local Histories

Intro -- Dedication -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- About the Editors -- Chapter 1: Introduction: Advancing the Demography of Forced Migration and Refugees -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Conceptualising Refugee and Forced Migration -- 1.3 Defining and Classifying Refugee and Forced Migration -- 1.4 Measuring Refugee and Forced Migration -- 1.5 Advancing the Role of Demography -- 1.6 Dedicated Demographic Contributions -- 1.7 Organization of the Volume -- 1.8 Bridging Thoughts -- References -- Part I: Forced Migration: Concepts, Data -- Chapter 2: Concepts of Refugee and Forced Migration: Considerations for Demographic Analysis -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 The Construct of Refugee and Refugee Studies -- 2.3 Migrants and Forced Migration Studies -- 2.4 Considerations for Empiricism -- 2.5 Conceptual Specification -- 2.6 Operational Definitions and Data -- 2.7 Review and Reflection -- References -- Chapter 3: Registration - A Sine Qua Non for Refugee Protection -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Background: Human Rights, Protection and Registration -- 3.3 Registration of Refugees and Displaced Persons and Access to Rights -- 3.3.1 Access to Rights -- 3.3.2 The Need for Supranational Authority -- 3.3.3 Registration: A Condition for Survival -- 3.4 Registration in Practice -- 3.5 Individual Refugee Status Determination -- 3.5.1 Group Refugee Status Determination -- 3.5.2 Voluntary Repatriation -- 3.5.3 Resettlement -- 3.5.4 Local Integration -- 3.6 Registration as a Resource for Demographic Analysis -- 3.6.1 Refugees -- 3.6.2 Asylum-Seekers -- 3.6.3 Internally Displaced Persons -- 3.6.4 The Population Census: An Underutilized Source -- 3.7 Discussion and Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4: Comparative Demographic Analysis of Forced and Refugee Migrations: An Illustrative Note -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Concepts and Comparative Data

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 1 The Science Wars -- Platonist or Aristotelian? -- Temperament and Visions -- Early Science Wars: A Very Short History -- The Current Scene -- Conclusion -- Chapter 2 Social Constructionism -- What Is Social Constructionism? -- Weak versus Strong Social Constructionism -- Fact Constructionism -- Sticking Points: Contingency, Nominalism, and Scienti?c Stability -- Conclusion -- Chapter 3 Science and Knowing -- Defending Science -- Rationalism -- Francis Bacon and Empiricism -- Bacon and Metaphor -- Thomas Kuhn and Scientific Relativism and Revolution -- Relativism -- Conclusion -- Chapter 4 The Conceptual Tools of Science -- Terms of Opprobrium -- Determinism and Freedom -- "Biological Determinism" -- Essentialism -- Reductionism -- Conclusion -- Chapter 5 Human Nature -- Is There a Human Nature, and How Do We Know? -- Natural Selection and Human Nature -- Sexual Selection and Male-Female Natures -- Selection for Biparental Care and Its Consequences -- Conclusion -- Chapter 6 Social Constructionism and Gender -- Gender Construction -- Gender Socialization and Gender Differences -- The Influence of Margaret Mead -- Ecological Explanations -- Melford Spiro: The Reluctant Apostate -- Conclusion -- Chapter 7 The Neurohormonal Basis of Gender -- Sexing the Brain -- Disorders of Sex Development: What Can They Tell Us about Gender? -- Transsexuals -- Other Gender-Confounding Conditions -- Conclusion -- Chapter 8 A Further Journey into the Gendered Brain -- Sex on the Brain -- Softwiring the Brain -- Brain Laterality -- Arousal Levels -- Dolls, Trucks, Evolution, and the Visual System -- Sugar and Spice -- Snips and Snails -- Empathy -- Fear -- Conclusion -- Chapter 9 Race and Racism -- Race as Social Construct

Cover -- Table of Contents -- Acknowledgements -- Introduction -- 1. Online/offline space and power relations -- Digital divides -- Internet platforms as passages -- Space invader tactics -- 2. Digital identity performativity -- Micro-politics -- Intersectionality -- Digital identities: Materiality, representation & affectivity -- 3. Moroccan-Dutchness in the context of the Netherlands -- Deconstructing labels -- 4. The transnational habitus of second-generation migrant youth: From roots to routes -- 5. Hypertextual selves: Digital conviviality -- 6. Structure of the book -- 1. Methodological trajectory -- 1.1 Empiricism versus constructivism -- 1.2 The Wired Up survey -- Constructing the survey -- The power of definition -- Survey sampling and access -- Conducting the survey -- Descriptive survey data about digital practices of Moroccan-Dutch youth -- 1.3 In-depth interviews -- Interview sampling -- Doing interviews using participatory techniques -- Reflexivity and power relations -- Inside and outside school: The dynamics of interview settings -- Selecting field sites -- 1.4 Virtual ethnography -- Publicly accessible digital field sites -- Accessing closed digital field sites -- 1.5 Analyzing informants' narratives -- Politics of translation -- Coding -- Feminist poststructuralist critical discourse analysis -- 1.6 Conclusions -- 2. Voices from the margins on Internet forums -- 2.1 Internet forum participation among Moroccan-Dutch youth -- Marokko.nl and Chaima.nl -- 2.2 Theorizing Internet forums as subaltern counterpublics -- 2.3 Digital multiculturalism: "Not all Moroccans are the same" -- Hush harbors -- The carnivalesque -- Networked power contradictions -- 2.4 Digital "hchouma": Renegotiating gender -- Daring to break taboos: "I just want to know what 'the real deal' is" -- 2.5 Digital postsecularism: Performing Muslimness.

Cover -- Contents -- List of Illustrative Materials -- Preface and Acknowledgements -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Isms -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Realism and anti-realism -- 2.3 Nominalism, idealism -- 2.4 Empiricism and positivism -- 2.5 Instrumentalism, conventionalism, pragmatism -- 2.6 Essentialism, objectivism -- 2.7 Critical theory -- 2.8 Postmodernism -- 2.9 Interpretivism -- 2.10 Critical realism -- 2.11 Naturalism -- 2.12 Constructivism -- 2.13 Realism and relativism in ethics -- 2.14 A few isms not in Figure 2.1 -- 3 What Is an Explanation? -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Language and the world -- 3.3 The attempt to produce a model of explanation -- 3.4 Proximate and ultimate -- type and token -- 3.5 Description, causation and understanding -- 3.6 Generalizations, laws and mechanisms -- 3.7 Conclusion -- 4 What Is a Theory? -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Organizing perspectives -- 4.3 Explanatory theories or models -- 4.4 Explanatory theory: non-formal models -- 4.5 Mechanisms and constraints -- 4.6 Cumulative and non-cumulative research -- 4.7 Conclusion -- 5 Hypotheses and Theory Testing -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 How evidence bears on theories: preliminaries -- 5.3 Confirmation, induction and theory -- 5.4 Hempel's paradox and Popper's falsifiability -- 5.5 Concepts are theory-laden -- 5.6 Conclusion -- 6 Narratives, Mechanisms and Causation -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Causation as narrative -- 6.3 Dichotomies in causal accounts -- 6.4 Case studies and causation: process tracing -- 6.5 Conclusion -- 7 Methods and Methodologies -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Qualitative and quantitative research -- 7.3 Data access and research transparency -- 7.4 Policy-oriented research -- 7.5 Different methods: institutional-structural -- 7.6 Different methods: behavioural -- 7.7 Different methods: interpretative -- 7.8 Conclusion -- 8 Concepts and Conceptual Analysis.

Cover -- Table of Contents -- Acknowledgements -- Introduction -- 1. Online/offline space and power relations -- Digital divides -- Internet platforms as passages -- Space invader tactics -- 2. Digital identity performativity -- Micro-politics -- Intersectionality -- Digital identities: Materiality, representation & affectivity -- 3. Moroccan-Dutchness in the context of the Netherlands -- Deconstructing labels -- 4. The transnational habitus of second-generation migrant youth: From roots to routes -- 5. Hypertextual selves: Digital conviviality -- 6. Structure of the book -- 1. Methodological trajectory -- 1.1 Empiricism versus constructivism -- 1.2 The Wired Up survey -- Constructing the survey -- The power of definition -- Survey sampling and access -- Conducting the survey -- Descriptive survey data about digital practices of Moroccan-Dutch youth -- 1.3 In-depth interviews -- Interview sampling -- Doing interviews using participatory techniques -- Reflexivity and power relations -- Inside and outside school: The dynamics of interview settings -- Selecting field sites -- 1.4 Virtual ethnography -- Publicly accessible digital field sites -- Accessing closed digital field sites -- 1.5 Analyzing informants' narratives -- Politics of translation -- Coding -- Feminist poststructuralist critical discourse analysis -- 1.6 Conclusions -- 2. Voices from the margins on Internet forums -- 2.1 Internet forum participation among Moroccan-Dutch youth -- Marokko.nl and Chaima.nl -- 2.2 Theorizing Internet forums as subaltern counterpublics -- 2.3 Digital multiculturalism: "Not all Moroccans are the same" -- Hush harbors -- The carnivalesque -- Networked power contradictions -- 2.4 Digital "hchouma": Renegotiating gender -- Daring to break taboos: "I just want to know what 'the real deal' is" -- 2.5 Digital postsecularism: Performing Muslimness

An extended historical and philosophical argument, this book will be a valuable text for all students of the philosophy of the social sciences. It discusses the serious alternatives to positivist and empiricist accounts of the physical sciences, and poses the debate between naturalism and anti-naturalism in the social sciences in new terms. Recent materialist and realist philosophies of science make possible a defence of naturalism which does not make concessions to positivism and which recognizes the force of several of the anti-positivist arguments from the main anti-naturalist (neo-Kantian) tradition. The author presents a critical evaluation of empiricist and positivist theories of knowledge, and investigates some classic attempts at using them to provide the philosophical foundation for a scientific sociology. He takes the Kantian critique of empiricism as the starting point for the main anti-positivist and anti-naturalist philosophical approaches to the social studies. He goes on to investigate the inadequacy of post-Kantian arguments from Rickert, Weber, Winch and others, both against non-positivist forms of naturalism and as the possible source of a distinctive philosophical foundation for the social studies. The book concludes with a critical investigation of the Marxian tradition and an attempt to establish the possibility of a materialist and realist defence of the project of a natural science of history, which escapes the fundamental flaws of both positivist and neo-Kantian attempts at philosophical foundation.

Cover -- Contents -- List of Tables -- Preface -- Dedication and Acknowledgements -- Introduction -- Theoretical parameters of the book -- Theoretical consciousness -- Key definitions used in the book -- Outline of chapters -- 1 Social Values and Social Research: The Collective Good, Life and Liberty and Reason -- Universal values: Life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness -- Social values -- The strong society thesis -- The strong individual thesis -- The contents of the universal-moral social value system -- 2 Social Research and Professional Codes of Ethics -- The complexity of research relationships -- Researchers, research subjects and respondents -- Relationships with other stakeholders -- Professional codes of ethical practice: Nuremburg Code of 1947 and Declaration of Helsinki 1964/2008 -- Professional codes: British Sociological Association Statement of Ethical Practice -- Professional codes: A UK university's guidelines on good research practice -- Conclusion -- 3 The Intellectual and Philosophical Underpinnings of Social Research -- Intellectual knowledge: Rationalism versus empiricism -- Positivism -- Functionalism: Rationalist theory as knowledge -- Interpretivism -- Asking the right kind of questions and questions that are worth asking -- Conclusion -- 4 The Values of the Researcher and Evaluation Research -- A brief history of evaluation -- Appraising evaluation -- From evaluation to evaluation research -- Epistemological and ethical challenges faced by evaluation researchers -- Conclusion -- 5 Critical Approaches in Social Research: Critical Realism and Value Standpoint Social Research -- What does it mean to be 'critical'? -- Advocacy, criticism and the research process -- Ethical justification for adopting value standpoints in social research -- Critical approaches in social research -- Conclusion.