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I n this , the first article in the American Annals of the Deaf special issue on English reading development for individuals who are d/Deaf and hard of hearing, the coeditors aim to promote interdisciplinary dialogue among researchers regarding literacy research with d/Deaf and hard of hearing (d/Dhh) students by setting the tone for an open and inclusive forum. Researchers from various disciplines are invited to discuss the similarities and differences between students who are d/Dhh and their typically developing hearing peers in terms of aspects such as reading process, reading development, and reading assessment. Challenges related to the acquisition of language and literacy by d/Dhh students are described. The article highlights the purpose of the special issue, which is to explore what works where, when, why, and for whom.

In an attempt to direct attention away from measures of central tenden cy, this essay focuses on the dispersion of marriage ages derived from the family reconstitution study of Shepshed, Leicestershire, 1600-1851. The evidence shows that there was no connection between "inheritance" and the timing of mar riage-in fact, most marriages took place well before paternal death. Birth-parity seems to have had little impact on male age at marriage, while for women there was a difference of something over one year between the age at marriage of eldest daughters and other-parity daughters. It is shown that the family had little in the way of a "demonstration effect" and that there is almost no correlation between intra- and inter-generational ages at marriage within specific families. In sum, it is considered that individuals decided to marry for their own reasons.

Objectives. Grandparents play an important role in looking after grandchildren, although intensive grandparental childcare varies considerably across Europe. Few studies have explicitly investigated the extent to which such cross-national variations are associated with national level differences in individual demographic and socio-economic distributions along with contextual-structural and cultural factors (e.g., variations in female labor force participation, childcare provision, and cultural attitudes).

Methods. We used multilevel models to examine associations between intensive grandparental childcare and contextual-structural and cultural factors, after controlling for grandparent, parent, and child characteristics using nationally representative data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe.

Results. Even controlling for cross-national differences in demographic and socio-economic distributions, contextual-structural factors play an important role in explaining grandparental childcare variations in Europe. In particular, higher levels of intensive grandparental childcare are found in countries with low labor force participation among younger and older women, and low formal childcare provision, where mothers in paid work largely rely on grandparental support on an almost daily basis.

Discussion. Encouraging older women to remain in paid work is likely to have an impact on grandchild care which in turn may affect mothers' employment, particularly in Southern European countries where there is little formal childcare.

"Sustainability at Work is a compelling guide for anyone who seeks both a successful career and a career that makes a positive difference in society. Containing career advice of great value to students and professionals, and explaining how one can integrate sustainability into future roles, this book's appeal extends well beyond those well versed in sustainability thinking. The text includes an easy-to-follow structure, the SURF Framework, that anyone wondering how they can make a difference in the workplace can apply. In this thoroughly revised new edition, Marilyn Waite builds upon recent career trends to include two all-important themes that are redefining sustainability: justice, equity, diversity, and inclusion and climate-related career pathways. In addition, practical advice for finding and creating roles that correspond to one's preferences and purpose is elaborated. The book explains how real people in a plethora of sectors can have a positive impact on people and planet. Professionals from a variety of backgrounds and locations explain how they brought a sustainability approach to various sectors, including agriculture, business, economics, and financial services, education and research, entertainment and media, health care, law and policy, and science and technology. The breadth of stories covers individuals working on five continents in various levels of responsibility. Through inspiring narratives and a structured framework, Sustainability at Work illustrates how sustainability can be incorporated into every imaginable career to impact the quadruple bottom line: environment, economy, society, and future generations"--

Research on individuals who graduated from high school from 1958 through 1972, has indicated that the timing of marriage and first birth had a greater affect on educational attainment among women than among men. It is hypothesized that, among more recent cohorts, these differences may have been reduced or eliminated by social changes in the 1970s and 1980s. A test of this hypothesis was conducted using data gathered from 187 predominantly white, middle‐class individuals who completed questionnaires in the spring of 1972, when they were in the eighth grade. A follow‐up study was conducted in 1985. The results suggest that marital and parenthood timing affect educational attainment, but the relationships were not significantly different for males and females. Furthermore, the tendency for women to marry and have children earlier than men had only a minor effect on differences in educational attainment.

AbstractBackgroundEvidence shows that neurotypical individuals who stutter use fewer gestures than those who do not stutter. Presently, no research exists about the interaction of stuttering and gestures in individuals with Down syndrome.MethodTwenty‐nine individuals with Down syndrome (7–19 years) of whom 16 stuttered and 13 spoke fluently and 20 neurotypical children (3–10 years) of whom 8 stuttered and 12 spoke fluently participated in this study. In spontaneous speech transcriptions, stuttering events and gestures were coded.ResultsComparisons of gesture frequency during stuttered and fluent speech inside the Down syndrome and neurotypical group show that the Down syndrome group uses significantly more gestures during stuttered than during fluent speech while no significant difference is seen in the neurotypical group.ConclusionsThere is some preliminary evidence that individuals with Down syndrome try to compensate for their stuttering events, however, analyses on word level are necessary to confirm a successful compensation.

IMPORTANCE: Adverse childhood experiences (ACE) are associated with several adulthood health problems, such as self-directed violence. For some individuals, enlistment in the military may be an instrumental act to escape adverse household environments, however prevalence of ACE among persons with military service histories has not been documented in the U.S. using population-based data. OBJECTIVE: To compare the prevalence of ACE among individuals with and without histories of military service. We hypothesized that ACE differences between military and non-military groups will be more pronounced during the era when the military became all-volunteer (enlisted on or after 1973) versus the draft era (pre-1973). DESIGN, SETTING & PARTICIPANTS: Data are from the 2010 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Computer-assisted telephone interviews were conducted with population-based samples of non-institutionalized U.S. adults during January-December 2010. Analyses were limited to respondents who received the ACE module (n=60,598). Participants were categorized by military service history and whether a respondent was 18 years of age in 1973. MAIN OUTCOMES: Military service history was defined by active duty service, veteran status, or training for the Reserves or National Guard. The ACE inventory assessed 11 negative experiences before the age of 18. Weighted chi-square and multiple logistic regression analyses were used to examine differences in ACE by military service history, era of service, and gender. RESULTS: Any difference in prevalence of ACE showed greater odds for those with military experience. In the All-volunteer Era, men with military service had higher prevalence of all eleven ACE items than men without military service; in the Draft Era there were only two differences. Notably, in the All-volunteer Era, men with military service had twice the odds of reporting forced sex before the age of 18 (OR=2.19, 95%CI: 1.34–3.57) compared to men without military service. Fewer differences were observed ...

This chapter examines cross-national differences in individual values, attitudes, and behaviors. The central question raised is how social-structural and cultural factors account for the differences found. After discussing a series of theoretical issues raised by this question, the chapter reviews the findings of four quantitative sociological research programs on modern cross-national differences. The program on individual modernity led by Alex Inkeles established that social-structural conditions associated with industrialization are linked to an increase in individuals' being open to new experience, rejecting traditional authority, and taking a rational, ambitious, orderly approach to both work and human problems. The cross-national research on the Kohn-Schooler hypothesis that self-directed work increases intellectual functioning and self-directed orientations confirmed the generality of that hypothesis and established that the social status and social class differences in these psychological characteristics found within different countries are largely the result of social-structurally determined differences in the opportunity for occupational self-direction. Eric Wright's cross-national research program on class structure and class consciousness provides evidence that in a range of countries social classes directly affect political attitudes, while acting as tangible barriers to mobility and personal relationships. The research deriving from John Meyer's theories on institutionalization highlights the importance of institutions and socially constructed views of reality for the development and maintenance of cross-national differences and similarities in cultural values and their behavioral embodiment. All four of the programs provide evidence of the continuing importance of historically determined cultural differences. All are also congruent with the hypothesis that speed of change generally decreases as we go from psychological to social-structural to cultural levels of phenomena—a possibility whose confirmation would provide a valuable tool for understanding how culture and social structure affect cross-national differences in values and behavior.

AbstractBackgroundCEOs increasingly take public stands on social and political issues tangential to their corporation.s core mission. Emergent research on this phenomenon has explored the prevalence, impacts and risks of increasing CEO activism for firms. However, very little research has explored the individual and institutional factors that motivate CEO activism. This project attempts to refocus this nascent field by exploring the gendered, racial, sexual and organizational factors that motivate leaders to speak out on issues ranging from DEI, gun control, climate change, Black Lives Matter and #MeToo.MethodTo answer our research question ‐ who speaks? ‐ we examined CEOs, companies, and key social issues within the Proquest Newsstand Database. First, we conducted a large exploratory study of random men and women CEOs to determine if gender differences exist. Next, we examined all women CEOs in the Fortune 500 and S&P 500 between 2019–2021 to provide a more thorough and nuanced analysis.ResultsWe find that women CEOs are more likely to speak out compared to men CEOs. Further, we find that BIPOC and LGBTQ+ CEOs are more likely to engage in activism compared to other CEOs. We also find that the market value of the firm and the presence of women on the board of directors serve as significant predictors of CEO activism compared to other firms.ConclusionWe consider the implications of these findings for the appointment, tenure and visibility of historically underrepresented CEOs.

AbstractNonprofit organizations receive charitable contributions from both institutional donors and individual donors. Existing studies have traditionally focused on factors related to nonprofits' total donation income rather than exploring similarity and difference in the two types of donors' preference for donation recipients. Following Wang's in Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 52(3), 787–816 (2023) call for the distinction between institutional donors (i.e., corporations) and individual donors, this study regresses corporate giving and individual giving separately on four themes of explanatory variables, namely organizational legitimacy, political connections, organizational attributes, and environmental factors, of a sample of 2,021 Chinese foundations for the year 2013. The results showed that multiple variables are related to corporate giving and individual giving differently to varying degrees. This study suggests future research (1) consider the potentially different effects of predictors on multiple sources of giving when analyzing nonprofits' total donation income and (2) theorize the different preferences of the two types of donors.

We shall address questions concerning the impact of candidate spending in congressional elections in a new way. We develop a multiequation model of congressional vote choice that takes the endogeneity of expenditures into account. We then estimate both this model and the more traditional single-equation model using individual level survey data. The substantial differences we find between the two models indicates that the simultaneity bias present in the single-equation model is not trivial. The challenger and incumbent expenditure terms are each significant (whereas only challenger expenditures are in the single-equation setup) and of much greater magnitude in the multiequation case. In addition, we evaluate hypotheses grounded in persuasive communications theory concerning the type of individuals most affected by the messages emanating from the campaigns. We find that individuals with higher education, those with greater interest in campaigns, and those with strongly held convictions are unaffected by candidate spending, whereas individuals lacking each of these attributes are greatly influenced by campaign expenditures.

It is both an ideal and an assumption of traditional conceptions of justice for liberal democracies that citizens are autonomous, self-governing persons. Yet standard accounts of the self and of self-government at work in such theories are hotly disputed and often roundly criticized in most of their guises. John Christman offers a sustained critical analysis of both the idea of the 'self' and of autonomy as these ideas function in political theory, offering interpretations of these ideas which avoid such disputes and withstand such criticisms. Christman's model of individual autonomy takes into account the socially constructed nature of persons and their complex cultural and social identities, and he shows how this model can provide a foundation for principles of justice for complex democracies marked by radical difference among citizens. His book will interest a wide range of readers in philosophy, politics, and the social sciences

The chapter studies the ethical dimensions of Beauvoir's existentialism and Irigaray's ontology of difference. It argues that Irigaray builds on one central but largely neglected result of Beauvoir's moral philosophical argumentation: the claim that fundamentally sexual subordination constitutes an ethical problem that cannot be adequately solved merely through social reforms, political interventions, or theoretical reflections. By comparing Beauvoir's concept of erotic generosity to Irigaray's discussion of wonder and love, the chapter demonstrates that both philosophers conceive of male privilege as an ethical issue that must be worked out between individual women and men in their concrete encounters. The task is to reform and cultivate not just human behaviors, actions, beliefs and cognitions, but also one's own emotions and desires. ; peerReviewed

Thirty-two groups and an equal number of individuals opposed one of four programmed strategies, presumably carried out by an individual, in a 30-trial Prisoner's Dilemma situation. The programmed strategies included (a) a GRIT strategy involving a general statement of intent, specific announcements of choices, and some retaliation to exploitation; (b) a competitive strategy in which announcements were used deceitfully; (c) a tit-for-tat strategy without any verbal communication; and (d) a 50% cooperative control strategy. For both groups and individuals the GRIT strategy promoted more cooperation than any of the other three. This difference vanished toward the end of the third block of ten trials in which all four strategies involved consistent, unannounced cooperation. Females were more cooperative than males. It was concluded that GRIT is as effective with groups as with individuals, even though prior research indicates groups to be less conciliatory in their preference for influence modes and at times less cooperative than individuals.

Entities, including organisations, brands and individuals, pursue a strategy of difference (a way to be dissimilar to others) to improve their performance outcomes and well-being. In this editorial, we introduce five research articles and two expert commentaries that examine some aspects of such difference. We further highlight the challenges that consumers face when taking action to meet the goal of difference. Using activity theory and its associated systemic framework, we uncover three contradictions (community, power and knowledge) that manifest as tensions or conflicts as consumers navigate difference. Being aware of these contradictions assists marketers in capitalising on the bright side, preparing for the unexpected and avoiding the dark side of consumers' efforts towards difference. We also suggest a research agenda to stimulate future scholarship on difference.