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The aim of the research was to analyze the legal and organizational foundations of e-government. The introduction of e-government in Ukraine is regulated by a large number of normative legal acts in the field of information society development. The analysis of information sources-legal norms by using general scientific and special scientific methods led to the conclusion that the provisions of administrative legislation also belong to the information legislation. It was concluded that the legal framework for the implementation of e-government should not only be harmonized with generally recognized international standards, but also, developed and adopted in the context of the Sustainable Development Goals until 2030. Based on the assessment and comparison of the main trends in the development of digital economy, simplification, decentralization, deregulation, institutional capacity development and communication support are attributed to the main achievements and digital capabilities of Ukraine in the direction of e-government. Definitely, the need to improve e-governance mechanisms in the sphere of telecommunication networks at the state level is emphasized.

In this study, human rights violations and discrimination policies in East Turkestan, focusing on human rights violations in question-discrimination policies of the causes and consequences will be briefly discussed. As is known, it is completely prohibited by international law for a person to encounter preventive and restrictive behaviors due to his nationality and national origin, to be subjected to practices that involve discrimination. However, as is clearly seen in the practices of East Turkestan, the human rights violations and discrimination policies applied to the people of East Turkestan have become a regular method of assimilation. Ignoring and ignoring the basic human rights of the people of East Turkestan irreversibly deeply injures the national identity and dignity of the people of East Turkestan. In this study, a literature review was conducted using previously written scientific articles, books, journals, reports prepared by research organizations related to the region, news that have appeared in the media. Key Words: East Turkestan, Human Rights, Discrimination

This study is aimed at studying the key problem of regional security — crisis response within the framework of the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO).Aim. Show that despite the development of the crisis mechanism, its current state does not satisfy the member states, which affects the overall security of the Eurasian space.Tasks. Consider the stages of development of crisis management through the prism of the development of the formation of the CSTO as an organization designed to ensure security in two directions: military security and countering "new challenges".Methods. To compare the mechanisms for countering crises, the method of comparative analysis is used, including the provisions of international treaties, as well as successful and unsuccessful practices in the CIS and the CSTO.Results. Based on specific examples of activities and study of the decisions taken by the governing bodies of the CSTO, it is shown that the improvement of the direction of crisis management will become the main one in the development of the Organization.

The Human Rights Council is the principal forum for the discussion of human rights issues in the United Nations (UN) system. It has replaced the Human Rights Commission which had been highly successful in the codification of human rights norms and standards, but less so in monitoring their effective implementation. This failure was due in part to the Commission's design as a body representing Member State governments and the lack of transparent criteria for membership selection. The reforms which led to the replacement of the Commission by the Human Rights Council in 2006 were intended to address these shortcomings but turned out to be compromise solutions which have produced only limited change in the outlook and in the working methods of the Council in comparison to its predecessor. As ideological and political divisions within the international community and the Council have intensified, this has increased the risk of partisanship undermining the credibility of the latter's work, thus calling into question the Council's role as an effective instrument for human rights promotion and protection.

Social enterprises are given special attention from a scientific and public policy point of view. In everyday life, we see them as organizations that can provide solutions to various social problems. From an academic perspective, they represent a new research topic with its own interdisciplinary nature. They have been examined mainly from the point of view of management and organizational culture. In terms of scientific analysis, the newly developed research area of social economy and social enterprises is still in the conceptualization phase. The theoretical and methodological framework for research measurements need to be finalized. In this study, we seek to answer the question of how social economy—in particular, the perception of social enterprises in international and Romanian literature—is changing as a result of economic and social changes in space and time. We examine the factors along which definitions of the social enterprise within social economy are attempted, and the indicators that facilitate the investigation of the social impact of social enterprises.

Simulation-based learning is important in social work education. Most common is human-based simulations. In recent years, computer-based simulations have emerged as alternative. A question is if computer-based simulations differ from human-based, are similar abilities, that is, competence, trained when the simulation is computer-based? Purpose: Survey the international experiences of using computer-based simulations in social work education. Method: A five step scoping review. Databases focused on educational issues and social work was searched (Eric, Sociological Abstracts, Web of Science, Scopus). Sixteen publications were included. Results: Five different didactic categories of computer-based simulations were identified. The most common use of computer-based simulations is to practice student's procedural competence, and in lesser extent to enhance students' meta-competence. Feedback and reflection are central for computer-based simulation, as for human-based simulations. Conclusion: The study shows a didactic field under development and that computer-based simulations provide opportunities to train self-reflection and critical thinking in social work education.

The article provides a comprehensive analysis of counteracting human rights violations due to age discrimination in the social and communicative sphere to identify problematic aspects of this discrimination; to study current changes in connection with the pandemic threat and generalize a set of legal guarantees to prevent and counteract inappropriate legal policy in this area. The research is based on a humanistic approach, which determines the individual value criterion of the research methodology and is manifested through the ideology of anthropocentrism; a complementary approach to scientific research and a balanced combination of national and international state-building and law-making principles. A comparative legal method was used, which made it possible to summarize the legal requirements of various states, including the United Arab Emirates, Great Britain, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Colombia, on measures to counteract the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. Statistical and information reports of the European Union countries, monitoring of the Equality Representatives of individual countries (Serbia, Lithuania), analytical data, government decisions and practical cases were used.

AbstractThe European Union (EU) is commonly considered to be a regulatory great power that projects external influence based on the power vested in its internal market. Relatively little is known, however, about why and when the EU mobilises its market power to put direct pressure on non‐cooperative countries in regulatory matters. This article examines a critical case of such power projection: the 'blacklisting' of third countries. Testing expectations drawn from some of the main theories of EU power, it finds that elite action to promote the rule of law best explains why the EU uses blacklisting, whereas bottom‐up stakeholder pressure explains when this technique is used. A combination of the theories can therefore explain the puzzling pattern of where blacklisting schemes were set up with reference to EU norms and pegged to international law but eventually applied quasi‐exclusively to tiny third countries. These findings call for further research on EU market power.

Abstract
The most relevant collection for studying the wars accompanying the breakup of Yugoslavia, which resulted in over 130,000 dead or missing, is the archive of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) in The Hague. The Tribunal established by the UN Security Council in 1993 to prosecute genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes indicted 161 people and had accumulated millions of pages of testimony, military and police reports, and videos when it closed in late 2017. This invaluable record details the massacres and includes well-known incidents, such as the mass executions after the fall of Srebrenica, but also killings and torture elsewhere in the former Yugoslavia. This article investigates the history of this archive, analyzes its contents, and argues that the collection has two important features which present both a huge opportunity and a significant challenge for research—the immense volume of the archive, and a lack of access to important parts of it.

The COVID-19 pandemic has brought severe effects on the international trade sector. Many countries have suffered losses because of bilateral and multilateral trade imbalances. Indonesia and its strategic partner, Ethiopia, are among the countries affected by the spread of the pandemic. This article discusses Indonesia's economic diplomacy strategy for improving trade relations with Ethiopia. Ethiopia is one of the Indonesia's strategic partners in the African continent. The authors use the concept of economic diplomacy to explain Indonesia's strategy for rebuilding bilateral trade between the two countries. This article offers an argument that a state can leverage its economic diplomacy in the post-pandemic era by focusing on collaboration between the government and the private sector to penetrate the targeted market, promote competitive products, and increase cooperation, particularly in the health sector. To be more specific, the Indonesian government should focus its economic diplomacy towards Ethiopia in these three areas to improve the trade balance following the COVID-19 pandemic.

Cet article analyse l'importance du religieux dans la paradiplomatie tchétchène au Moyen-Orient. Il examine tout d'abord le développement de la paradiplomatie tchétchène en expliquant son lien avec le programme de tchétchénisation du gouvernement russe. L'article démontre que cette paradiplomatie a été développée par Moscou dans le but de fragmenter le soutien international aux insurgés à la fin de la deuxième guerre de Tchétchénie, de présenter la situation en Tchétchénie comme étant régularisée et d'effacer l'image de puissance coloniale anti-musulmane accolée à la Russie. Par la suite, l'article explique comment Ramzan Kadyrov a réussi à instrumentaliser cette paradiplomatie pour soutenir son culte de la personnalité et promouvoir son idéologie politico-religieuse, qui juxtapose les concepts de patriotisme russe, de traditions tchétchènes et soufies et un rigorisme islamique conservateur provenant du Moyen-Orient. Enfin, l'analyse souligne comment le leader tchétchène utilise ce rôle d'ambassadeur informel dans le monde arabe et au Moyen-Orient pour renforcer sa position politique et religieuse au Nord-Caucase et en Russie.

: Reforms implemented in recent years by the Polish government of Law and Justice party are described as a manifestation of democratic backsliding. Changes in the judiciary and the media are seen as the main signs of departing from the basic values ​​of liberal democracy and the rule of law. They met with strong international criticism, mainly from the institutions of the European Union and Western European countries. These changes are also observed with concern in the United States, but so far the US reaction has been moderate. This was primarily due to the limited interest of President Donald Trump's administration in promoting democracy. Later, this issue has been overshadowed by the destabilization of military security in the region. Anyway, the US reaction to the deviation of the Polish authorities from the principles of the democratic state of law must be decisive, but also constructive, based on dialogue, cooperation, clear criteria and a joint search for solutions. First of all, it must not violate the American security guarantees towards Poland.

DNA profiling has become a culturally ubiquitous technology. Its use, whether in forensic investigations, genetic databases, biomedical research, international border-making, or popular genealogy, has been familiarized through political debates, media and cultural representations and commercialization. DNA profiling has also attracted considerable scholarly attention across this terrain. However, scant attention has been paid to the key role played by legal migration in driving DNA profiling's initial translation from lab bench discovery to "truth machine" and identity token. Here, I discuss the first state-sponsored use of DNA profiling as a tool for establishing kinship relations among legal but racialized migrants on Britain's borders in the mid-1980s. I argue that this early "experiment" conditioned the commercialization and future uses of the technology at and beyond border zones. Reinstating migration as the origin context for DNA profiling, and retracing the postcolonial routes by which it entered the biopolitical sphere, sheds light on the conjoined naturalization and racialization of genetic technologies of identity and identification, whether at or beyond national borders.

Why are social networks necessary at the place of destination? What roles do they play as a form of "social capital" for newly arrived migrants in urban centers? These are some relevant questions that scholars in migration studies have explored, especially in the context of international migration, but significant gaps exist in the case of internal migration. Using the migration history of the head of 400 households living in eight slum areas of Delhi, the present study attempts to differentiate the social networks available to the head of the households at their first arrival in Delhi based on the strong and weak ties and the caste-based network. The study also disentangles the role played by these social networks in providing social protection to household heads at their first arrival. The results show that social networks, especially strong family/kinship-based and caste-based networks, play an essential role in providing social protection by assisting newly arrived migrants with housing, food and information about employment.

AbstractDemocracy, human rights, and governance (DRG) evaluation practice faces diverse challenges, not only because of the complexity of intervention designs and implementation but also due to the complexity of the fragile contexts in which DRG evaluation is generally applied. Evaluating in fragile contexts demands responsiveness to the complexity and provides challenges to define what capacities and competencies a DRG evaluator should have. In 2019, the International Organization for Cooperation in Evaluation (IOCE) was funded to design a set of tools to develop individual and institutional DRG evaluation capacities in an online training course and an associated toolkit. These materials aim to advocate for more DRG evaluation for a stronger democracy, advancing human rights, and increased governance. Using a transformative lens, this chapter critically reviews the challenges and constraints faced while developing DRG evaluators' capacities. This critical analysis of complexity with a transformative lens adds insights into the practice of evaluation in the pursuit of human rights and social, economic, and environmental justice.