Suchergebnisse

Problem setting. Since the creation of the United Nations, it has been 73 years since, the world has changed dramatically, and accordingly, the Organization must change, rebuild under new realities. Due to the increase in the number of international conflicts, global problems of our time, the intensification of world globalization, informatization and computerization of all spheres of society, old methods and ways of getting out of crisis situations either cease to work or become ineffective. Therefore, the way in which the United Nations is transformed will determine the state of affairs in the international arena, world peace and security.Recent research and publications analysis. In the sociology of international relations and related academic disciplines, the issue of UN activity and development was studied by such scholars as B.M. Ashavsky, M.P.O. Baccarini, M.O. Baimuratov, Z. Bauman, S. Browne, M.V. Buromensky, R. Butler, S. Chesterman, K. Engelbrekt, Y.P. Godovnik, R.V. Guban, J.M. Hanhimaki, D. Howell, I. Johnstone, D. Malone, P. Nadin, O.V. Serdyuk, B.I. Tarasyuk, N. Turchin, Yu.O. Voloshin, T.J. Weiss, I.V. Yakovuk, Y.M. Zhukovsky, A.M. Zlenko et al. The situation on the international scene is changing, and today the United Nations is faced with new challenges and challenges that have not been studied by the authors or have been studied fragmentarily, so the appeal to comprehend the possible models of reforming the UN in today's conditions is quite expedient.Paper objective ‑ identification of problems in the activities of the United Nations and its ability to perform the tasks set before the organization, as well as proposals to overcome the problems identified to ensure the effectiveness of the UN work.Paper main body. The UN structure is rather complex and includes a large number of different organizational units of committees, commissions, departments, etc. Main structural units the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), the International Court of Justice, Trusteeship Council (suspended on 1 November 1994), the Secretariat. From the point of view of the level of authority, the General Assembly and the UN Security Council are the most important.The beginning of the active reform process of the United Nations is linked to the election of Secretary-General Kofi Annan in 1997. During the 52nd session of the UN General Assembly, the main directions for updating the UN were proposed, including structural changes in the Secretariat, coordination of organizations of the UN system at the country level, and improving interaction with civil society. This topic was developed at the Millennium Summit in 2000 immediately after the 55th session of the UN General Assembly, which took place in September of the same year.Summing up the achievements of the United Nations during its existence, it is worth pointing out the process of its transformation from the organization, which was focused mainly on conference services, to a truly global provider of services, which operates in virtually every corner of the world, thereby helping to improve the lives of people in need of assistance. The following statistical information confirms the progress achieved: more than 70% of the annual budget is allocated to peacekeeping and other field operations, which is almost 20% more than in the mid-1990s; the number of humanitarian missions increased from 12 to 43; the number of human rights defenders of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights in the states has increased by almost four times. However, there remain problems that have not yet been overcome, the most important of them is the reform of the Security Council. Discussions about reforming the UN Security Council have been taking place since the first years of its existence. The need for the reform of the UN Security Council is due to significant changes in the world that took place after the Second World War: economic, military-political, demographic, etc. The current composition of the UN Security Council does not proportionally represent the geographical zones of the conflict. Among the 15 members of the UN Security Council, 5 seats were assigned to the Western Europe and other Western European countries (including three permanent members), 2 to Eastern Europe (including Russia), 3 to the Asia-Pacific region (APR, including China), 3 to Africa and 2 ‑ Latin America and the Caribbean. These regional quotas show that one-third of the seats in the UN Security Council are in the «golden billion», while Eastern Europe, in which there are many unsettled conflicts, is represented only by Russia and one non-permanent member, and the Middle East is the source of the most severe conflicts, has only one representative from the APR group. In addition, the Asian quota can not always take into account the positions of States whose interests affect a number of territorial conflicts in the South China and East China Seas through which the main sea routes of the world pass.Conclusions of the research. There is a need for further UN reform. It is necessary to consistently carry out the reform of the UN Security Council, forming within its framework the agreed conceptual framework and practical measures to preserve and strengthen it as the central UN body, but the transformation is necessary: the world has changed, the structure that protects it must be changed. At the initial stage it is necessary to increase the number of members of the Council, the number of permanent members should reflect the regional picture of the world, new permanent members do not have veto power for 15-20 years. ; В статье исследуется деятельность ООН, ее институты и структура. Доказывается, что ООН нуждается в реформировании, прежде всего, ее главных структур: Генеральной Ассамблеи и Совета Безопасности, превращение их в эффективно работающие структуры. Кроме того требуют своего реформирования и совершенствования деятельность по поддержанию мира и разоружению, создание эффективной системы обеспечения прав человека, укрепление судебной системы, координация деятельности специализированных учреждений и специальных комиссий и фондов ООН, укрепление кадрового потенциала. ; У статті досліджується діяльність ООН, її інститути і структура. Доводиться, що ООН потребує реформування, насамперед, її головних структур: Генеральної Асамблеї і Ради Безпеки, перетворення їх в ефективно працюючу структуру. Крім того вимагають свого реформування та вдосконалення діяльність з підтримки миру і роззброєння, створення ефективної системи забезпечення прав людини, зміцнення судової системи, координація діяльності спеціалізованих установ та спеціальних комісій і фондів ООН, зміцнення кадрового потенціалу.

Hintergrund: Mit Einführung der fallpauschalierenden Diagnosis Related Groups (DRG) im Jahr 2003 wurde die bis dahin bestehende Kostenorientierung des deutschen Vergütungssystems von einer Leistungsorientierung abgelöst. Das DRG-System zielt mit seinen Anreizwirkungen auf eine effizientere Erbringung der Leistungen und ermöglicht gleichzeitig Leistungsverlagerungen zwischen den Kliniken. Neben solchen beabsichtigten Mengenveränderungen werden jedoch auch Tendenzen zur Über- und Fehlversorgung bzw. Indikationsausweitung vermutet, welche dem Grundsatz der Bedarfsgerechtigkeit (§ 70 SGB V) im gesetzlichen Gesundheitssystem widersprechen. Mit dem Krankenhausstrukturgesetz 2016 wurden nun gezielt Instrumente zur Mengensteuerung einzelner stationärer Leistungen etabliert, die über Bewertungsabsenkungen am fallpauschalierenden Finanzierungssystem der DRGs ansetzen. Hierüber soll nicht indizierten Leistungsausweitungen begegnet werden. Eine objektive Versorgungslast ist medizinisch in vielen Bereichen kaum zu ermitteln. Über Analysen der Versorgungssituation anhand vorhandener Krankenhausabrechnungsdaten lässt sich aber die Leistungsentwicklung verfolgen und es lassen sich demografische von anderen Einflüssen trennen. Damit können Anhaltspunkte für möglicherweise bestehende Über-, Unter- und Fehlversorgungen gewonnen werden. Die Krankenhausabrechnungsdaten (DRG-Statistik) ermöglichen für den stationären Bereich solche Analysen, die dazu beitragen können, Trends mengenanfälliger und nicht mengenanfälliger Leistungen im Sinne der Bedarfsgerechtigkeit zu identifizieren. Methodik: Die vorliegende kumulative Dissertation nutzt die DRG-Statistik auf Fallebene (Mikrodaten) in drei Projekten, um Mengenentwicklungen und regionale Unterschiede einzelner stationärer Behandlungs- und/oder Eingriffsarten detailliert zu analysieren. Als Beispiel potentiell von einer Fallzahlsteigerung betroffenen Leistung wurden stationäre Behandlungs- und/oder Eingriffsarten im Wirbelsäulenbereich gewählt. Als Beispiel für Leistungen ohne die Vermutung einer Leistungsausweitung wurden Amputationen der unteren Extremität herangezogen. Abschließend wird anhand der im Jahr 2016 zum ersten Mal getroffenen politischen Entscheidungen zur Definition mengenanfälliger (§ 9 Abs. 1c KHEntgG) und nicht mengenanfälliger Leistungen (§ 9 Abs. 1 Nummer 6 KHEntgG) diskutiert, inwieweit sich Analysen auf Basis der Mikrodaten eignen, um solche Definitionen empirisch zu unterlegen. Ergebnisse: Die vorgestellten Manuskripte konnten zeigen, dass sich die Mikrodaten der DRG-Statistik eignen, um retrospektiv bis zum Jahr 2005 Fallzahlentwicklungen einzelner Behandlungen deskriptiv zu beschreiben. Über eine geschlechts- und altersspezifische Standardisierung kann der Anteil der demografisch bedingten Veränderung und somit näherungsweise die dadurch bedingte Bedarfsentwicklung geschätzt werden. Inwieweit der nicht-demografisch bedingte Anstieg wirtschaftlichen Anreizen folgt oder aber durch Entwicklungen der medizinischen Behandlungsverfahren bedingt ist, kann anhand der DRG-Statistik nicht abschließend beurteilt werden. Die Analysen der nicht-demografisch bedingten Entwicklungen können aber detaillierte Informationen über die Indikationen und Verfahren liefern, bei denen sich Veränderungen ergeben haben. Schlussfolgerung: Analysen der DRG-Statistik können Trends für mengenanfällige und nicht mengenanfällige Leistungen identifizieren. Kleinräumige Analysen helfen ferner, anhand regionaler Versorgungsunterschiede Hinweise auf Über- und Unterversorgungsprobleme zu finden. Dies ermöglicht es den Fachvertretern, unter Berücksichtigung bekannter Veränderungen der Behandlungskonzepte und ggf. der Leitlinien, die medizinische Sinnhaftigkeit von Veränderungen zu beurteilen. Zur Interpretation der nicht-demografisch bedingten Fallzahlentwicklung sind dabei neben wirtschaftlichen Anreizen insbesondere Prävalenzentwicklungen der zugrundeliegenden Erkrankungen, neue Behandlungstechniken, medizinisch begründete Indikationsausweitungen und Veränderungen in der Erwartungshaltung der Patienten zu diskutieren. ; Background: With the introduction of the Diagnosis Related Groups (DRGs) in 2003, the existing cost orientation of the German hospital payment system was replaced by a performance oriented system. With its incentive effects, the DRG-System aims at an efficient provision of services and at the same time makes it possible to shift services between hospitals. In addition to intended changes in case volumes, however, tendencies towards overuse and misuse or expansion of indications are also suspected, which undermine the principle of need-based supply (§ 70 SGB V) in the statutory health system. The Hospital Structure Act of 2016 (Krankenhausstrukturgesetz) established targeted instruments for controlling the volume of individual inpatient services. Those instruments lower the relative weight of certain DRGs. This is intended to compensate for non-indicated case increases. An objective need of supply can hardly be determined medically in many areas. By analysing the care situation on the basis of existing hospital discharge data, however, it is possible to monitor the development of services and separate demographic from other influences. This can provide clues for possible overuse, underuse and misuse. The hospital discharge data (DRG-Statistics) enable inpatient analyses that can help identify trends in "volume sensitive" and "non volume sensitive" services in terms of need-based supply. Methodology: This cumulative dissertation uses the DRG-Statistics at case level (microdata) in three projects to analyse in detail volume developments and regional differences of individual inpatient treatment and/or intervention types. As an example of potentially volume sensitive services inpatient teatments for spinal disease were chosen. As an example for services without the assumption of volume sensitivity amputations of the lower limb were analysed. Finally, this dissertation will use the unprecedented political decisions from 2016 on the definition of volume sensitive (§ 9 para. 1c KHEntgG) and non volume sensitive services (§ 9 para. 1 no. 6 KHEntgG) to discuss whether analysis on the basis of the DRG-Statistics could be used to rationalise such definitions. Results: The manuscripts presented show that the microdata of the DRG-Statistics are suitable for describing case number developments of individual treatments retrospectively up to the year 2005. By means of gender and age specific standardisation, the proportion of demographically induced changes and thus the approximate development of the need of supply can be estimated. The extent to which the non-demographic increase follows economic incentives or is due to developments in medical teatment procedures cannot be conclusively assessed on the basis of the DRG-Statistics. However, the analyses of non-demographic developments can provide detailed information on the indications and procedures that have changed. Conclusion: Analyses of the DRG-Statistics can identify trends for volume sensitive and non volume sensitive services. Small-scale analyses also help to find indications of over- and undersupply poblems on the basis of regional supply differences. This enables the experts to assess the medical significance of changes, taking into account known changes in treatment concepts and guidelines. In order to Interpret the non-demographic development of the number of cases, special prevalence trends of the uderlying diseases, new treatment techniques, medically justified extensions of indications and changes in patient expectations must be discussed in addition to economic incentives.

This doctoral thesis aims to reconstruct the political, economic and social of the events linked to the Sardinian industrial planning, with specific attention to the mining sector, in a period of time that fits the end of World War II until the nineties of the twentieth century. The multiplicity of public and private archival sources and press gave rise to a complex research of different archives and libraries present time on the territory of Sardinia and Rome. In particular, we analyzed the cards of these archives: the Sardinian Regional Council Historic Archive (Cagliari), the Archive of Filcem (Iglesias), Historical Archive Mining Igea Spa (Iglesias), Historical Archive Eni (Rome-Pomezia ), Central State Archive (Rome), Historical Archive of the CISL Sarda (Cagliari), on the basis of the parliamentary records produced by the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate. The method of comparison among political extracting documents, economic and trade union allowed to have a bigger picture and capable of restoring the complex historical issues that have given rise to the story of mining in Sardinia in the late twentieth century. My research, through an analysis of the bibliographic and archival materials, has focused on industrial policy, due to the experience of the "Revival Plan" and the subsequent intervention of the national and regional level public sector in favor of the Sardinian mining. The first chapter of the thesis provides an overview of the role played by the mining policies provided by Revival Plan in the processes of development after World War II up to the dynamic processes that led to the advent of the initiative public during the period between the late sixties and early seventies. The history of the Sardinian economic development and policies aimed at relaunching the mining sector, as is clear from the analysis of archival documents and works of contemporary historiography, is fully part of economic planning in the actions taken by the central and regional institutions to allow the re-launch economically depressed structures in the South. The issues socio-economic backwardness of the island and the stagnation of regional industrial structures, as in the case of the mining sector, had raised public awareness on the problems of the island's economic structure, highlighting the need for economic planning that basasse on the industrial development of the territory. Faced with this scenario, the political and trade union circles islanders after World War II supported a platform of demands for "economic and social revival of Sardinia" that, based on the treatises of Article 13 of the special statute of Sardinia (26 February 1948), It was to contribute to the development of economic structures of Sardinia across the planner action of central and regional institutions. The reports provided by the trade unions and the documentation kept at the Historical Archives of the Regional Council of the rest to highlight ways in the mining sector vigesse a very precarious socio-economic situation, which could conflict with the preparation of a program of development based on the intervention of the initiative public. Within this scenario, the action of the Sardinian politicians and trade unions, in the second half of the forties and until the approval of Law No. 588, contributed to the involvement of mining activities in the area planning phases of the Plan rebirth, since in their view represented the premise for achieving socio-economic development under Article 13, and the subsequent Sardinian mining industry growth in the economic scenario of the national / local level. The timing and modalities of implementation of the Revival Plan, nevertheless, negatively engraved on expectations of mining areas fulfilling commitments under Article 13 of the Special Statute. An analysis of labor relations and in the acts of the Regional Council of Sardinia emerges as trade unions and political leaders of the opposition parties stigmatizzassero delays of regional and national institutions, which in their judgment penalizing the industrial policies designed to raise industry regional mining. The sixties, though they were marked by the approval of Law No. 588 and the preparation of a series of measures for the expansion and the consequent restructuring of the sector Metal (as in the case of the regional decision of March 1968 which established the Ente mining Sardo), were instead characterized by a deepening crisis of the mining areas and the failure of the objectives of the "Revival Plan" ,. Despite the establishment of development programs for metallic mineral products, the analysis of the bibliographic and archival complex revealed that the absence of an adequate industrial policy by national Governments and Regional had penalized the nature objectives socio- provided for by the economic Revival Plan and aggravated the precarious conditions of the mining sector, which at the end of the sixties will be marked by a progressive advertising. In this regard, the contributions produced by contemporary historiography and archival sources made it possible to provide an overview on the guidelines of mining policies in the season of the "Revival Plan" and placed in evidence the limits of economic planning pursued in the course of the sixties and the criticality of the relationship between national and regional bodies. The system of relations between the State and the Region, in this scenario, will be a key element in the interventions in support of the mining industry, whose consequences (political, economic and social) they recorded substantially in the economic dynamics of the seventies.In the second chapter, after providing an in-depth analysis on the mining policies of the local area / national aftermath of the publicity of the mining sector, I tried to reconstruct the process that would have marked the phases of the public initiative, pausing on policies industrial assumed by national and regional institutions during the seventies. During the conference of Grosseto (1970), Florence (1972) and Cagliari, political and trade union circles of national and regional level had argued that the public sector action could represent a growth factor for the development of the mining sector of the island. Industrial processes put in place by EMSA dall'Egam and constituted in this regard an important milestone for the relaunch of the mining industry and occupational island, even though the policy measures of the national / regional level could not provide solutions to the crisis mining industry. Regional and state authorities, as the analysis of archival documents and literature produced during the decade between the end of the seventies and the eighties, did not intervene in a unified manner, a circumstance that caused numerous conflicts of competence which caused a expenditure of financial resources and that there was a reorganization of the productive activity and a resolution of social and business problems. The industrial policy decisions taken at the end of the seventies, in relation to the acts produced by the Regional Council and the trade unions belonging to the CGIL and CISL, were marked by the rescue and by the advance of the mining activities of the Eni group, which in fact accentuated the dependence of the regional industrial system from the system of State holdings, Following the approval of Law 279/1978, Eni took over the liquidator Committee of Ex Egam society and strove to the restructuring of the mining sector, with the establishment of the Equity Mining and Metallurgical Company (Samim), where the confluence of part of Mining companies belonging to the Ente Sardo (PiomboZincifera Sarda) and all'Egam (Ammi Sarda and Sogersa). The late seventies and early Eighties marked a stage where the doubts and uncertainties continued to demand payment in the sector Metal Sulcis-Iglesias and the consequent challenge to the system of companies with public participation, taking a function of rescue of marginal businesses and financially distressed. In the third and final chapter I finally analyzed the public final stages of the intervention of State Holdings through the Eni group initiative until disposal of the mining sector and the consequent industrial conversion of mining areas. Through the study of the testimonies contained in the local newspapers and the memories of the major trade union leaders of the period, I was able to rebuild the profile of the mining disputes within the mining companies and Samim and Sim up to the progressive abandonment of the metalliferous resources from public groups they had to provide for the restructuring of the metal mines of Sulcis- Iglesiente and Guspini. Examination of Historical Archive documentation of the CISL Sarda and Central State Archives and newspaper it was possible to detect a new heightened interest of national, regional and trade unions on the problems of the mining area, aimed at a revival of the mining sector local through the allocation of substantial funding and the provision of a series of legislative measures, such as the national mining law 752/1982, aimed at the exploitation of mineral resources in respect of the supply of domestic raw materials. Within this context, the restructuring of the mining sector and the consequent downsizing of the workforce employed in the Sulcis, following the industrial policies adopted by Eni, caused the resumption of the platform of demands on the political and regional trade union front, with the aim of respond to the dismantling of the mining and non-compliance of the national government and the State holdings. Within this dramatic scenario, the financial situation of the Samim brought to light the public failure of the initiative in the development policies of the Metal area of Sulcis-Iglesiente. Facing the collapse of the mining sector they isolate the provident Eni Group demerged Samim in 1986, dividing it into two parts and forming the Italian Mines Company (Sim) for the mining sector and New Samim for the metallurgical industry, with the aim to separate the "losing" sectors from the sectors in which Eni active prospects could return from an industrial point of view. Despite measures taken by Eni, the state and regional intervention experience in the mining sector had its epilogue in the nineties, when it began the gradual disposal of mining and started the process of environmental rehabilitation of mining areas characterized from disused mining activities or undergoing decommissioning. In the second half of the nineties ended the programmatic experience Mining Ente Sardo, a factor that gave way to the launching of regional and national legislative measures aimed at revitalizing, remediation, and historical and cultural development of the regional mining heritage by Igea Company SpA and of the Geo-mining Park.

Assessing the world's progress against poverty calls for frequent and careful measurements, using household surveys and price data. Fortunately, the task of measuring poverty is becoming easier, and the results are probably getting more accurate over time. The best data for assessing progress against poverty come from surveys of the living standards of nationally representative samples of households. In the past 25 years there has been enormous progress in designing, implementing, and processing such surveys for developing countries, thanks in large part to the efforts of national statistics agencies throughout the world and the support of the donor community and international development agencies. These data provide key information about global and regional progress in alleviating poverty. ; Contents:; 1.The Changing Profile of Poverty in the World/Shaohua Chen and Martin Ravallion.; 2.Characteristics and Causes of Severe Poverty and Hunger/Akhter U. Ahmed, Ruth Vargas Hill, Lisa C. Smith, and Tim Frankenberger.; 3.The Poorest and Hungry: Looking Below the Line/Akhter U. Ahmed, Ruth Vargas Hill, and Doris M. Wiesmann.; 4.Mapping Where the Poor Live/Todd Benson, Michael Epprecht, and Nicholas Minot; 5.Child Malnutrition in India and China/Peter Svedberg.; 6.Poverty and the Globalization of the Food and Agriculture System/Joachim von Braun and Tewodaj Mengistu.; 7.Poverty Traps: Exploring the Complexity of Causation/Partha Dasgupta; 8.Economic Growth and Poverty Reduction: Do Poor Countries Need to Worry about Inequality?/Martin Ravallion.; 9.Determinants of Pro-Poor Growth/Stephan Klasen.; 10.Global Macroeconomic Development: The Implications for Poverty/Eugenio Díaz-Bonilla; 11. Fiscal Policy Instruments and the Political Economy of Designing Programs to Reach the Poorest/Ehtisham Ahmad; 12. The Macroeconomic Foundations of Inclusive Middle-Class Growth/Nancy Birdsall; 13.Economic Reform to Stimulate Growth and Reduce Poverty: The Latin American Experience/Alberto Valdés and William Foster.; 14. Poverty, Inequality, and Welfare in a Rapid-Growth Economy: The Chilean Experience/Dante Contreras; 15.International Migration: Can It Improve Living Standards among Poor and Vulnerable Populations?/Alan de Brauw.; 16.Growth-promoting Social Safety Nets/Harold Alderman and John Hoddinott.; 17.Conditional Cash Transfer Programs: A "Magic Bullet" for Reducing Poverty?/Michelle Adato and John Hoddinott.; 18. How Effective are Food-for-Education Programs?/Sarah Adelman, Daniel O. Gilligan, and Kim Lehrer; 19. Health Care for the World's Poorest: Is Voluntary (Private) Health Insurance an Option?/Jacques van der Gaag; 20. Designing Insurance For The Poor/Stefan Dercon; 21.Social Security: What Can Developing Countries Learn from Developed Countries?/Jean-Jacques Dethier.; 22. Building Capacity to Increase Agricultural Productivity and Incomes of Poor Small-scale Farmers/Kwadwo Asenso-Okyere.; 23.Property Rights for Poverty Reduction/Ruth Meinzen-Dick, Patricia Kameri-Mbote, and Helen Markelova.; 24.Developing and Connecting Markets for Poor Farmers/Nicholas Minot and Ruth Vargas Hill.; 25.Climate Change: Pro-Poor Adaptation, Risk Management, and Mitigation Strategies/Gary Yohe, Ian Burton, Saleemul Huq, and Mark W. Rosegrant.; 26.Strengthening Women's Assets and Status: Programs Improving Poor Women's Lives/John Ambler, Lauren Pandolfelli, Anna Kramer, and Ruth Meinzen-Dick; 27.Addressing Discrimination and Inequality Among Groups/Frances Stewart; 28.Including People with Disabilities in Actions to Reduce Poverty and Hunger/Charlotte McClain-Nhlapo; 29.Policies and Lessons for Reaching Indigenous Peoples in Development Programs/Lennart Bage; 30. Trade Liberalization and Children: Understanding and Coping with Children's Vulnerabilities/Javier Escobal; 31.Facing Up to Inequality and Exclusion to End Poverty and Hunger in Latin America/Marco Ferroni; 32. Economic Exclusion and Poverty in Asia: The Example of Castes in India/Sukhadeo Thorat; 33. Choosing Policy Instruments to Reduce Poverty and Hunger: Is It Possible to Overcome the Feasibility Dilemma?/Regina Birner; 34.Scaling Up: A Path to Effective Development/Arntraud Hartmann and Johannes F. Linn; 35. Improving Governance to Eradicate Hunger and Poverty/Regina Birner; 36.The Dynamics of Poverty: Why Don't "The Poor" Act Collectively?/Anirudh Krishna.; 37.Land Issues and Poverty Reduction: Requirements for Lasting Peace in Sudan and Afghanistan/Gunnar M. Sørbø and Arne Strand.; 38.Social Innovation and Entrepreneurship: Developing Capacity to Reduce Poverty and Hunger/Suresh Babu and Per Pinstrup-Andersen; 39.The Millennium Development Goals: How Realistic Are They?/Michiel Keyzer and Lia van Wesenbeeck.; 40.Investment Priorities for Economic Growth and Poverty Reduction/Shenggen Fan, Joanna Brzeska, and Ghada Shields; 41.How to Mobilize Public Resources to Support Poverty Reduction/Shenggen Fan, Anuja Saurkar, and Ghada Shields ; Non-PR ; IFPRI1; nobio; 2020 ; DSGD; EPTD; MTID; DGO; ISNAR

Based on more than 240 real-life examples in over 60 countries, Developing Value is the first large-scale study analyzing the business case for sustainability in emerging markets, the opportunity for businesses to achieve benefits such as higher sales, reduced costs and lower risks from better corporate governance, improved environmental practices, and investments in social and economic development. It pinpoints the many opportunities available to diverse businesses in Africa, Asia, Central and Eastern Europe, the Middle East and Latin America. The report aims to help business people in emerging markets, identify opportunities to increase profits, by making progress on sustainability. It provides tools to assess, and conduct each business case, analyzing relevancy to emerging markets, i.e., opportunities for businesses to achieve high sales, reduced costs, and lower risks, from improved governance, environmental practices, and investments in socioeconomic development. The companies examined are ordinary businesses taking practical steps to address issues, and, evidence shows there are compelling reasons for action. Other specific opportunities to pursue sustainability include building regulations, developing human capital, and improving access to capital. All these opportunities are documented through case studies from Brazil, China, the Czech Republic, and South Africa. The study further examines variations in businesses by region, and company size, i.e., for small and medium sized enterprises, national companies, and multinational corporations, as well as foreign multinationals headquartered in developed countries, in addition to export-oriented companies, and those focused on domestic markets. Significantly, the study presents a business success case matrix, related to key aspects of sustainability, and recognized business factors, discussing practical steps towards implementation of strategies, priorities, and monitoring. The report is a joint effort by the International Finance Corporation of the World Bank, SustainAbility (United Kingdom), and Ethos Institute - Business and Social Responsibility (Brazil)

During the administration of Felipe Calderón (2006–2012), the Armed Forces were usedto combat organized crime in Mexico. Since then, the Mexican government has sought to changethe military doctrine and legislation to include the concept of internal security in order to legalizethe participation of the Army and Navy in public security. However, after the creation of the NationalGendarmerie within the Federal Police during the administration of Enrique Peña Nieto (2012–2018),the Army decided to strengthen the Military Police as the body in charge of internal security operations.Path dependence on the use of Armed Forces for public security purposes is being maintainedby the government of President Andrés Manuel López Obrador with the creation of the National Guard.This paper seeks to find the institutional and political causes that are behind the strengthening of theArmed Forces and the military doctrine shift towards public security in Mexico. Some of the questionsto be answered are: Which are the organizational reasons behind these changes in the Mexican Army?Are there institutional incentives in the Mexican Armed Forces that are pushing for these changes? Isthere a regional agenda, supported by the United States, which encourages these changes? Which arethe medium- and long-term consequences of these changes for the Mexican Army? ; Durante el gobierno de Felipe Calderón (2006–2012), las Fuerzas Armadas se utilizaron paracombatir el crimen organizado en México. Desde entonces, el gobierno mexicano ha tratado de modificar la doctrina y la legislación militar para incluir el concepto de seguridad interna con el objetivo de legalizar la participación del Ejército y la Armada en la seguridad pública. No obstante, tras la creación de la Gendarmería Nacional dentro de la Policía Federal durante la administración de Enrique Peña Nieto (2012–2018), el Ejército decidió fortalecer a la Policía Militar como el organismo encargado de las operaciones de seguridad interna. El gobierno del presidente Andrés Manuel López Obrador mantiene las trayectorias dependientes del uso de las Fuerzas Armadas para fines de seguridad pública con la creación de la Guardia Nacional. Este trabajo busca encontrar las causas institucionales y políticas que están detrás del fortalecimiento de las Fuerzas rmadas y el cambio de doctrina militar hacia la seguridad pública en México. Algunos de los interrogantes por responder son: ¿cuáles son las razones organizacionales para estos cambios en el ejército mexicano? ¿Existen incentivos institucionales en las Fuerzas Armadas mexicanas que presionan para que se hagan estos cambios? ¿Existe una agenda regional, con el respaldo de los Estados Unidos, que aliente estos cambios? ¿Cuáles son las consecuencias a mediano y largo plazo de estos cambios para el ejército mexicano? ; Durante o governo de Felipe Calderón (2006-2012), as Forças Armadas foram utilizadas paracombater o crime organizado no México. Desde então, o governo mexicano tenta alterar a doutrina e alegislação militar para incluir o conceito de "segurança interna", a fim de legalizar a participação do Exército e da Armada na segurança pública. Contudo, após a criação da Gendarmaria Nacional, dentro da Polícia Federal durante a administração de Enrique Peña Nieto (2012-2018), o Exército decidiu fortalecer a Polícia Militar como o organismo encarregado pelas operações de segurança interna. O governo do presidente Andrés Manuel López Obrador mantém as trajetórias que dependem do uso das Forças Armadas para fins de segurança pública com a criação da Guarda Nacional. Este trabalho pretende encontrar as causas institucionais e políticas que estão por trás do fortalecimento das Forças Armadas e da mudança da doutrina militar na segurança pública no México. A partir disso, são levantadas algumas questões: quais são as razões organizacionais para essas mudanças no exército mexicano? Há incentivos institucionais nas Forças Armadas mexicanas que pressionam para que essas mudanças sejam feitas? Há uma agenda regional, com o apoio dos Estados Unidos, que incentive essas mudanças? Quais são as consequências em médio e longo prazo dessas mudanças para o exército mexicano?

Urbanization is an important demo-geographical process and a complex social phenomenon under impact of which changes are made not only to the global, regional or national settlement systems, but all socio-economic processes are also substantially transformed. Changes caused by urbanization have an impact on traditional way of life, cultural particularity, community and individual psychology and other aspects of spiritual life, therefore expressions and regularities of this process might be of interest not only for demographers, geographers and economists, but also for representatives of the field of humanities.Paper presents the progress of urbanization processes in Latgale, by covering the period from establishment of the first urban-type settlements in the Eastern Latvia until today, when under impact of the depopulation processes number of inhabitants in all cities of the region decreases dramatically. Particular attention is paid to the course of formation and evolution of the Latgale urban network, successively looking at characteristics of the course of urbanization process during all major stages of the historical process.Towns and cities constitute the basis for the Latvian population system, characterized by historically formed relatively dense urban network. Like elsewhere in the country, also in modern Latgale towns and cities are distributed evenly throughout the region area, but historically it has not always been so. Urban spatial and landscape model in Latgale has been developed within the long historical process of gradual accumulation of changes in the landscape space; however the balance of this process is destroyed by sudden transformations of political, economic and socio-cultural conditions the region and its people have had to survive in more than one occasion.The article particularly deals with characteristics of the urbanization processes during post-Soviet period, outlines the present urban development trends in Latgale, and highlights major urban demo-geographical problems, among which the emphasis has to be placed on the rapid depopulation, an ageing population and the deepening of territorial inequalities, also intra-regionally.Structural economical changes and increasing mobility of population during the post- Soviet period have changed the urban development perspective. Activities based on new knowledge are concentrated in large agglomerations, while individual regions, including Latgale, with less competitive urban centers are noticeably lagging behind in their development.Therefore, exactly in these areas and localities it is necessary to strengthen the urban functions to impede also interregional migration of population, since it substantially restricts the functionality of the most remote and underdeveloped areas and hinders provision of services to population at an appropriate level. This is even more important since implementation of the cohesion principles has been proclaimed to be one of the cornerstones of the European Union regional policy.Unfortunately, at least for the time being situation in urban areas of Latgale is far from encouraging - negative net migration and negative natural growth factor, persistently high level of unemployment is observed there, social exclusion and apathy prevailing. Admittedly, in recent years urban development in Latgale represents also several positive trends. Urban environmental quality has improved significantly, which is generally associated with transition to environmentally more friendly fuels and implementation of various environmental projects, based on funding from the EU budget, such as municipal waste management, improving of water supply and sewerage systems.Encouragingly, facilities of regional higher education institutions improve, and the capacity of scientific work increases, important interdisciplinary research has been launched. In the nearest future significant educational and scientific infrastructure improvement projects at the University of Daugavpils and Rezekne Higher Education Institution are planned to be made, which will certainly increase competitiveness of the Latgale region in the science and technology area.Article is based on review of comprehensive scientific literature and analysis of available statistical information. The author does not claim to provide all-inclusive and in-depth analysis of the urbanization processes in Latgale, since this task would be performed in course of further studies, but summarizes the results obtained at an early stage of research of urban areas and population demo-geographical development, as well as of the quality of urban environment.