Suchergebnisse

La seguridad social tiene su antecedente trascendente en los seguros sociales creados en Alemania por Bismarck a fi nes del siglo XIX. En México, la normatividad sobre seguridad social, que está aparejada a las normas laborales, se aplica a trabajadores en general, trabajadores al servicio de la federación, de los estados o de los ayuntamientos. También las fuerzas armadas disfrutan de seguridad social. Estas disposiciones jurídicas contienen regulaciones para personas en proceso de envejecimiento, como son pensiones por cesantía en edad avanzada o por vejez, que incluyen prestaciones en especie y en dinero. La población derechohabiente de algún sistema de seguridad social representa el 40% de la población, lo que signifi ca que el 60% restante se encuentra desprotegido. El ritmo de crecimiento de los adultos mayores es más acelerado que el del conjunto de la población. Se espera que a mediados de siglo haya poco más de 36 millones de adultos mayores, de los cuales más de la mitad tendrán más de 70 años. La edad media de los mexicanos pasará de 27 años en 2000 a 43 años en 2050. Se han instrumentado diversos programas gubernamentales para apoyar a sectores en situación de desventaja, particularmente a los mayores de 60 años, pero siguen siendo insufi cientes. Por lo anterior, se propone instrumentar un programa de seguridad social, que puede ser incorporado al Seguro Popular, con un régimen de fi nanciamiento lo sufi cientemente claro, que permita otorgar no solamente prestaciones en especie, con instalaciones y equipamiento adecuados y personal altamente capacitado, sino también prestaciones en dinero, entregadas de forma oportuna y con trámites sencillos, en particular a personas mayores de 60 años. ; Social security has its transcendent history back in those created in Germany by Bismarck in the late 19th century. In México, the regulations on social security, which is paralleled with labor standards, applies to workers in general, workers at the service of the Federation, the States or the counties. The armed forces also enjoy social security. These legal provisions contain regulations for people in ageing processes, for they obtain a pension at an advanced age, including benefi ts in many ways and money. Those belonging to some social security system represent 40% of the population, which means that the remaining 60% are unprotected. The growth rate of the elderly is faster than joint of the whole population. It is expected that by mid-century there will be more than 36 million elderly, of whom more than half will be over 70 years old. The average age of Mexicans will pass from 27 in 2000 to 43 in 2050. Various government programs have been implemented to support this sector of the population, particularly those over the age of 60, but still it is insuffi cient for what, implementing a social security program, which can be incorporated into the "Seguro Popular" with a fi nancing scheme clear enough, enabling multiple grants not only single benefi ts, helping out with and adequate equipment and installation, trained personal, but also cash delivered benefi ts and

The environment of a modern company requires constant learning, adjusting and innovating, independence, responsibility, personal development and readiness to take risks. Therefore, people make the company successful instead of the technology and structure. Optimal use of human resources within an organization provides an advantage on the market, namely, a competitive advantage. Numerous companies apply continuous learning, but a company has to apply certain mechanisms and the culture which promotes such activities in order to be successful. Certain efforts and activities are also required for improving the competences of the unemployed. The general demographic trend is pointing to the ageing workforce, which urges human resources to improve their competences throughout Europe but also in Serbia. Such demographic dynamics can cause the majority of key competences to disappear, which can later on have a negative effect on company competitiveness, productivity and efficiency. Moreover, some companies greatly suffer from the inability of the formal educational system to respond to the present companies' needs. Therefore, nowadays a lot of companies deal with the process of developing competences themselves. A competence is considered as a combination of skills, knowledge, tendencies, attitudes and readiness for additional learning. Key competences represent a mobile, multifunctional packet of knowledge, skills and attitudes, required by each individual for personal growth, accomplishment and employment. Also, education and career change represent active measures on the labor market, aiming at increasing employability and productivity of the unemployed, though matching CVs with companies' needs. The objective of this paper is to determine which qualities/competencies of the employees are desirable and how to reduce the unemployment, according to the SMEs in the City of Nis. ; Ambijent savremene kompanije traži stalno učenje, prilagođavanje i inoviranje, samostalnost, odgovornost, samostalni razvoj i spremnost na preuzimanje rizika. Zato ljudi, a ne tehnologija i struktura, čine kompaniju uspešnom. Optimalna upotreba kadrovskog potencijala u organizaciji omogućava ostvarenje prednosti na tržištu, odnosno konkurentske prednosti. Mnoge kompanije primenjuju kontinuirano učenje, a da bi kompanija bila uspešna u ovom poduhvatu neophodno je da ima određene mehanizme i kulturu koja podstiče ovakve aktivnosti. Neophodni su i određeni napori i aktivnosti koje mogu da unaprede kompetencije (ne)zaposlenih. Opštu potrebu za razvojem kompetencija ljudskih resursa u Evropi, ali i kod nas, podstiče i opšti demografski trend koji se odnosi na ubrzano starenje radne populacije. Ovakva demografska kretanja mogu dovesti do gubitka značajnog dela ključnih kompetencija, što može kasnije negativno da utiče na konkurentnost, produktivnost i efikasnost kompanija. Štaviše, neke kompanije su značajno pogođene nemogućnošću formalnog obrazovnog sistema da udovolji trenutnim potrebama preduzeća. Zbog toga se mnoge kompanije danas same bave procesom razvoja kompetencija. Kompetencija se smatra kombinacijom veština, znanja, sklonosti i stavova i uključuje spremnost ka dodatnom učenju. Ključne kompetencije predstavljaju prenosivi, multifunkcionalni paket znanja, veština i stavova koji su potrebni svakom pojedincu za lični razvoj i ostvarenost i zaposlenje. Takođe, obuka i prekvalifikacija je tip aktivne politike tržišta rada čiji je osnovni cilj da poveća zapošljivost i produktivnost nezaposlenih lica, kroz prilagođavanje ponude rada zahtevima poslodavaca. Cilj rada je da se utvrdi izraženost pojedinih kvaliteta/kompetencija ljudskih resursa i smanjenja nezaposlenosti u Gradu Nišu prema mišljenju poslodavaca.

This research project centres around the topics of participatory planning and community development. It specifically investigates and illustrates the contributions of youth through their participation in initiatives that contribute to the improvement of the communities in which they live. According to the United Nations Human Settlements and Cities statistics, the global population has quadrupled since 1950 and cities of the developing world account for over ninety percent of the worlds urban growth. The measures also highlight that the world is also more youthful. Even as decreasing birth rates and longer life spans are influencing an overall trend toward population ageing, in absolute numbers, there are more people under the age of 25 today than ever, nearly 3 billion or half of the total global population (UN-Habitat 2007). The purpose of this project is to address what planners can do in cities where youth, or those aged under 25, are the age majority of the urban population. The research: • investigates what issues are associated with such demographic trends • questions what facilitates successful youth participation • questions how local authorities can create opportunities given this situation • examines what role physical space can provide. A mixed methodology is used to examine and present one case study of a space called the One Stop Youth Information Research Centre (One Stop) which exists in Nairobi, Kenya. The One Stop is a hub for youth to engage in cultural and physical activities such as music, theatre and sports, allowing them to interact positively with their community and their peers. The research was conducted in 2006 and 2007 using interviews, site visits, observational analysis, an architectural study of space and supplementary data analysis. These were conducted as part of an internship project with UN-Habitat. The Once Stop case example is part of the UN-Habitat Global Partnership Initiative. At a local level, it has been used as a strategy to facilitate meaningful youth participation within local government and community. To introduce the case study, particular emphasis is given to existing studies that have investigated youth empowerment, engagement, participation, and support mechanisms. The case study demonstrates how young people have the ability to take the lead in determining what action is needed to address the concerns that they face, and are demonstrating this ability through meaningful initiatives. It also demonstrates the passion and energy of young people when they are engaged in a collaborative effort to bring about transformation in improving their world. Underpinning this research is the assertion that providing a formalised, physical space can be the fundamental catalyst for positive youth action and development. The examples, observations and recommendations from this project have been documented for UN-Habitat, and also the Nairobi City Council, who operationalised this initiative in Kenya. The findings and profile may also be of use to other local governments, policy makers, civil society and those who share a willingness to take action and generate an investment in youth, and an interest in reaping the associated rewards and dividends. ; Applied Science, Faculty of ; Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of ; Unreviewed ; Graduate

An independent and detailed expert analysis of a decade of reforms (published 25 February) takes up the challenge made by Peter Mandelson in 1997 to "judge us after ten years of success in office. For one of the fruits of that success will be that Britain has become a more equal society.����"Commissioned by the Joseph Rowntree Foundation, the study, by a team led by LSE's Centre for Analysis of Social Exclusion, shows sharp contrasts between different policy areas. Notable success stories include reductions in child and pensioner poverty, improved education outcomes for the poorest children and schools, and narrowing economic and other divides between deprived and other areas.But health inequalities continued to widen, gaps in incomes between the very top and very bottom grew, and poverty increased for working-age people without children.����In several policy areas there was a marked contrast between the first half of the New Labour period and the second half, when progress has slowed or even stalled.John Hills, one of the leaders of study, said, "Whether Britain has moved towards becoming a 'more equal society' depends on what you look at, and when. Where clear initiatives were taken, results followed. But as the growth of living standards slowed, even well before the recession, and public finances tightened, momentum seems to have been lost in several key areas."Kitty Stewart added, "The government can take heart from achievements such as the reduction in child poverty up to 2004.����Recent data show that by then, child well-being in the UK had begun to move up the European league table from its dismal showing at the start of the decade that formed the basis of UNICEF's damning 2007 report. But even with improved figures, Britain was still left with one of the highest rates of child poverty out of the 15 original EU members, and the latest figures show it had increased again by 2006/7."����The study concludes that the decade from 1997 was favourable to an egalitarian agenda in several ways: the economy grew continuously; the government had large majorities and aspired to create more equality; and public attitudes surveys suggested pent-up demand for more public expenditure. But that environment now looks very uncertain, not just in the near future, but also in the longer term.����Fiscal pressures from an ageing society could further constrain resources available for redistribution, and public attitudes towards the benefit system have hardened while support for redistribution has declined.Hills added, "The 1980s and 1990s showed that hoping that rapid growth in living standards at the top would 'trickle down' to those at the bottom did not work.����The period since 1997 has shown that gains are possible through determined interventions, but they require intensive and continuous effort to be sustained."JRF Chief Executive Julia Unwin added, "We know the potential impact the deepening recession will have on those already living in poverty. This book provides an important, timely and comprehensive assessment of where we are and what remains to be done."

ÖZETGünümüzde, daha iyi standartlarda yaşamak için göç neredeyse pek çok insan için bir gereklilik haline gelmiştir. Ancak artan göç hareketleri nedeniyle hem göçmenler, hem de ev sahibi ülkeler tarafından, daha etkili bütünleşme politikalarına ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Bu politikaların uygulanmasında sivil toplumun da önemli bir yeri vardır. Hükümetler, politikalarının içselleştirilmesi ve uygulanması için sivil toplum ile sivil toplum kuruluşları (STK) aracılığıyla işbirliği yapmaktadırlar.Avrupa genelinde yaşlanan nüfus sorunu ve cazip sosyal ve ekonomik fırsatlar nedeniyle de Avrupa Birliği (AB) artan bir göç ile karşı karşıyadır. Avrupa Birliği, sivil toplumun sosyal ve ekonomik yönetişimde eşsiz bir rolü olduğunu tanımakta ve daha etkili politikalar geliştirebilmek için sivil toplumu kesinlikle desteklemektedir. Bu tez, AB'de birçok sosyal, kültürel ve ekonomik dengeyi etkileyen göç gerçeğini ve konuda STK'larin rolünü İspanya göç politikalarına, daha özel olarak da, Murcia Bölgesi'ne odaklanıp, 'göçmenlerin bütünleşmesi' açısından incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu nedenle öncelikle Sivil toplum, STK ve göç kavramları ve olguları sırasıyla AB'de, İspanya'da ve Murcia Bölgesi'nde araştırılmıştır. Daha sonra da göçmenlerin gerekli stratejiler doğrultusunda bütünleşmesindeki STK rolü bir STK olan CEPAIM ve onun projesi olan BEMBEA örneğinde incelenmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu çerçevede AB'de birçok dengeyi etkileyen göç gerçeğinin toplumdaki hükümet dışı kuruluşların dahil olmasıyla ile kültürlerarasılık, etkileşim ve saygıya dayalı olarak kolaylaştırılmasının ancak sivil toplumun bu konudaki katılımıyla gerçekleştirilebileceği ortaya çıkmıştır. Sonuç olarak, STKlar katılımcı demokrasiler için çok önemli aktörlerdir ve ancak STKların da sorumluluk almasıyla sosyal politikalar güçlendirilerek sosyal dönüşüm kolaylaştırılabilir. ABSTRACTNowadays, migration has become a necessity almost for many people to reach better living standards. However, due to increasing migratory movements, effective integration policies are needed by both the immigrants and the host countries. Civil society has an important role in the implementation of these policies. The governments collaborate with civil society through NGOs for the internalization and implementation of the policies.The European Union (EU) is faced with increasing immigration because of ageing population and social and economic opportunities. The EU recognizes that civil society has a unique role in social and economic governance and certainly supports it to be able to develop more efficient policies. This thesis, therefore, aims to analyze the migration that influences many social, cultural and economic balances in the EU, and the role of NGOs about this issue on the 'integration of immigrants' by focusing Spanish migration policies, in particular to the Region of Murcia. Therefore; firstly, the concepts and phenomena of civil society, NGOs and migration are explored respectively in the EU, in Spain and in the Region of Murcia. Moreover, the role of NGOs in the integration of the immigrants is intended to be analyzed through examples of CEPAIM, which is an NGO, and its project BEMBEA. In this framework, it has been revealed that the facilitation -of the reality of migration which affects many balances in the EU- based on respect, interaction and interculturality by the involvement of non governmental entities, can only be realized by the participation of civil society about this issue. As a conclusion, NGOs are very important actors for participatory democracies and social transformation can be facilitated by empowering social policies only if NGOs take responsibility, too.

There seems to be a broad consensus in Europe that there is a European Social Model (ESM), typical of European societies and that this model should be protected and developed. But the ESM is an ambiguous notion: is it a simple description of the actual state of European societies? Is this a normative concept? Is it consistent with contemporary evolution marked by economic globalization and liberalization? Is this a political project? Section 1 provides an assessment of 'the European Social Model'. This model has different patterns among EU-15 countries. The generally adopted classification (Esping-Andersen, 1990) sets out four social models in Europe: liberal, continental, Scandinavian and Mediterranean. Are the four models variants of a single ESM? Section 2 compares their economic and social performances. The best economic performances are obtained by the Liberals and the Scandinavian countries; Scandinavian countries have also the best social performance. The economic performances of continental model countries are poor. Are they condemned to evolue to the liberal model, or can they move towards the Scandinavian model? Can this model be implemented in all larger open, heterogeneous and with high unemployment countries? Section 3 discusses the need to adapt the ESM to new economic and social challenges: the ageing of populations, the rising trend in health spending, the change in family structures, the rising trend in social exclusion, the persistence of mass unemployment in some countries, of low fertility rates in some others. The section presents the actual debates, national or European, about reforms of pension system, health system, unemployment benefits, family policy and anti-poverty flight. Section 4 presents the actual situation of 'Social Europe'. This expression may refer to the current actions of European Institutions. It may also refer to a political project: increasing gradually the level of Europe's intervention in social fields. But the objective may be to 'modernise social protection', i.e. to reduce its field and costs, or on the contrary to progressively implement common social norms in all Member States in order to reach a high and similar social protection level. The single market makes it more and more difficult for national protection systems to coexist. The respective roles of national and European institutions in the evolution of the ESM (or ESMs) are discussed. The current European strategy - the social Agenda and the Open method of coordination (OMC) - remains disconnected from national debates and reforms. Can they become more democratic and more powerful? The conclusion presents two views on the future of the ESM. The first suggests a new architecture of welfare states in Europe, inspired by the Scandinavian model, so the impact of social protection as a productive factor increases. The second stresses the importance of guaranteeing social cohesion in the Member States, by reducing income inequalities and ensuring a high level of social protection. Yet, the improvement of the European economic framework and the development of the Social Europe are not technical issues. They require a major change in the economic policy thinking and a new alliance between social classes concerned about full employment and social cohesion.

Desde finales de los años sesenta, en los países de la Unión Europea, se ha producido una mutación radical en la construcción social de las edades y en las relaciones de género. Tan importante ha sido su impacto en la evolución demográfica, que algunos autores hablan de Segunda Transición Demográfica. En los países del sur de la Unión Europea la transición se inició a mediados de los años setenta, caracterizándose respecto a la evolución en los países septentrionales por el retraso y la alta intensidad de las transformaciones acaecidas, coincidiendo con un período de reestructuración económica. Es durante ese período que España invertirá el signo de su saldo migratorio, de negativo a positivo. En el presente texto se hace un repaso a las políticas migratorias en España desde 1985 y cómo han afectado a la visibilidad estadística de las migraciones y la población extranjera, a la vez que se reflexiona, desde la perspectiva demográfica, sobre la inmigración internacional, teniendo la igualación de los sexos y la redefinición de las edades como telón de fondo. ; Des de finals dels anys seixanta, en els països de la Unió Europea s'ha produït una mutació radical en la construcció social de les edats i en les relacions de gènere. El seu impacte ha esdevingut tan important en l'evolució demogràfica, que alguns autors parlen de la Segona Transició Demogràfica. En els països del sud de la Unió Europea, la transició es va iniciar a mitjans dels anys setanta, caracteritzant-se en l'evolució dels països septentrionals pel retard i l'alta intensitat de les transformacions patides, coïncidint amb un període de reestructuració econòmica. Serà durant aquest període quan Espanya invertirà el signe del seu saldo migratori, de negatiu a positiu. En aquest text es fa un repàs a les polítiques migratòries d'Espanya des de 1985 i es copsa com han afectat a la visibilitat estadística de les migracions i de la població estrangera, a la vegada que es reflexiona, des de la perspectiva demográfica, sobre la immigració internacional, tenint com a teló de fons, la igualació dels sexes i la redefinició de les edats. ; From the end of sixties radical changes have taken place in the social construction of ageing and in gender relations in the European Union (EU) countries. These changes are of central importance in explaining the demographic evolution that some authors have already termed the Second Demographic Transition. In the Southern countries of the EU the transition began in the middle of the seventies, and since then it has been characterized by the late nature and intensity of transformation compared to the evolution in the northern countries, coinciding with an period of economic of restructuring. It is during that period that Spain changed its current net migration from negative to positive. In this way the present article deals with the revision of migratory policies that have happened in Spain since 1985 and how they have affected the statistical visibility of both migration and foreign population. At the same time the article stresses, from a demographic perspective, the importance of international immigration and progress in gender equality as the main background.

Rationale: Body composition changes throughout life may explain the inconsistent associations reported between body mass index and lung function in children. Objectives: To assess the associations of body weight and composition trajectories from 7 to 15 years with lung function at 15 years and lung function growth between 8 and 15 years. Methods: Sex-specific body mass index, lean body mass index, and fat mass index trajectories were developed using Group-Based Trajectory Modeling on data collected at least twice between 7 and 15 years from 6,964 children (49% boys) in the UK Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children birth cohort. Associations of these trajectories with post-bronchodilation lung function parameters at 15 years and with lung function growth rates from 8 to 15 years were assessed using multivariable linear regression models, stratified by sex, in a subgroup with lung function data (n = 3,575). Measurements and Main Results: For all body mass measures we identified parallel trajectories that increased with age. There was no consistent evidence of an association between the body mass index trajectories and lung function measures. Higher lean body mass index trajectories were associated with higher levels and growth rates of FVC, FEV1, and forced expiratory flow, midexpiratory phase in both sexes (e.g., boys in the highest lean body mass index trajectory had on average a 0.62 L [95% confidence interval, 0.44-0.79; P trend < 0.0001] higher FVC at 15 yr than boys in the lowest trajectory). Increasing fat mass index trajectories were associated with lower levels and growth rates of FEV1 and forced expiratory flow, midexpiratory phase only in boys and lower levels of FEV1/FVC in both sexes. Conclusions: Higher lean body mass during childhood and adolescence is consistently associated with higher lung function at 15 years in both sexes, whereas higher fat mass is associated with lower levels of only some lung function parameters. ; The present analyses are part of the ALEC (Ageing Lungs in European Cohorts) Study (www.alecstudy.org), which has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No. 633212. The content of this article reflects only the authors' views, and the European Commission is not liable for any use that may be made of the information contained therein. The UK Medical Research Council and Wellcome Trust (grant reference number: 102215/2/13/2) and the University of Bristol provide core support for ALSPAC. A comprehensive list of grant funding is available on the ALSPAC website (http://www.bristol.ac.uk/alspac/external/documents/grant-acknowledgements.pdf). Specifically, grants from Wellcome Trust and Medical Research Council (076467/Z/05/Z and G0401540/73080) supported the collection of body composition and lung function data at 15 years. E.F. is supported by a Marie Skłodowska-Curie Individual Fellowship (H2020-MSCA-IF-2015; proposal number 704268). C.R. is the recipient of a European Respiratory Society Fellowship (RESPIRE3-201703-00127, under H2020—Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions COFUND).

El envejecimiento de la población junto con un mayor grado de dependencia de la misma provocan un incremento en el número de atenciones, erosionando asimismo la salud del personal sanitario encargado de sus cuidados. Por ello, este estudio se centra en el análisis de las condiciones ergonómicas y psicosociales del puesto de auxiliar de enfermería de una residencia geriátrica, con el fin de proponer medidas preventivas que mejoren su situación laboral. El estudio se realiza tomando como muestra a las trabajadoras que participen de forma voluntaria. Las herramientas empleadas son la observación directa no participante de sus labores, cumplimentación del Cuestionario de Salud General de Goldberg y la realización de una entrevista grupal a informantes claves. Posteriormente se planifica las acciones preventivas más adecuadas. Los resultados obtenidos indican un nivel de riesgo medio en las tareas Levantar y Poner al baño. No obstante, estas labores son consideradas como las más penosas por el colectivo. Con respecto al estrés laboral, no se muestra psicopatología en la población estudiada. Sin embargo, se recomienda realizar nuevos estudios psicosociales, ya que durante la observación se alude a la implicación emocional que supone la atención de personas mayores. Como conclusión podemos extraer que, la integración de la prevención sigue siendo una tarea ardua debido a la lentitud con la que la cultura preventiva se introduce en determinados colectivos No obstante, se evidencia la preocupación de la Diputación Provincial de Soria al permitir realizar estudios que permitan mejorar las condiciones laborales de sus trabajadores/as. ; The evident ageing of the population together with greater degree of dependence cause an increase in the number of attentions of this group, in turn deteriorating the health of responsible nurse staff for their care. Therefore, this study focuses on the analysis of ergonomic and psychosocial job nursing assistant in a nursing home, in order to propose preventive measures to improve their labour conditions. The study was performed taking as sample of those workers of the nursing home that participate voluntarily. The methods used are non-participating direct observation of their tasks, completion of the General Health Questionnaire Goldberg and the realization a group interview with key informants. Then it proceeds to plan the most appropriate preventive actions. The results obtained indicate medium risk level tasks Get up and Put the toilet. However, the collective considers these tasks as the most difficult. With respect to work stress, none of the surveyed population show symptom of stress. Despite these results, it is recommended to make new psychosocial studies, because during the observation the workers mention the emotional involvement that assumes the care of older people. As conclusion, the integration of prevention remains an arduous task due to the slowness with which the culture of prevention is introduced into certain groups. However, the Provincial Government of Soria shows worry of health of theirs workers that allow these studies to improve the working conditions. ; Máster Universitario en Prevención de Riesgos Laborales por la Universidad Pública de Navarra ; Laneko Arriskuen Prebentzioko Unibertsitate Masterra Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoan

Social exclusion is complex and dynamic, and it leads to the non-realization of social, economic, political or cultural rights or participation within a society. This critical review takes stock of the literature on exclusion of social relations. Social relations are defined as comprising social resources, social connections and social networks. An evidence review group undertook a critical review which integrates, interprets and synthesizes information across studies to develop a conceptual model of exclusion from social relations. The resulting model is a subjective interpretation of the literature and is intended to be the starting point for further evaluations. The conceptual model identifies individual risks for exclusion from social relations (personal attributes, biological and neurological risk, retirement, socio-economic status, exclusion from material resources and migration). It incorporates the evaluation of social relations, and the influence of psychosocial resources and socio-emotional processes, sociocultural, social-structural, environmental and policy contextual influences on exclusion from social relations. It includes distal outcomes of exclusion from social relations, that is, individual well-being, health and functioning, social opportunities and social cohesion. The dynamic relationships between elements of the model are also reported. We conclude that the model provides a subjective interpretation of the data and an excellent starting point for further phases of conceptual development and systematic evaluation(s). Future research needs to consider the use of sophisticated analytical tools and an interdisciplinary approach in order to understand the underlying biological and ecopsychosocial associations that contribute to individual and dynamic differences in the experience of exclusion from social relations.

Objectives: Do people living in more corrupted countries report worse health? We answer this question by investigating the relationship between country-level corruption and the number of chronic diseases for a sample of Europeans aged above 50. Methods: We link a rich panel dataset on individual health and socio-demographic characteristics with two country-level corruption indices, analyse the overall relationship with pooled ordinary least squares and fixed-effect models, explore heterogeneous effects driven by country and individual factors, and disentangle the effect across different public sectors. Results: Individuals living in more corrupted countries suffer from a higher number of chronic diseases. The heterogeneity analysis shows that (1) health outcomes are worsened especially for respondents living in relatively low-income countries; (2) the health of females and people with poor socio-economic status is more affected by corruption; (3) the corruption-health negative link mainly occurs for cardiovascular diseases and ulcers; (4) only corrupted sectors linked with healthcare are associated with poorer health. Conclusions: We inform the policy debate with novel results in establishing a nexus between corruption and morbidity indicators.

Hypoxia-Induced Intermitochondrial Junctions in the Rabbit Carotid-Body: An Ultrastructural and Experimental Study -- Ultrastructural Studies of the Cat Carotid Body Perfused for Short Periods with Physiological Saline Solutions -- Morphological and Biochemical Characteristics of the Laryngeal Nerve Paraganglia -- Central Terminations of Carotid Body Chemoreceptor Afferents -- Vascular Geometry of Arterial Chemoreceptors: Learning about the Carotid Body by Studying Paraganglia of the Superior Laryngeal Nerve -- Altered Function of Cat Carotid Body Chemoreceptors in Prolonged Hyperoxia -- Glycolysis as a Link for Chemoreception? -- Spectrophotometric Studies on Carotid Body Tissue -- ATP Content in the Cat Carotid Body under Different Experimental Conditions. Support for the Metabolic Hypothesis -- Pathways for Calcium Entry into Type I Cells: Significance for the Secretory Response -- Effects of Cyanide and Acetylcholine on Extracellular K+ and Ca++ Activities in the Cat Carotid Body -- Application of the Chemiluminescent Method to Carotid Body for Detecting Choline and Acetylcholine -- Monoamine Content and Metabolism in the Rabbit Carotid Body -- A Comparative Study of the Metabolism of Catecholamines in the Rabbit and Cat Carotid Body -- Release of Catecholamines by Electrical Stimulation of the Cat Carotid Sinus Nerve in Vitro -- Dopamine and 3, 4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid Concentrations in Rat Carotid Body: The Effects of Chronic Hypoxia and Hyperoxia from Birth -- Prolonged Hyperoxia and Oligomycin have Similar Effects on Cat Carotid Body Chemoreceptors -- In Vitro Carotid Chemoreceptor Response to Hypoxia and Hypercapnia after Reserpinization or AMPT-Treatment in the Rabbit and in the Cat -- Regulation of Neuropeptide Levels in Sensory Receptors and Autonomic Ganglia -- Origin of Respiratory Oscillations in Chemoreceptor Discharge -- Afferent Activity in the Sinus Nerve of the Rabbit after Regeneration -- The Role of the Carotid Body in Acclimatization to Hypoxia -- The Role of the Peripheral Arterial Chemoreceptors in the Cardiovascular Responses of the Cat to Acute Systemic Hypoxia -- The Effect of Premature Delivery on Chemoreceptor Sensitivity in the Lamb -- Studies of Chemoreceptor Resetting after Hyperoxic Ventilation of the Fetus in Utero -- The Chemoreception of Hypoxia and Hypercapnia: Further Evidence for a Dual Sensing Mechanism -- Carotid Body Chemoreceptor Response to Transient Arterial Occlusion -- The Carotid Bodies in Coarctation of the Aorta -- The Carotid Bodies in a Case of Ventricular Septal Defect -- Histological Changes Associated with Ageing of the Human Carotid Body -- Slow Ventilatory Dynamics in Hypoxic Patients with Obstructive Airways Disease -- Propranolol Treatment Inhibits the Carotid Body Vascular Changes Evoked by Long-Term Hypoxia -- Acetylcholine- and Dopamine-Induced Excitation of Cultured Newborn Rabbit Nodose Ganglion Neurons: Effects of Co-Culture with Carotid Body Fragments -- Pharmacological Studies on Opioid Receptors in the Cat Carotid Body -- Chemoexcitation Evoked by Adenosine: Pharmacological Characterisation of the Receptor -- Adenosine Modulation of Respiration Mediated by Carotid Body Chemoreceptors -- Interference by Domperidone on Chemosensory and Ventilatory Responses to Dopamine -- The Double Reflexogenic Action of Lobeline, Acetylcholine and Cyanides on the Carotid Body, Influence of Phentolamine and Sulpiride -- Power Spectral Analysis of Chemoreceptor Discharges During Asphyxia and after Administration of Almitrine Bismesylate -- Peripheral Chemoreceptor Stimulation and Pulmonary Circulation in the Rat -- Almitrine Anatagonizes the Depressant Effect of the Morphinomimetic Agent, Fentanyl on Bulbar Respiratory Neurons -- Effects of Chronic Hypoxia on Chemoreceptor Function in the Newborn -- Reduction in Dopaminergic Activity in the Rat Carotid Body after Acute or Chronic Almitrine -- Carotid Body Responses to Administration of Almitrine Bismesylate -- Kinetics of Almitrine Bismesylate and its Metabolites in the Carotid Body and Other Tissues of the Rat.