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The influx of Russian entertainers and sex workers to South Korea exemplifies complex intersections of cultural and economic factors that fuel international migration of women. This article discusses the role of race and nationalism in constructing the ideal type of Western women that serves as a new commodity frontier.

Part I. Why a focus on the Belt and Road Initiative? -- Chapter 1. An academic approach to the Belt and Road Initiative / David De Cremer, Bruce McKern, and Jack McGuire -- Part II. On the significance of the Belt and Road Initiative -- Chapter 2. The Belt and Road Initiative : views from the Chinese side and the European side / Ying Zhang -- Chapter 3. Implementing the Belt and Road Initiative : competing priorities / Bruce McKern -- Part III. Belt and Road Initiative at the societal and country level -- Chapter 4. The Belt and Road Initiative : a pathway to world leadership? / Steffi Weil and Dora Munteanu -- Chapter 5. Soft infrastructures and the Belt and Road Initiative / Bala Ramasamy, Matthew Yeung, Yann Duval, and Chorthip Utoktham -- Chapter 6. The Belt and Road Initiative and Sino-Russo-Japanese relations / Nikolay Murashkin -- Chapter 7. China's infrastructure investment in Africa / Saite Lu -- Chapter 8. Urban development along the Belt and Road : a case study of North Africa / Chaowei Xiao and Chuchu Zhang -- Chapter 9. Developing effective cross-cultural negotiations : the case of the "Belt and Road Initiative" for Turkey and China / Gokhan Bitmis and Jack McGuire -- Chapter 10. China on the Arabian Sea : a risk assessment / Michael Tai -- Part IV. Managing the business dynamics of the Belt and Road Initiative -- Chapter 11. Realizing the potential of the Belt and Road Initiative : what role for M & A? / Peter J. Williamson -- Chapter 12. Globalizing innovation ecosystem, entrepreneurs and the Digital Silk Road / Mark Greeven -- Chapter 13. "One Belt, One Road" risk assessment and Chinese investment / Chuchu Zhang and Chaowei Xiao -- Chapter 14. RMB internationalization in relation to the Belt and Road Initiative / Yimin Zhang and Qinli Zhu -- Chapter 15. On the leadership challenges for China in the Belt and Road Initiative / David De Cremer -- Chapter 16. How will the Belt and Road Initiative be financed? / Simon Taylor -- Chapter 17. Promoting the Belt and Road Initiative : a strategic marketing approach / Eden Yin -- Chapter 18. Central Asia and the Belt and Road Initiative / Richard Pomfret.

[eng] Environmental awareness is of increasing concern for society and leads heavy pressure to adopt challenging political decisions. In this context, electricity systems are facing a massive transformation from the replacement of conventional generation technologies by renewables. A safe, successful and affordable energy transition entails an efficient, optimal and low-cost connection of renewables. To that end, it is essential anticipating future scenarios and creating market-based frameworks aimed at maximizing social welfare. In this context, this thesis focuses on grids, the core of electricity systems as they have to allocate large amounts of RES. Grid-efficiencies and grid-related costs linked with renewables and their impact on social welfare are explored in four empirical studies. More in detail, electricity losses, grid-congestion costs and grid-investments. This represents a relevant contribution to the literature, as there are fewer empirical studies about these topics at a country size using actual datasets. Each study collects results and conclusions from the previous ones, which enables better progress in the research and ensures a great traceability of the chapters from this dissertation. Topics explored in this thesis are of current interest in the literature about energy transition in the electricity systems. Moreover, results provide value insights to policymakers and regulators in the definition of energy transition policies. First study, the economic cost of electricity losses, explores the determinants of electricity losses, one of the most unknown grid-related cost, and evaluates the impact of consumption patterns and different generation technologies on electricity losses and their economic costs. In the analysis, electricity losses are disaggregated between losses in the transmission and distribution grid levels, which is a contribution to the literature. Results allow to quantify potential economic costs and benefits of some policies at country-scale. Among others, Demand Response and Distributed Generation. Second study, CO2 content of electricity losses, analyzes the contribution of electricity losses in the power system CO2 emissions, which has not been explored before in the literature. Results highlight and quantify how relevant is the impact of electricity losses reduction on CO2 emissions in the power systems. Third study, Analyzing flows and congestions: looking at locational patterns, explores in the grid flows and grid-congestions to know how the locations of actual generation technologies explain electricity flows, to identify locational patterns related to congestions and to evaluate how the generation produced in each region contributes to flows. The empirical approach also represents a contribution to the literature as includes a gravity model, which has scarcely been explored in the field of energy flows and provides different insights than models used so far. Results from this paper highlights how relevant is the location of actual generation in the electricity flows. Fourth study, Locational impact and network costs of energy transition: Introducing geographical price signals for new renewable capacity, uses results from the third study as baseline and explores how to make compatible markets principles, economic signals and grid development through the analysis of the grid-related costs associated with the location of new renewables. This study evaluates grid-congestions, grid-investments and electricity losses associated with the location of renewables in different geographical scenarios in a real electricity system. Results show how the location of future renewables is highly relevant from the private and social perspectives. Moreover, the future incurred costs for consumers might be much higher if the regulatory framework does not provide the right incentives for all the agents, specially the entrants: renewable promoters. This paper puts into question the actual regulatory framework about renewable auctions. Finally, conclusions' chapter include an overview of all the policy recommendations defined in the four studies and potential impacts on the final price of electricity paid by consumers.

Introduction. The development of online commerce, which is gradually displacing the traditional one, is a clear trend of global economic transformations. Key aspects of e-commerce, such as online transactions, privacy and consumer protection, and customs clearance, need to be regulated at the international and national levels.The purpose of the article is to study the development of e-commerce in retail goods in the XXI century. in the context of assessing the completeness and effectiveness of international and domesticResearch methods. General scientific and special methods were used to study the legal aspects of e-commerce regulation, namely: analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, abstraction and concretization, description, characterization, generalization, comparison. The methodological basis for the study was international regulations (UN Laws, European Union Directives, Acts of International Organizations) and a list of laws of Ukraine on the regulation of the electronic sphere.Results. The analysis of indicators of e-commerce development on the world market is carried out, its rapid dynamics is pointed out. International initiatives to regulate e-commerce are considered. A comparison of aspects of legal regulation of e-commerce in Ukraine and the European Union is carried out. Conclusions are made on the completeness and degree of maturity of the institutional base. Emphasis was placed on the need to strengthen regulatory mechanisms in the field of e-commerce in order to create a modern institutional system adapted to the global and European.Perspectives. It is important to focus future research on the development of guidelines for determining the effectiveness of the implementation of initiatives to regulate e-commerce at the domestic and global levels.

Preliminary Material /Robert McCorquodale and Jean-Pierre Gauci -- Introduction – From Grotius to Higgins: British Influences on International Law 1915–2015 /Robert McCorquodale and Jean-Pierre Gauci -- The Influence of English Courts on the Development of International Law /Antonios Tzanakopoulos -- Marking Foreign Policy by Justice: The Legal Advisers to the Foreign Office, 1876–1953 /Kate Jones -- Britain and Europe: Managing Revolution /Philip Allott -- British Influences on the 'Ideals' of International Lawyers /Stephen Samuel -- British Influence on the Law of Treaties /Kasey McCall-Smith -- British Contributions to the Concept of Recognition during the Interwar Period: Williams, Baty and Lauterpacht /Martin Clark -- British Contribution to the Law on Immunity /Philippa Webb -- British Influence on the Law of the Sea 1915–2015 /David H. Anderson -- British Influences on International Environmental Law: The Case of Wildlife Conservation /Mario Prost and Yoriko Otomo -- The Influence of British Courts on the Jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights /Merris Amos -- The Contribution of British ngos to the Development of International Law /Nigel S. Rodley -- Britain's Influence on the Regulation of the Slave Trade in the Twentieth Century /Amina Adanan and Noelle Higgins -- Contributions of British International Lawyers to the Law on the Use of Force /Nicholas Tsagourias -- The British Influence on the Development of the Laws of War and the Punishment of War Criminals: From the Grotius Society to the United Nations War Crimes Commission /Matthew Garrod -- The British and the Nuremberg Trial /Shavana Musa -- British Contribution to the Law of Neutrality: Principle and Practice /James Upcher -- Historical Reflections on the Criminalisation of Terrorism under International Law from the League of Nations to R v Mohammed Gul: How Britain has Swollen the Tide of Obscurity /Anna Marie Brennan -- The Progressive Conception of International Law: Brierly and Lauterpacht in the InterbellumPeriod /Richard Collins -- International Law and the Illusion of Novelty: Georg Schwarzenberger /Robert Cryer -- Juridical Investigations: Martin Wight as International Lawyer /Gerry Simpson -- The Contribution of the uk Bar to International Law /Philippe Sands and Arman Sarvarian -- Index /Robert McCorquodale and Jean-Pierre Gauci.

Students of world politics have tended to assume that states act as units. Yet trans-governmental relations—direct interactions among sub-units not controlled or closely guided by the policies of cabinets or chief executives—are frequently important. Trans-governmental relations are facilitated by extensive personal contacts among officials and by conflicts of interest between departments or agencies within modern governments. International organizations can play important roles in transgovernmental networks by (i) affecting the definition of issues; (2) promoting coalitions among governmental subunits with similar interests; and (3) serving as points of policy intervention in trans-national systems. As policy interdependence among developed-country governments becomes more extensive and complex, these roles of international organizations are likely to become increasingly important. Internationalism of this relatively informal, non-institutionalized type is not a "dead end."

This report provides information about the Political and Economic Situation and U.S. Relations on Ecuador. Ecuador is an oil-producing country that has experienced ten years of political and economic stability.

Reform in Institutional Framework and Economic Policies, by Hisham Awartani The Conditions of Economic Viability, by Ephraim Kleiman Back to Negotiating the Final Status - The Economic Dimension. An independent trade regime would lead to a competitive Palestinian environment, by Arie Arnon and by Saeb Bamya The Gaza Economy: Current Status and Future Prospects, by Mahmoud K. Okasha How to Grow a Cucumber (and How It is Connected to the Railway). What to invest in for more cooperation and a better understanding? Infrastructure, by Gideon Eshet]

Based on a chapter of the forthcoming book entitled, "Economic targeting in modern warfare," edited by Richard E. Bissell and Gordon H. McCormick.