Suchergebnisse

Urgency of the research. The present-day stage of local government reformation in Ukraine causes the problem of transformation of state's role, its goals to regulate the development of municipal authority. Target setting. The problems of further ways to develop state regulation of financial support of municipal authority unsolved. This fact causes the necessity to carry out the researches in this sphere. Actual scientific researches and issues analysis. Problems concerning state regulation can be found in works of following researchers: R. Musgrave, V. Heiec, O. Honta, O. Kyrylenko, I. Lunina and others. Uninvestigated parts of general matters defining. The necessity to intensify scientific researches in the sphere of regulation of the development of municipal authority is caused by the set of vital contradictions in the relationships between state authority and municipal authority to solve the problem of local development. The research objective. The main aim of the article is to extend the theoretical and methodological basis of state regulation of financial support of municipal authority under decentralization conditions. The statement of basic materials. The article extended the theoretical and methodological basis of the state regulation of financial support of municipal authority under decentralization conditions. It proved that the difference in interests of social groups appears as for the uneven territory development, the complex structure of a society, as well as social inequality. All those aforementioned factors affect the solution of the task to form a coalition for modernization. Conclusions. The article proved that the strategy of the social and economic development of the territory is crucial for enhancing the role of state regulation of financial support of municipal authority. The modernization of the state, business, as well as civil society at the same time is crucial for elaborating the successful strategy of the territory development. ; Актуальність теми дослідження. На сучасному етапі реформування місцевого самоврядування в Україні важливе значення має питання трансформації ролі держави, її цілей в регулюванні розвитку місцевого самоврядування. Постановка проблеми. питання щодо подальших шляхів розвитку державного регулювання фінансового забезпечення місцевого самоврядування в умовах децентралізації все ще залишаються далекими від розв'язання, що актуалізує потребу подальших досліджень у цій сфері. Аналіз останніх досліджень і публікацій. Проблеми, що стосуються державного регулювання висвітлені у працях таких дослідників як Р. Масгрейв, В. Геєць, О. Гонта, О. Кириленко, І. Луніна, та ін. Виділення недосліджених частин загальної проблеми. Необхідність активізації наукових досліджень у сфері регулювання розвитку місцевого самоврядування зумовлена наявністю ряду істотних суперечностей у взаємовідносинах як державних органів влади, так і органів місцевого самоврядування щодо вирішення проблем місцевого розвитку. Постановка завдання. Метою статті є поглиблення теоретико-методичних засад державного регулювання фінансового забезпечення місцевого самоврядування в умовах децентралізації. Викладення основного матеріалу. В статті поглиблено теоретико-методичні засади державного регулювання фінансового забезпечення місцевого самоврядування в умовах децентралізації. Обґрунтовано, що внаслідок нерівномірності територіального розвитку, складної структури суспільства, соціальної нерівності виникає відмінність інтересів соціальних груп, що потребує вирішення завдання формування коаліції для модернізації. Висновки. Обґрунтовано, що для посилення ролі державного регулювання фінансового забезпечення місцевого самоврядування необхідна стратегія соціально-економічного розвитку територій. Для розробки успішної стратегії територіального розвитку необхідна модернізація одночасно держави, бізнесу та громадянського суспільства.

[full article and abstract in Lithuanian; abstract in English] Lithuanian economy, over the last century, has been subject to significant changes and various vicissitudes. After restoring its independence (1918), Lithuania had to start everything from the very beginning, i.e. as soon as possible to commence the development of its own economy under challenging and complex political conditions. Small and medium-sized business, crafts, retail trade were the first significant changes. Unfortunately, Lithuania, at that time, was missing its own independent, entrepreneurial, life-innovation-sensitive entrepreneurs' layer. The foregoing was determined both by objective (the global economic crisis) and subjective (lack of working capital, negligible purchasing power, public institutions' red tape, etc.) reasons. The inter-war period was too short for Lithuania's economy to obtain the best possible results though certain conditions were ensured, and much solid work was done in the field of social policy. Current politicians and economists still have what to learn from that time political insight, economic rationality, legislative technique. Unfortunately, the Second World War and the subsequent authoritarian character of the Soviet Union's economy influenced the nature of Lithuania's economy, irrational attitude towards its changes taking place at that time. For very many, restoration of independence was unexpected. It was necessary to start managing Lithuanian economy in the absence of almost any practical, scientific expertise and input so that to begin objective and significant economic reforms. In order to focus on European management standards, Lithuania should substantially improve its management in all activity fields. Unfortunately, Lithuania's science is still lacking the applied research orientation, natural connection of theory and practice. Becoming a Member State of the European Union, we should manage to realize ourselves. Only universal prosperity, high level of cultural and well educated youth, as well as proper and sufficient understanding of democracy ideals will enable Lithuania to speed up its efforts and to become a full member of the free EU. Marginal efficiency theory, Keynesian view, neoclassical attitude towards economics, Monetarism, Neoliberalism and institutionalists' attitudes, hopefully, will promote the efforts to form a base of uniform researches, favorable for political scientists and economists. Creation of macroeconomics, undoubtedly, is a major achievement of the 20th Century economics. Nobel Prize Laureates: Milton Friedman, James Tobin, Franco Modigliani, Lawrence R. Klein, Robert M. Solow and other famous scientists are the most prominent contributors in this field. Regretfully, the reverse process still often happens on the Lithuanian revival path: fragmentation of social sciences, i.e. theoretical researches are prevailing over the empirical studies in the field of social sciences abroad. Lithuania, however, is still lacking the same. The number of successors of the interwar-period intellectuals (D. Cesevičius, D. Budrys, P. Padalskis and others) is alarmingly low. Current economists do not have enough consistency and are not well prepared from the theoretical point of view. In my opinion, teaching assignments of the mathematized economic theory for the 21st Century's future economists shall be notably reinforced and enhanced. Furthermore, they should be able themselves not only to interpret such theories, but also to create new ones. Full symbiosis of the economic theory and practice is of vital importance.

[full article and abstract in Lithuanian; abstract in English] Lithuanian economy, over the last century, has been subject to significant changes and various vicissitudes. After restoring its independence (1918), Lithuania had to start everything from the very beginning, i.e. as soon as possible to commence the development of its own economy under challenging and complex political conditions. Small and medium-sized business, crafts, retail trade were the first significant changes. Unfortunately, Lithuania, at that time, was missing its own independent, entrepreneurial, life-innovation-sensitive entrepreneurs' layer. The foregoing was determined both by objective (the global economic crisis) and subjective (lack of working capital, negligible purchasing power, public institutions' red tape, etc.) reasons. The inter-war period was too short for Lithuania's economy to obtain the best possible results though certain conditions were ensured, and much solid work was done in the field of social policy. Current politicians and economists still have what to learn from that time political insight, economic rationality, legislative technique. Unfortunately, the Second World War and the subsequent authoritarian character of the Soviet Union's economy influenced the nature of Lithuania's economy, irrational attitude towards its changes taking place at that time. For very many, restoration of independence was unexpected. It was necessary to start managing Lithuanian economy in the absence of almost any practical, scientific expertise and input so that to begin objective and significant economic reforms. In order to focus on European management standards, Lithuania should substantially improve its management in all activity fields. Unfortunately, Lithuania's science is still lacking the applied research orientation, natural connection of theory and practice. Becoming a Member State of the European Union, we should manage to realize ourselves. Only universal prosperity, high level of cultural and well educated youth, as well as proper and sufficient understanding of democracy ideals will enable Lithuania to speed up its efforts and to become a full member of the free EU. Marginal efficiency theory, Keynesian view, neoclassical attitude towards economics, Monetarism, Neoliberalism and institutionalists' attitudes, hopefully, will promote the efforts to form a base of uniform researches, favorable for political scientists and economists. Creation of macroeconomics, undoubtedly, is a major achievement of the 20th Century economics. Nobel Prize Laureates: Milton Friedman, James Tobin, Franco Modigliani, Lawrence R. Klein, Robert M. Solow and other famous scientists are the most prominent contributors in this field. Regretfully, the reverse process still often happens on the Lithuanian revival path: fragmentation of social sciences, i.e. theoretical researches are prevailing over the empirical studies in the field of social sciences abroad. Lithuania, however, is still lacking the same. The number of successors of the interwar-period intellectuals (D. Cesevičius, D. Budrys, P. Padalskis and others) is alarmingly low. Current economists do not have enough consistency and are not well prepared from the theoretical point of view. In my opinion, teaching assignments of the mathematized economic theory for the 21st Century's future economists shall be notably reinforced and enhanced. Furthermore, they should be able themselves not only to interpret such theories, but also to create new ones. Full symbiosis of the economic theory and practice is of vital importance.

The Program of Culture for the Worker (Programa de Cultura do Trabalhador), launched in 2012 by the Federal Government of Brazil, is a public policy established to encourage cultural consumption by offering a voucher to access cultural events called – Vale-Cultura. From the bill to its publication (Law 12761 of 27 December 2012), it was handled between Goverment and Congress for four years, incorporating signification from both. This article aims to historicize the Vale-Cultura's narrative during the period the program's legal framework was being formulated. For this, an archive of 47 documents was analyzed using NVivo qualitative research software. The archaeological method of discursive analysis attributed to Michel Foucault was performed. Two discursive formations emerged from this analysis: "Culture's Commerce" and "Social Inclusion". Conclusions were presented and what was at first understood as contradictory, was later perceived as complementary. Finally, suggestions are proposed, considering the current performance of the program. ; El Programa de Cultura del Trabajador, lanzado en 2012 por el Gobierno Federal de Brasil, es una política pública para fomentar el consumo cultural, a través de la oferta de un beneficio comúnmente llamado Vale-Cultura. Desde el proyecto de ley hasta su publicación (Ley n.° 12761 del 27/12/2012), el programa tramitado por el poder ejecutivo y legislativo durante cuatro años, fue incorporando significados de acuerdo con los posicionamientos del Gobierno y del Congreso. En este artículo se pretende ubicar históricamente el discurso del ValeCultura durante el período de constitución de su marco legal. Para ello, se compuso un archivo con 47 documentos, que posteriormente se analizaron mediante el software de investigación cualitativa NVivo. Para este propósito, se utilizó el método arqueológico de análisis del discurso atribuido a Michel Foucault. De este análisis, surgieron dos formaciones discursivas: "Comercialización de la Cultura" e "Inclusión Social". Al presentar las conclusiones, lo que a primera vista podría parecer contradictorio, más tarde se percibe como complementario. Por último, también se sugieren reflexiones teniendo en cuenta el desempeño actual del programa. ; O Programa de Cultura do Trabalhador, lançado em 2012 pelo Governo Federal do Brasil, é uma política pública destinada ao incentivo do consumo cultural por meio da oferta de um benefício comumente chamado de Vale-Cultura. Do projeto de lei até a sua publicação (Lei No . 12.761 de 27/12/2012), o programa tramitou entre o executivo e o legislativo por 4 anos, incorporando significados de acordo com os posicionamentos do Governo e do Congresso. O presente artigo visa historicizar o discurso do Vale-Cultura durante o período de constituição do seu marco legal. Para isso, foi composto um arquivo com 47 documentos, posteriormente submetidos à análise pelo software de pesquisa qualitativa NVivo. Para tal, utilizou-se o método arqueológico de análise discursiva atribuído a Michel Foucault. Duas formações discursivas emergiram dessa análise: "Comercialização da Cultura" e "Inclusão Social". Conclusões foram apresentadas e o que poderia parecer à primeira vista contraditório mais tarde foi percebido como complementar. Finalmente, reflexões também foram sugeridas, considerando o desempenho atual do programa.

Розвиток в Україні ринкової системи господарювання зумовлює необхідність проведення оцінки розвитку добровільного медичного страхування виходячи з середнього обсягу надходжень страхових платежів і виплат, питомої ваги медичного страхування в портфелі і середньої тривалості роботи на ринку. У статті описані основні проблеми які пов'язані з добровільним медичним страхуванням в соціальній, законодавчій і економічної сферах. Наведено найбільші компанії, що посідають перші місця в рейтингу страхових компаній у наданні послуг з добровільного медичного обслуговування та показано частку населення, яке користується даною послугою в країні. Визначено основні проблеми, що стримують ефективний розвиток медичного страхування в країні. Внесено пропозиції щодо вирішення даних проблем через впровадження міжнародних стандартів у сфері страхування, стимулювання роботодавців до фінансування програм добровільного медичного страхування і підвищення до нього довіри, вдосконалення оподаткування. ; The development of a market economy in Ukraine predetermines the need for an assessment of the development of voluntary health insurance based on the average level of revenues from insurance payments and payments, the proportion of health insurance in the portfolio and the average duration of work in the market. Ensuring the proper level of health of the population is a priority task of any state, its health care system. The medical sector is the most sensitive social, political and economic sphere of any state, which is a part of national culture and is related to the whole society. The article describes the main problems associated with voluntary health insurance in the social, legislative and economic spheres. In economic terms, the state, efficiency and prospects for the development of the health sector depend to a large extent on its financial security. In the context of the study of socio-demographic factors in the development of health insurance in the country, it was determined that the state of health of the population is the most important demographic indicator of the well-being of the state. Along with the problem of financing health expenditures, attention is drawn to the problem of inefficient, inappropriate and inappropriate use of available resources by the existing network of health care facilities, which in many cases does not meet the real needs of the population. The medical complex of our country proved to be ineffective because of the inconsistency of the existing model of health care management with the new, political, economic and social conditions, as well as the unsatisfactory level of the culture of preventive medicine. All these aspects have become the cause of the critical state of the national health system. The largest companies ranked first in the rating of insurance companies in providing voluntary health care services are shown, and the share of the population using this service in the country is shown. The basic problems that restrain the effective development of health insurance in the country are determined. Proposals for solving these problems were introduced through the introduction of international standards in the field of insurance, encouragement of employers to finance voluntary health insurance programs and increase confidence in it, and improve taxation.

The article describes and analyzes in detail the state evolution mechanism. The authors show that many different theories and doctrines, various schemes for typologizing the evolutionary forms of the state have been developed over the long history of the existence of legal, philosophical and political sciences. The work content includes the discussion of the difficulties of developing rigorous theories of the evolution of state forms associated with the complexity and ambiguity of particular historical processes of state formation and development.The authors distinguish and consider the evolutionary features of the modern state, justify that the modern state as a historical type possesses a number of features that are not inherent (or partially inherent) in both the traditional and the proto-modern state, which form its evolutionary features, specificity of functioning and evolutionary transformation. In addition, the article identifies and analyzes four main innovative stages in the political and legal institutionalization of modern political domination: civil state, rule-of-law state, democratic rule-of-law state and social rule-of-law state. ; El artículo describe y analiza en detalle el mecanismo de evolución del estado. Los autores muestran que muchas teorías y doctrinas diferentes, varios esquemas para tipificar las formas evolutivas del estado se han desarrollado a lo largo de la historia en la existencia de las ciencias jurídicas, filosóficas y políticas. El contenido del trabajo incluye la discusión de las dificultades para desarrollar teorías rigurosas sobre la evolución de las formas estatales asociadas con la complejidad y la ambigüedad de procesos históricos particulares de formación y desarrollo estatal.Los autores distinguen y consideran las características evolutivas del estado moderno, justifican que el estado moderno como un tipo histórico posee una serie de características que no son inherentes (o inherentes solo en parte) tanto en el estado tradicional como en el proto-moderno, que forman sus características evolutivas, especificidad de funcionamiento y transformación evolutiva. Además, el artículo identifica y analiza cuatro etapas innovadoras principales en la institucionalización política y legal de la dominación política moderna: estado civil, estado de derecho, estado de derecho democrático y estado de derecho social. ; O artigo descreve e analisa em detalhes o mecanismo de evolução do estado. Os autores mostram que muitas teorias e doutrinas diferentes, vários esquemas para tipificar as formas evolutivas do estado se desenvolveram ao longo da longa história da existência das ciências jurídicas, filosóficas e políticas. O conteúdo do trabalho inclui a discussão das dificuldades em desenvolver teorias rigorosas sobre a evolução das formas de estado associadas à complexidade e ambiguidade de processos históricos particulares de formação e desenvolvimento do Estado.Os autores distinguir e considerar as características evolutivas do Estado moderno, justificar o Estado moderno como um tipo histórica tem uma série de características que não são inerentes (ou inerente apenas em parte), tanto no status tradicional como o proto-moderno, que eles formam suas características evolutivas, especificidade funcional e transformação evolutiva. Além disso, o artigo identifica e analisa quatro principais etapas inovadoras na institucionalização política e jurídica da dominação política moderna: estado civil, estado de direito, estado democrático de direito e estado de direito social.

[full article and abstract in Lithuanian; abstract in English] Lithuanian economy, over the last century, has been subject to significant changes and various vicissitudes. After restoring its independence (1918), Lithuania had to start everything from the very beginning, i.e. as soon as possible to commence the development of its own economy under challenging and complex political conditions. Small and medium-sized business, crafts, retail trade were the first significant changes. Unfortunately, Lithuania, at that time, was missing its own independent, entrepreneurial, life-innovation-sensitive entrepreneurs' layer. The foregoing was determined both by objective (the global economic crisis) and subjective (lack of working capital, negligible purchasing power, public institutions' red tape, etc.) reasons. The inter-war period was too short for Lithuania's economy to obtain the best possible results though certain conditions were ensured, and much solid work was done in the field of social policy. Current politicians and economists still have what to learn from that time political insight, economic rationality, legislative technique. Unfortunately, the Second World War and the subsequent authoritarian character of the Soviet Union's economy influenced the nature of Lithuania's economy, irrational attitude towards its changes taking place at that time. For very many, restoration of independence was unexpected. It was necessary to start managing Lithuanian economy in the absence of almost any practical, scientific expertise and input so that to begin objective and significant economic reforms. In order to focus on European management standards, Lithuania should substantially improve its management in all activity fields. Unfortunately, Lithuania's science is still lacking the applied research orientation, natural connection of theory and practice. Becoming a Member State of the European Union, we should manage to realize ourselves. Only universal prosperity, high level of cultural and well educated youth, as well as proper and sufficient understanding of democracy ideals will enable Lithuania to speed up its efforts and to become a full member of the free EU. Marginal efficiency theory, Keynesian view, neoclassical attitude towards economics, Monetarism, Neoliberalism and institutionalists' attitudes, hopefully, will promote the efforts to form a base of uniform researches, favorable for political scientists and economists. Creation of macroeconomics, undoubtedly, is a major achievement of the 20th Century economics. Nobel Prize Laureates: Milton Friedman, James Tobin, Franco Modigliani, Lawrence R. Klein, Robert M. Solow and other famous scientists are the most prominent contributors in this field. Regretfully, the reverse process still often happens on the Lithuanian revival path: fragmentation of social sciences, i.e. theoretical researches are prevailing over the empirical studies in the field of social sciences abroad. Lithuania, however, is still lacking the same. The number of successors of the interwar-period intellectuals (D. Cesevičius, D. Budrys, P. Padalskis and others) is alarmingly low. Current economists do not have enough consistency and are not well prepared from the theoretical point of view. In my opinion, teaching assignments of the mathematized economic theory for the 21st Century's future economists shall be notably reinforced and enhanced. Furthermore, they should be able themselves not only to interpret such theories, but also to create new ones. Full symbiosis of the economic theory and practice is of vital importance.

El auge de los agrocombustibles en los últimos diez años ha respondido en gran medida a los intereses de las Empresas Trasnacionales vinculadas al agronegocio y la energía, así como a las élites políticas y económicas de los países más industrializados. Los altos niveles de producción y consumo de agroenergía en Brasil, bajo el modelo de agronegocio, son justificados por laboratorios científicos, élites agrícolas y empresarios nacionales e internacionales, que en muchas ocasiones cuentan con el apoyo del Gobierno Federal y los regionales. Queda demostrado en el presente trabajo que este esquema productivo en Brasil es generador de violencia e impacta negativamente sobre los campesinos, indígenas, pueblos tradicionales y el medio ambiente de manera general, a lo cual se oponen actores políticos y sociales, dentro de los que se destaca el Movimiento de Trabajadores Rurales Sin Tierra [MST]; uno de los mayores movimientos campesinos de Latinoamérica, con una declarada vocación socialista y solidaria, que de manera general manifiesta su oposición contra el carácter depredador del modo de producción capitalista. El objetivo de esta investigación es fundamentar cómo el MST ha venido gestionado, a través de métodos de lucha noviolenta, el conflicto de los agrocombustibles en Brasil desde el 2003 hasta el 2013. Se verifica en el estudio que el movimiento asume un enfoque pacífico como principio para exigir sus reivindicaciones. Su estrategia y tácticas de acción política así lo demuestran, aun cuando se enfrentan a adversarios muy poderosos económicamente, extremadamente violentos, respaldados de forma directa o indirecta por el Gobierno y por los medios de difusión. ; The agrofuels boom in the last ten years has responded to the interests of Transnational Corporations linked to agribusiness and energy, as well as to the political and economic elites of the most industrialized countries. The high levels of production and consumption of agroenergy in Brazil, under the agribusiness model, are justified by scientific laboratories, agricultural elites and national and international entrepreneurs, who often are supported by the Federal and regional governments. It has been demonstrated in the present work that this productive scheme in Brazil has been a great generator of violence and has an adverse impact on peasants, indigenous and traditional peoples and the wider environment. Several political and social actors are opposed to the agribusiness model; the Movement of Landless Rural Workers [MST] stands out in that struggle; It is one of the largest peasant movements in Latin America, with a declared socialist and solidary vocation, which generally expresses its opposition to the predatory nature of the capitalist production mode. The major aim of this research is to establish how the MST has been faced the conflict of agrofuels in Brazil from 2003 to 2013, through methods of nonviolent struggle. It has been verified in the study that the movement assumes a peaceful approach as a principle to demand their claims. Its political action strategy and tactics demonstrate this, even when they face very powerful adversaries economically, extremely violent, backed directly or indirectly by the Government and the media. ; Tesis Univ. Granada. Programa Oficial de Doctorado en Ciencias Sociales

Resumen El presente trabajo es un ensayo teórico que busca dar cuenta de las relaciones entre las prácticas discursivas sobre sexualidad y la configuración progresiva de nuevas subjetividades. Se propone que las prácticas discursivas sobre lo que puede o debe ser la sexualidad, oscilan dialécticamente entre argumentaciones esencialistas y argumentaciones historicistas –según nuestra matriz de pensamiento occidental–, haciendo emerger al mismo tiempo nuevos tipos de sujetos que se van constituyendo como actores polí­ticos, los cuales contribuyen a su vez a una creciente politización de la sexualidad. Se comenta el reciente uso social que se ha dado en Chile a la categorí­a clasificatoria de pedofilia, para dar cuenta de la construcción de un nuevo tipo de sujeto, que siguiendo el camino recorrido por el movimiento gay, podrí­a llegar a constituirse en un sujeto polí­tico que demande derechos. Esta situación ya ha comenzado a ser vista en paí­ses como Holanda, por lo cual se nos instala una agenda de reflexión polí­tica y ética en materia de diversidad sexual, para saber cómo vamos a responder ante las nuevas configuraciones de subjetividad. AbstractThe present work is a theoretical essay that seeks to account for the relationship between the discursive practices of sexuality and to progressively develop new subjectivities. It is proposed that the discursive practices about what can or should be sexuality, ranging dialectically between essentialist arguments and arguments historicist-as our Western thought-matrix, while bringing forth new types of subjects that are forming as political actors, which in turn contribute to a growing politicization of sexuality. We discuss the recent social use has occurred in Chile to the category of classification of pedophilia, to account for the construction of a new type of subject, following the path taken by the gay movement, could eventually become a political subject that requires rights. This situation has begun to be seen in countries like Holland, so we installed an agenda of political and ethical reflection on sexual diversity, for how we respond to the new configurations of subjectivity.Resumo O presente trabalho é um ensaio teórico que busca explicar a relação entre as práticas discursivas da sexualidade e desenvolver progressivamente novas subjetividades. Propõe-se que as práticas discursivas sobre o que pode ou deve ser a sexualidade, que vão dialeticamente entre os argumentos essencialistas e argumentos historicista-como o nosso pensamento ocidental de matriz, enquanto trazendo novos tipos de assuntos que estão se formando como atores polí­ticos, que por sua vez contribui para uma politização crescente de sexualidade. Discutimos o uso social recente ocorreu no Chile para a categoria de classificação de pedofilia, para dar conta da construção de um novo tipo de assunto, seguindo o caminho tomado pelo movimento gay, poderia, eventualmente, tornar-se um assunto polí­tico que requer direitos. Esta situação começou a ser vista em paí­ses como a Holanda, por isso instalou uma agenda de reflexão polí­tica e ética sobre a diversidade sexual, de como nós respondemos í s novas configurações da subjetividade.

[full article and abstract in Lithuanian; abstract in English] Lithuanian economy, over the last century, has been subject to significant changes and various vicissitudes. After restoring its independence (1918), Lithuania had to start everything from the very beginning, i.e. as soon as possible to commence the development of its own economy under challenging and complex political conditions. Small and medium-sized business, crafts, retail trade were the first significant changes. Unfortunately, Lithuania, at that time, was missing its own independent, entrepreneurial, life-innovation-sensitive entrepreneurs' layer. The foregoing was determined both by objective (the global economic crisis) and subjective (lack of working capital, negligible purchasing power, public institutions' red tape, etc.) reasons. The inter-war period was too short for Lithuania's economy to obtain the best possible results though certain conditions were ensured, and much solid work was done in the field of social policy. Current politicians and economists still have what to learn from that time political insight, economic rationality, legislative technique. Unfortunately, the Second World War and the subsequent authoritarian character of the Soviet Union's economy influenced the nature of Lithuania's economy, irrational attitude towards its changes taking place at that time. For very many, restoration of independence was unexpected. It was necessary to start managing Lithuanian economy in the absence of almost any practical, scientific expertise and input so that to begin objective and significant economic reforms. In order to focus on European management standards, Lithuania should substantially improve its management in all activity fields. Unfortunately, Lithuania's science is still lacking the applied research orientation, natural connection of theory and practice. Becoming a Member State of the European Union, we should manage to realize ourselves. Only universal prosperity, high level of cultural and well educated youth, as well as proper and sufficient understanding of democracy ideals will enable Lithuania to speed up its efforts and to become a full member of the free EU. Marginal efficiency theory, Keynesian view, neoclassical attitude towards economics, Monetarism, Neoliberalism and institutionalists' attitudes, hopefully, will promote the efforts to form a base of uniform researches, favorable for political scientists and economists. Creation of macroeconomics, undoubtedly, is a major achievement of the 20th Century economics. Nobel Prize Laureates: Milton Friedman, James Tobin, Franco Modigliani, Lawrence R. Klein, Robert M. Solow and other famous scientists are the most prominent contributors in this field. Regretfully, the reverse process still often happens on the Lithuanian revival path: fragmentation of social sciences, i.e. theoretical researches are prevailing over the empirical studies in the field of social sciences abroad. Lithuania, however, is still lacking the same. The number of successors of the interwar-period intellectuals (D. Cesevičius, D. Budrys, P. Padalskis and others) is alarmingly low. Current economists do not have enough consistency and are not well prepared from the theoretical point of view. In my opinion, teaching assignments of the mathematized economic theory for the 21st Century's future economists shall be notably reinforced and enhanced. Furthermore, they should be able themselves not only to interpret such theories, but also to create new ones. Full symbiosis of the economic theory and practice is of vital importance.

This paper aims to approach to the concept of "body-trace," which is the core idea of the performance "El Fajadito." This staging is an integral part of a broader scenic creation called "10 Minutos," a digital performance that puts a strain on the body-machine relationship in the setting of an ICU; this merges with three other performances to offer the audience an artistic work as a whole, which is the result of the investigation-creation process entitled "10 Minutos." The discourse of this paper will open to a comprehension of the approach used in "El Fajadito" to think about the body of the victims of anti-personnel mines in Colombia. The "body-trace" shown in this staging as a body in suspension proposes a social and political position towards an understanding of the use of weapons in Colombia that intend to cause pain rather than the death of the victim, and it exhibits a mutilated body as the trace left behind by war.Keywords: Fajaditos; body-trace; 10 Minutos: digital performance; anti-personnel mines. ; Este artículo de reflexión aborda el concepto de cuerpo-huella, eje principal del performance "El fajadito". Esta puesta en escena forma parte de una creación escénica más grande llamada 10 minutos, performance digital que pone en tensión la relación cuerpo-máquina en el entorno de una unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI), y se entrelaza junto con otros tres para ofrecer al público la totalidad de una obra que surge del proceso de investigación-creación 10 minutos. El discurso del presente artículo se abrirá hacia la comprensión de la manera en que fue abordado, para el performance "El fajadito", el cuerpo de las personas víctimas de minas antipersona en Colombia. Un cuerpo-huella que aparece en la puesta en escena como un cuerpo en suspensión proponiendo con ello una postura política y social sobre lo que ha significado, para Colombia, el uso de armas que no buscan la muerte del individuo, sino la provocación del dolor y exhibe un cuerpo mutilado como huella de guerra.Palabras clave: fajaditos, cuerpo-huella, 10 minutos, performance digital, minas antipersona. ; Este artigo de reflexão que aqui se apresenta aborda o conceito de "corpo-rasto", eixo principal da performance "El Fajadito". Esta teatralização faz parte integral de uma criação cênica maior chamada "10 Minutos", performance digital que põe em tensão a relação corpo-maquina no entorno de uma UTI, e entrelaça-se junto com três, mais para oferecer ao publico a totalidade duma obra que surge partindo do processo de pesquisa- criação "10 minutos". O discurso do presente artigo se abrirá para a compreensão do jeito em que foi abordado, para a performance "El fajadito", o corpo das pessoas vitimas de minas antipessoa na Colômbia. Um "corpo-rasto" que aparece na teatralização como um corpo em suspensão propondo com isso uma postura política e social sobre o que tem significado, para Colômbia, o uso de armas que não procuram a morte do individuo, senão a provocação da dor e exibe um corpo mutilado como marca de guerra.Palavras chave: Fajaditos, Corpo-rasto, 10 minutos, performance digital, minas antipessoa.

Existing today demographic situation, rural employment, labor productivity and wages in the agricultural sector of Ukraine.It was established that the population of Ukraine, including rural population, is characterized by a tendency to decrease, which is due to negative population growth and migration and negatively affects the reproduction of labor potential of agricultural enterprises; continues the process of dying villages, progressing decay of social infrastructure in rural areas. Decreased number of employees of the agricultural sector, primarily because of a lack of motivation to work in the countryside. Wages of workers of the agricultural sector is the lowest among all types of economic activity remains relatively high unemployment rate, which, moreover, continues to increase, the level of productivity increases due to extensive factors, that is not conducive to the efficiency of agricultural production.Proposed to develop a unified concept of balanced development of rural areas of Ukraine, which would be based on "Strategies intelligent and balanced development, promoting social activity", launched by the European Union, and included: supporting employment in rural areas and the preservation of social structures in rural areas; improve the rural economy and support diversification; consideration of the structural diversity of agricultural systems, improving conditions for small enterprises and the development of local markets; introduction to rural areas of urban standards of quality of life. ; В статье проанализирована существующая на сегодня демографическая ситуация, занятость сельского населения, уровень производительности труда и заработной платы в аграрном секторе экономики Украины. Установлено, что численность населения Украины, в том числе численность сельского населения, характеризуется тенденцией к уменьшению, что происходит за счет отрицательного прироста населения, а также миграционных процессов и негативно влияет на воспроизводство трудового потенциала аграрных предприятий; продолжается процесс отмирания сел, прогрессирует упадок социальной инфраструктуры на селе. Уменьшилась численность работников аграрного сектора, прежде всего из-за отсутствия мотивации к труду на селе. Заработная плата работников аграрного сектора является самой низкой среди всех видов экономической деятельности, достаточно высоким остается уровень безработицы, который, кроме того, продолжает расти, уровень производительности труда растет за счет экстенсивных факторов, то есть не способствует повышению эффективности аграрного производства.Предложено разработать единую концепцию уравновешенного развития сельских территорий Украины, которая основывалась бы на "Стратегии интеллигентного и уравновешенного развития, способствующего общественной активности", используемой странами ЕС, и включала поддержание занятости на сельских территориях и помощь в сохранении социальных структур на селе; улучшение сельской экономики и поддержку диверсификации; учет структурного разнообразия сельскохозяйственных систем, улучшение кондиции малых предприятий и развитие местных рынков; введение для сельских населенных пунктов городских стандартов качества жизни. ; У статті проаналізована існуюча на сьогодні демографічна ситуація, зайнятість сільського населення, рівень продуктивності праці та заробітної плати в аграрному секторі економіки України.Запропоновано розробити єдину концепцію зрівноваженого розвитку сільських територій України, яка б ґрунтувалася на "Стратегії інтелігентного і зрівноваженого розвитку, який сприяє суспільній активності", що використовується країнами ЄС, та включала підтримку зайнятості на сільських територіях і допомогу в збереженні соціальних структур на селі; покращення сільської економіки й підтримку диверсифікації; урахування структурної різноманітності сільськогосподарських систем, покращення кондиції малих підприємств та розвиток місцевих ринків; запровадження для сільських населених пунктів міських стандартів рівня якості життя.

The overarching purpose of this study has been to problematise how visual practices and the mediation of affect is linked to the capacity to produce (new) perceptual realities, sensations and imaginaries, ultimately aiming to legitimate or counter-legitimate the hegemonic discourses and practices mobilised in the name of security. The first part of my thesis approaches this matter through an analysis of media cultures and discursive systems circulating within the court and the state military. Here, I discuss the impact of affect in the judicial-policial production of visible evidence (paper 1; published in the International Journal for the Semiotics of Law) and the state military (visual) narrative of threat (paper 2; published in MedieKultur: Journal of media and communication research). Additionally, as affect runs counter to hegemonic power relations as well as reinforces them, the second part of my thesis focuses on the way in which different resistance collectives cultivate affective dimensions through aesthetic practices in order to foster political attitudes that contest the established discourses of the (in)secure. Here, I examine the online activist group Anonymous' visual political communication (paper 3; published in TripleC - Communication, Capitalism & Critique. Open Access Journal for a Global Sustainable Information Society), and the Spanish movement Podemos' visual and verbal discursive strategies (paper 4; forthcoming in Cultural Studies). In terms of theoretical and methodological approaches, I have my roots in, among others, Mouffe's (2005) notion of conflict and (political) affect, Foucault's (1980) concept of power/knowledge, and Thompson's (1984; 1990) three-dimensional framework of ideology- analysis. In paper 1, my findings suggest that camera-produced images and technical and dramaturgical elements may have unintentional judicial consequences when they are read as evidence. I detail how this production of visible evidence can potentially stimulate and elicit emotional reaction, as well as discussing the degree to which pictorial crime evidence fails to be an instrumental and neutral representation of truth. In paper 2, my findings point in the direction where the military representation of the 'Other as threat' connects to aspects of economic globalisation and the (inter)national production of defence materiel. In article 3 (co-authored with Lindgren 2014) my findings suggest that citizen participation in public matters can be made engaging through the mobilisation of that which Anonymous calls 'the lulz'; a tickling joy/pleasure (also, a sense of meaningfulness) of standing against power abuse through, for example, online direct action and culture jamming practices. Paper 4 explores the relationship between the affective and the visual using a broader security framework. Here, my findings indicate that Podemos' discursive battle for social protection and economic security in a context of the crisis of political representation, is no longer framed through the traditional left-right conflict, but within the post- ideological (affective) articulation of 'the new' versus 'the old' and/or other discursive differences. I show how affect works as a potential for social change, by analysing the strategic production of a 'We-Them' discourse using Podemos' take on social media and the media logic of mainstream television.

Статья написана в рамках исследования благосостояния домохозяйств как субъекта хозяйствования, определяющего, наряду с другими фирмой и государством развитие национальной экономики. Научный интерес к тому объясняется актуальностью проблемы низкий уровень доходов домохозяйств определяет отрицательные социально-экономические тенденции, в их ряду: ухудшение качества человеческого капитала, физического и психического здоровья нации; угнетение потребительского спроса. Все это признается в экономической мысли на всем протяжении ее развития фактором, сдерживающим социально-экономическое развитие общества, определяющим не только экономическую, но и политическую угрозу государству. На то обращалось внимание уже в общественной мысли античности, работах французских материалистов, представителей классической и неоклассической, а также марксистской экономических школ. Однако в постсоветских экономических школах домохозяйства как субъекты национальной экономики в совокупности всех их проблем оказались фактически в тени научных дискуссий о способах распределения ограниченных ресурсов. Это обусловливает необходимость акцентирования проблемы доходов домохозяйств, решение которой представляется одной из базовых предпосылок развития российской экономики. Важность решения этой проблемы возрастает в условиях обострения трансформационного кризиса в России. Рост безработицы, угнетение малого бизнеса, сокращение реальных доходов населения, резкое сокращение нефтяных доходов государства и не менее стремительное исчерпание отложенных «на черный день» ресурсов Стабилизационного фонда определяют падение доходов критического большинства домохозяйств, что затрудняет выполнение ими функций в народнохозяйственном кругообороте и, соответственно, препятствует развитию национальной экономики. В свете того исследование благосостояния домохозяйств и выработка мер по его развитию представляется актуальным и практически значимым. ; The author wrote the article within research of the households' welfare as subject of the managing defining along with others the firm and the state development of national economy. Relevance of a problem that the low level of the income of households defines negative social and economic tendencies, in their row: deterioration of the human capital, physical and mental health of the nation; oppression of a consumer demand explains the scientific interest. All this admits economic thought throughout its development by the factor constraining social and economic development of society, isn't only defining economic, but also political threat to the state. The attention was already paid to that in social thought of antiquity, works of the French materialists, representatives of classical and neoclassical, and also Marxist economic schools. However at Post-Soviet economic schools of households as subjects of national economy in all of their problems appeared actually in a shadow of scientific discussions about ways of distribution of limited resources. It causes need of emphasis of a problem of the income of households which solution is one of basic prerequisites of development of the Russian economy. Importance of the solution of this problem increases in conditions of an aggravation of transformational crisis in Russia. Unemployment growth, oppression of small business, reduction of the real income of the population, sharp reduction of the oil income of the state and not less prompt exhaustion of the resources of Stabilization fund provided «for a rainy day» define fall of the income of the critical majority of households that complicates performance of functions by them in an economic circulation and, respectively, interferes with development of national economy. In the light of that research of the households' welfare and development of measures for its development is actual and almost significant.

В настоящей статье в историческом и теоретическом плане рассмотрен вклад А.И. Кима в теорию избирательного права. Анализируются некоторые научные работы известного советского государствоведа, доказываются ценность и востребованность многих его предложений. Основной вывод статьи заключается в необходимости дальнейшего изучения и осмысления вклада государствоведов советской эпохи в отечественную науку. ; Domestic state-legal thought occupies a unique place in the world political and legal science. During the 19th and 20th centuries Russia became one of the centers of formation and development of the modern state and legal sciences. Today it is possible to assert an independent scientific heritage of domestic experts in studying the state, which includes statement of fundamental theoretical problems and proposals for their resolution. Scientific heritage as a cultural-historical intellectual domain of Russian society and its study by contemporaries is a key to the reconciliation of generations and the moral rehabilitation of the state-legal life. Respect for the scientific heritage of different socio-political periods as a spiritual and intellectual potential of Russia is able to remove the ideological differences and evaluation. Therefore, the scientific heritage of our teachers, that is, of people who directly influenced the formation of our consciousness and world outlook on a daily basis, has a particular importance. And here it is necessary to recall the scientific heritage of A. Kim, a recognized Soviet expert in studying the state, a social activist. The article discusses the value of scientific heritage which is the theoretical source of the new constitutional philosophy. The uniqueness of the scientific legacy of A. Kim is that he was able to overcome the narrowness of law and its enforcement in his time. For modern Russian constitutional-legal science the view on the electoral system and its difference from other institutions of constitutional law is interesting and relevant. The electoral system is an element of democracy. The study of the scientific legacy of A. Kim is an incentive for a new reading of the state-legal literature of the Soviet period and new studies based on it. For modern Russian constitutional legal science the problem of lack of voters is perspective. The modern expert community points out some reasons for a decline in the voter turnout. In his works, A. Kim emphasized that civic engagement in the elections is a multifactorial phenomenon and requires constant scientific research. The first modern findings support the position of the famous Soviet scientist. A low voter turnout significantly reduces the value of voting and influences the level of legitimacy. Therefore, in today's post-modern society with the rise of social difficulty, it is necessary to reduce the impact of manipulative technologies. According to the scientific legacy of A. Kim, it is possible to make a constructive conclusion that democracy is the lack of gap between the declared constitutional will and the real will of the people which is achieved on the basis of actual and broad participation of citizens in solving social problems.