Suchergebnisse

This study examines the political and societal implications that derive from the claim of the ecological crisis. Also the ways in which the crisis has been constructed and governed in order for it to lead to these implications are analyzed. For a theoretical framework this thesis uses Michel Foucault's studies of power and governing. Specific aid in analyzing the environmental knowledge-claims and their usage in governing is provided by Foucault's concepts of governmentality and biopower. The invocation of ecological crisis has shifted the primary concerns of politics and policies from human well-being to the well-being of the biosphere. Along with this shift has emerged strong neoliberalizing and depoliticizing trends that are driven by processes that are justified by their capacity to improve the sustainability of societies and individuals. It is argued in this thesis that the strive for sustainability has increased the penetration of neoliberal markets and neoliberal ideas of organizing the social. The depoliticizing effects of the invoked crisis, in turn, reduce the sphere of democratic political deliberation and debate while issues are placed under technocratic management and consensual policy-making of global institutions. In this process fundamental ideological disputes and disagreements are disavowed. Environmentalism can be seen as working through various techniques of power both on the level of the individual and on the level of global populations. At the global level it seeks to create a global authority with coercive powers to submit all states and societies under one common effort for 'the greater global good'. At the local level it strives for weak, self-sufficient and self-reliant communities that are inhabited by neoliberal subjects capable of adapting to the changes coming from the outside world without resisting or striving to change the world. The shift from well-being of human life to the well-being of the biosphere has marked also the upgrading of biopolitics to a wider 'ecopolitics' that focuses on the well-being of the environment, instead of the population. This makes human life now subordinate to the representations of 'nature'. With the perceived ecological crisis, biopower seems to brush away other levels of politics, and, in the process, makes its own reach ever wider as ecopower.

Purpose. The article highlights the demand for critical thinking in everyday life at the present stage of development of globalized culture and emphasizes the role of philosophy as a source of rationality. Philosophizing, which is determined by the psychosociocultural matrix, sets the toposes, vocabulary and rhythms of meaning making, their preservation and transformation. The purpose of the article is to concretize the practices of socio-cultural communication, primarily through the social institute of education, where individuals interact with the psychosociocultural matrix of philosophizing, which mediate the general and individual level in philosophical culture. Theoretical basis of the study are cultural anthropology and phenomenological methods. Originality of the study: based on the philosophy of intersubjectivity, we actualized the rational grounds for formation of adequate judgments in modern culture at the level of everyday life. This justifies the inevitability of the spread of various forms and types of philosophical education, philosophical thinking, ideas and values developed in philosophical communities beyond the narrow circle of professional philosophers. This implies the systemic involvement of philosophers as professionals of meaning-making in solving problems in various non-academic fields – politics, economics, law, etc. The formation of skills of philosophical critical thinking in the process of preparing young people for active civil life is no less important aspect of this. Conclusions lead to an understanding of the existential importance of philosophy and philosophizing and the need for organized forms of knowledge transfer such as the Faculty of Philosophy of the Classical University. There is a mutual interest and interaction of the general culture of society and philosophy as a special kind of culture. Because philosophy actively configures other forms of culture, contributes to the creation of sociocultural identities precisely because of its ability to conceptually reproduce the ...

With increasing globalization, transnational crime in general, and human trafficking in particular, a design of new legal framework is required in order to effectively operationalize interstate law enforcement operations and prosecutions. The development of a transnational criminal legal framework—or frameworks—can build on pre-existing transnational economic frameworks. There is also the need to extend the application of domestic law beyond national borders to influence transnational corporate behavior. Regulations based on reflexive law are one possible approach. Teubner's idea of reflexive law has been informing developments in this area. This approach uses traditional national law to inform corporate governance strategies in order to achieve effects on the market. A few jurisdictions have already adopted measures modeled on this approach to tackle human trafficking and slavery-like conditions in global supply chains. Weaknesses in the approaches adopted by the UK and the State of California have already been identified. If strengthened, this approach could be adopted in more jurisdictions—including the EU—and also to combat more areas of transnational crime—such as money laundering. This paper will examine the resulting challenges using human trafficking as a case study.