Suchergebnisse

1: Stigma Reconsidered -- Social Science Contributions and Dilemmas in the Study of Stigma -- Stigma as a Social Construct -- The Impact of Stigma on the Individual -- Limitations on Conceptual and Analytic Categories -- Disciplinary Limits to Theory Building -- Developing a Multidisciplinary Approach -- I. Stigma and Social Marginality -- 2: Stigma, Justice and the Dilemma of Difference -- 3: Stigma as a Social and Cultural Construct -- 4: Stigma and Western Culture: A Historical Approach -- 5: Stigma, Deviance, and Social Control: Some Conceptual Issues -- II. The Stigmatizing Process -- 6: Stigma and the Dynamics of Social Cognition -- 7: Stigma and Interpersonal Relations -- 8: Stigma: A Social Learning Perspective -- 9: Family Experience of Stigma in Childhood Cancer -- 10: Stigmatization in Childhood: A Survey of Developmental Trends and Issues -- III. Stigma, Continuity, and Change -- 11: Stigma: An Enigma Demystified -- References.

This article explores how contemporary literary and visual texts create a scientific imaginary haunted by the work of the discredited evolutionary biologist Richard Goldschmidt. Goldschmidt's theory of the hopeful monster placed that which is different, changing and monstrous at the heart of evolution. The aim of this article is therefore to examine how macromutation (also known as saltational theory) makes manifest an anxiety, but also an exciting potentiality, about the human's interrelational existence with plant, animal, inanimate and technological life. It moves between Goldschmidt's theories of evolution and cultural representations that resonate with his work to suggest that the hopeful monster questions the dehumanisation of and violence towards different others by bringing monstrous difference to the centre of species' survival. The focus here is how Goldschmidt's ideas reverberate in contemporary culture, particularly how these resonances invite a questioning of the supposed threat of difference to imagined individual and national security and unity. Engaging with the Hollywood film series X-Men and Hiromi Goto's collection of short stories Hopeful Monsters, this article explores how these texts make manifest the ontological anxieties of facing (our) monsters, and thus the environmental and socio-political consequences and potentialities of being of, with and next to difference.

Artificial cranial deformation is a cultural practice that modifies the shape of the skull during the early infancy. It is not related to rites of passage, but to different social status in a group. Therefore, the deformed cranium is an expression of individual affirmation and affiliation to a given social group. Osteological material from Pasamayo (AD 1200-1450), a cemetery in central coast of Peru, was analyzed to test whether individuals presenting different types of cranial deformation (interpreted as a sign of different social status) present differences in health status. Three types of cranial deformation were observed and five osteological markers (cribra orbitalia, cranial trauma, antemortem tooth loss, dental caries, and periodontal cavities) related to health status were analyzed in 78 crania. No significant differences were found in terms of these osteological markers among females in relation to the different types of cranial deformation. However, males presenting occipital deformation had significantly less caries and periodontal cavities than the others. Moreover, males presenting fronto-lambdoid deformation had more antemortem tooth loss than the other males. Therefore, although different types of cranial deformation can be potentially associated to distinct social status, differences in health status could only be observed in the male sample.

It is often suggested that nonprofit organizations positively impact our local communities. Studies, however, have consistently shown that the distribution of these organizations varies considerably from one community to the next. These differences have led some scholars to begin raising serious concern about the degree of "charitable equity" across communities. Thus, the purpose of this study was to explore how the makeup of a community's nonprofit sector affects the views of those who potentially depend on nonprofit services. Specifically, using data from a countywide survey of public attitudes toward nonprofits in southern California ( N = 1,002), we examined whether differences in the distribution of nonprofits affected individuals' confidence in nonprofit performance as well as their awareness of what nonprofit organizations even are. Findings indicated that nonprofit density was strongly related to awareness of the sector, while awareness was, in turn, strongly related to confidence in nonprofit performance.

This paper analyses the relationship between gender, occupation, and depression in the population over 15 years of age, employed and residing in Europe. Using data from the European Health Survey, ordered econometric specifications are estimated for different sub-samples of individuals, according to the sector in which they are employed. The results show that gender is the most determining factor in the risk of depression, followed by the type of work schedule and other occupational characteristics of the individual. Thus, this article highlights the importance of considering the interaction between gender and occupation in the analysis of mental health. Finally, the implementation of mental health care policies for workers through occupational risk prevention plans is proposed as an effective way to address this issue.

Despite a growing interest in gender differences in scientific careers, few studies have focused on the impact of research organization on researchers. This article offers a new approach to this issue by introducing bibliometric maps combined with sociological data and interviews, taking both the research organization and the experiences of the individual researcher into account. The results indicate that gender biases operate at various levels of the research organization and are often imbedded in seemingly gender-neutral processes and practices in the everyday working life of researchers.

We review findings from the last decade of research on the effects of disasters, concentrating on three important themes: the differences between the recovery of places versus people, the need to differentiate between short- and long-term recovery trajectories, and the changing role of government and how it has exacerbated inequality in recovery and engendered feedback loops that create greater vulnerability. We reflect the focus of the majority of sociological studies on disasters by concentrating our review on studies in the United States, but we also include studies on disasters throughout the world if they contribute to our empirical and theoretical understanding of disasters and their impacts. We end with a discussion of the inevitability of more severe disasters as climate change progresses and call on social scientists to develop new concepts and to use new methods to study these developments.

PurposeThis paper seeks to examine the differences at international trade shows between exhibitors who participate in joint booths and those who participate in individual booths. The structure, strategy and trade show performance of exhibitors at joint booths and those at individual booths are analysed.Design/methodology/approachThe paper presents an empirical study of 208 exhibitors at an international food and beverage show, focusing on the differences in structure, strategy and performance between individual exhibitors and exhibitors at joint booths. The differences are identified and discussed.FindingsIndividual exhibitors place more personnel and products at their booths and they allocate more resources, top management commitment and planning. However, exhibitors at joint booths have more formalised planning and objective setting. The performances of five groups of trade show activities were assessed. Individual exhibitors perform significantly better on image‐building activities at the show. There are no differences with regard to firm characteristics between the two participation modes.Research limitations/implicationsThe study is limited by the fact that the sampling frame is made up of exhibitors at a single international food and beverage show, and may therefore be more representative of that kind of show. Despite the limitations encountered, the findings have important implications for exhibitors at international trade shows and export marketing programmes as well as other marketing programmes offering services to international trade show exhibitors.Originality/valueA broad range of joint booths and strategy variables is investigated. Also, a more comprehensive and theoretical grounded performance measure is adopted compared with previous research.

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to attempt to theorise difference as encountered by a team of six diverse researchers interested in addressing cultural and religious diversity in sexuality education. Drawing Todd's (2003, 2011a, b) concepts of "the crossroads", "becoming present" and "relationality" in conversation with Barad's (2003, 2007, 2012) ideas around relationality and intra-activity, the paper explores how "difference" in team research might be re-conceptualised. The aim is to theorise difference, differently from Other methodological literature around collaborative research. Typically, this work highlights markers of difference based on researcher identity (such as gender and ethnicity) as the source of difference in research teams, and examines how these differences are worked through. The aim of this paper is not to resolve difference, but understand it as occurring in the relational process of researchers becoming present to each other. Difference that is not understood as the product of the individual (Barad, 2012), may engender an orientation to ethical relationality, whereby research teams might hold in tension a conversation between the individual and the collective.Design/methodology/approach– This paper is philosophical and methodological. It draws on conceptual understandings from feminist educational philosophy and new materialisms. Findings are based on empirical experiences of a team of researchers exploring cultural and religious difference in sexuality education. Its aim is to re-think the ontology of "difference" as conventionally understood in qualitative methodological literature around team research.Findings– The contribution to conceptualising difference in research teams is to apply Todd's (2011a) theoretical work around "becoming", "relationality" and the "crossroads" and further delineate it with Barad's (2012) concept of intra-activity. Combining these theorist's ideas the paper offers a conceptualisation of difference that is not the product of individual researcher identities that manifests at the point of collision with (an)other identity. Rather, difference becomes intra-actively in meeting at the crossroads where the "who" is formed. The author argues it is a configuration that cannot be known in advance, and that blurs individuals (and contingent identities) in its uniqueness.Practical implications– Although conceptual in nature, this paper can be seen as having implications for working with difference in research teams. Drawing on Todd (2003, 2011a) what becomes important in attending to difference in research teams is being openly receptive to the Other. For instance, that the differences of perspective in relation to a research project are not melted into consensus, but that the singularities are always held in relation to each-other.Originality/value– This paper takes new and emerging ideas in educational philosophy and new materialisms around relationality and applies them to a re-thinking of "difference" in qualitative methodological literature. The result is to offer a new ontology of "difference" as experienced by members of a qualitative research team. It also brings the work of Barad and Todd into conversation for the first time, in order to think ethically about how researchers might work with difference.

AbstractThis study examines how the religious composition of a local U.S. population shapes an individual's religious involvement. We reconsider Berger's plausibility thesis and unpack its theoretical mechanisms by (1) conceptualizing religious diversity from each religious group's perspective, because a specific local religious environment has different implications depending on one's religion; (2) decomposing the diversity of the population into the religious outgroup's share and diversity; and (3) including non-affiliated as part of local religious contexts. Furthermore, we adjust for the detailed categories of religious family in a multilevel framework, which addresses the problem of non-substantive correlation and potential heterogeneity among religious groups. Focusing on Protestants, Catholics, and non-affiliated, the analysis reveals that although religious diversity, especially the share of the religious outgroup, tends to be associated negatively with an individual's religious involvement, there are important differences in how religious diversity is related to religiosity among different religious groups including Protestants and Catholics.

SUMMARYTaste sensitivity was evaluated by suprathreshold scaling of six concentrations each of sodium chloride, sucrose, citric acid, and quinine hydrochloride. Magnitude estimation was used as the method of scaling. The study group was composed of 22 males and 19 females were either patients (institutionalized) or staff members of the Jewish Institute for Geriatric Care.Data from each patient were used to compute individual slopes and Y‐intercepts of the log to log transformations for each solution sequence. The mean age of the persons who were institutionalized was significantly higher than that of the staff members. In addition, the mean age of the females was 10 years older than that of the males. The older adult males seemed to have impaired taste function that resulted in significant decreases in total perceived intensity of several taste solutions. No significant differences were shown in taste ability between the relatively healthy younger staff member subjects and the older, more infirm, institutionalized subjects.

This book explores novel aspects of transnational family research through the study of Romanian transnational families. A range of topics are covered, including the impact of lodging type upon life strategies; understudied elements in transnational relationships; gender roles in transnational communication; multinational relationships; the role of polymedia in the formation of couples; andthe lives of the children of Romanian transnational families. The author presents the experiences of 'leavers' as well as of 'stayers'; of the 'highly-skilled' as well as the 'low-skilled'; that of women and that of men - through individual testimonies and couple interviews. Romanian Transnational Families will be of interest to students and scholars across a range of disciplines, including sociology, politics, anthropology and geography. Chapter 3 and Chapter 5of this book are available open access under aCC BY 4.0license at link.springer.com

The American states have provided a rich laboratory in which to examine influences on economic growth, physical capital, human capital, and a variety of policy variables. Existing studies typically use broad cross sections of all states or particular regional subsamples. Pairwise matching is an alternative design for better controlling of omitted variables. We estimate a growth model of U.S. states for 1997–2005 before and after applying different pairwise matching techniques. Our results indicate that sample estimates based on pairwise matching substantially improve the overall ability of the growth model to identify the growth‐enhancing effects of lower tax burdens in general and lower individual income‐tax rates in particular. These effects are more pronounced with narrower matching criteria. (JEL H00, C29, O40)

OBJECTIVES: Quick returns (<11 hours of rest between shifts) have been associated with shortened sleep length and increased sleepiness, but previous efforts have failed to find effects on sleep quality or stress. A shortcoming of most previous research has been the reliance on subjective measures of sleep. The aim of this study was to combine diary and actigraphy data to investigate intra-individual differences in sleep length, sleep quality, sleepiness, and stress during quick returns compared to day-day transitions.
METHODS: Of 225 nurses and assistant nurses who wore actigraphy wristbands and kept a diary of work and sleep for seven days, a subsample of 90 individuals with one observation of both a quick return and a control condition (day-day transition) was extracted. Sleep quality was assessed with actigraphy data on sleep fragmentation and subjective ratings of perceived sleep quality. Stress and sleepiness levels were rated every third hour throughout the day. Shifts were identified from self-reported working hours. Data was analyzed in multilevel models.
RESULTS: Quick returns were associated with 1 hour shorter sleep length [95% confidence interval (CI) -1.23– -0.81], reduced subjective sleep quality (-0.49, 95% CI -0.69– -0.31), increased anxiety at bedtime (-0.38, 95% CI -0.69– -0.08) and increased worktime sleepiness (0.45, 95%CI 0.22– 0.71), compared to day-day transitions. Sleep fragmentation and stress ratings did not differ between conditions.
CONCLUSIONS: The findings of impaired sleep and increased sleepiness highlight the need for caution when scheduling shift combinations with quick returns.

Frontmatter -- CONTENTS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- I Introduction -- Modem Constitutionalism as Interplay Between Identity and Diversity -- II The Rebirth of Constitutionalism -- A New Birth of Constitutionalism: Genetic Influences and Genetic Defects -- III Constitutionalism as Bridge Between Self and Other: The Politics and Legitimation of Constitution Making -- Constitutional Bootstrapping in Philadelphia and Paris -- Revolution and Constitutionalism in America -- Constitutional Powermaking of the New Polity: Some Deliberations on the Relations Between Constituent Power and the Constitution -- Dilemmas Arising from the Power to Create Constitutions in Eastern Europe -- IV The Identity of the Constitutional Subject and the Search for Authoritative Constitutional Meaning -- German Constitutional Culture in Transition -- Constitutional Identity -- Reactionary Constitutional Identity -- Toward a First Amendment Jurisprudence of Respect: A Comment on George Fletcher's Constitutional Identity -- Hermeneutics and Constitutional Interpretation -- The Constitutional Judge: Master or Slave of the Constitution? -- A Philosophical Reconstruction of Judicial Review -- v Freedom, Equality, Individuals, Groups, and the Struggle Between Identity and Difference -- Preferred Generations: A Paradox of Restoration Constitutions -- Free Speech and the Cultural Contingency of Constitutional Categories -- The Multicultural Self: Questions of Subjectivity, Questions of Power -- VI On Drawing Constitutional Boundaries Between Self and Other: The Role of Property Rights -- On Property and Constitutionalism -- Transitional Constitutions -- INDEX -- CONTRIBUTORS