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This article focuses on two sets of literature that have developed out of a shared concern with networks: the network governance school, which has been engaged in a set of macro-level questions about the extent to which networks are changing the nature of state-society relations; and the policy network analysis school, which has focused on the relationship between processes of interest intermediation and their impact on policy-making outcomes. We examine how each school is underpinned by important epistemological differences between positivist, interpretivist and critical realist approaches. We argue that these differences complicate and make contestable what would otherwise seem to be an intuitively attractive argument in favour of combining these two schools. In seeking to understand better how these two schools might be combined, we adopt a critical realist approach and make a distinction between vertical coordination on the state-society axis and horizontal coordination on the interest integration axis. This produces a typology of governance arrangements, which are evaluated according to the level of input and output legitimacy that they are likely to generate, two criteria that are taken as overarching measures of how governance outcomes vary between different governance arrangements. This provides the basis for a broader discussion of how these outcomes are conditioned by both a network's structural characteristics and the way in which it is managed.

This article focuses on two sets of literature that have developed out of a shared concern with networks: the network governance school, which has been engaged in a set of macro-level questions about the extent to which networks are changing the nature of state-society relations; and the policy network analysis school, which has focused on the relationship between processes of interest intermediation and their impact on policy-making outcomes. We examine how each school is underpinned by important epistemological differences between positivist, interpretivist and critical realist approaches. We argue that these differences complicate and make contestable what would otherwise seem to be an intuitively attractive argument in favour of combining these two schools. In seeking to understand better how these two schools might be combined, we adopt a critical realist approach and make a distinction between vertical coordination on the state-society axis and horizontal coordination on the interest integration axis. This produces a typology of governance arrangements, which are evaluated according to the level of input and output legitimacy that they are likely to generate, two criteria that are taken as overarching measures of how governance outcomes vary between different governance arrangements. This provides the basis for a broader discussion of how these outcomes are conditioned by both a network's structural characteristics and the way in which it is managed.

Purpose
– With the advent of Islamic banking, a new species was added to the banking system which was then, only dominated by the conventional banking. Islamic banking expanded in the world within the last decade and as a result, Islamic finance emerged as an alternative to the conventional finance. This created Islamic companies and Islamic financial institutions which operate based on the principles of Shari'ah or Islamic Law. These Islamic corporate bodies, like the conventional corporate bodies do need good governance rules. In other words, they also need a good, sophisticated "Shari'ah Governance Code" which would be based on the principle of Islamic Law. This is mainly because the objective of the conventional and the Islamic Corporate governance is different as conventional corporate governance structure is more focused on the protection of the rights of the stakeholders; while Islamic corporate governance focus on retaining the Islamicity of whole corporation. The objective of this research is, as the title suggests, proposing the reasons why a special governance Code for Shari'ah corporate bodies are needed. This paper would suggest a proper governance structure to the Islamic companies and will also discuss why the conventional corporate governance Codes are unsuitable for the Islamic companies.



Design/methodology/approach
– This research which is primarily library based, is an exploratory legal research in nature.



Findings
– In the course of this research, it is found that there is a need to enact a Shari'ah Corporate Governance Code due to the widespread establishment of shari'ah compliant companies in the world. Hence, the authors had discussed the potential content of such a Code in this paper.



Originality/value
– This research will complement the knowledge based on shari'ah corporate governance and is targeted to the existing and prospective shari'ah compliant companies.

The unique characteristics of the Internet—its openness, its global interconnectedness, its decentralized nature and the interrelationships among the layers that comprise it—have made it remarkably resistant to traditional tools of state governance. India is among such state actors which prefer a model of governance in which national governments serve as essential gatekeepers to global institutions, and Inter-Governmental Organizations (IGOs) remain the key venue for negotiations on complex problems like Internet. However, the role of international organizations, considered so far as settled sites of global governance, is faced with the task of navigating through a range of competing interests, namely governmental sensitivities regarding security and sovereignty, the commercial interests of private corporations (like the US-based ICANN) as also the concerns of civil society and user groups across the world. The 2005 World Summit on the Information Society witnessed a divisive debate about appropriate models—some privileging the place of intergovernmental bodies, while others promoting the role of non-governmental stakeholders—for regulating the Internet and the domain names system. Notwithstanding inconsistencies, India joined other emerging countries both in 2011 and 2014 negotiations to support creation of a suitable mechanism within the UN system. At the latter event in Sao Paulo, India outlined its detailed considerations for creating an intergovernmental body that would be committed to both the primacy of state sovereignty and to developing the capacities of the disadvantaged developing countries. The Western critics, nevertheless, have found it paradoxical that despite being a democratic and open society, India prefers government-led multilateral, rather than multi-stakeholder, approach to Internet governance.

The application of ICT in the public sector organizations of the developing countries is greatly used as one of the essential tool for bring the improvement in the governance of the county. The research study is aimed to evaluate the effect of ICT in improving the good governance of the public organization in Pakistan. The research paper has discussed the application of ICT in the public sector organization in developing countries and highlighted the essential factors which need to be addressed for making effective adoption of e-government technology in the public sector organization that consequently enhance the good governance of the public organization. The study has focused it study on those public organizations where e-government technology has been used for the purpose of improving good governance. This research has proposed a framework for enhancing the good governance of the public organization and finally has provided policy, action and research recommendations

Most commentators understand that contemporary social, economic and environmental challenges require quality governance from global to local scales. While public scrutiny of governance has increased in recent years, the literature on frameworks and methods for analysis in complex, poly-centric and multi-thematic governance systems remains fragmented; displaying many disciplinary or sectoral biases. This paper establishes a stronger theory-based foundation for the analysis of complex governance systems. It also develops a clear analytical framework applicable across a vast array of differing governance themes, domains and scales (GSA). The key methodological steps and evaluative criteria for the GSA framework are determined and practical guidance for its application in reform is provided.

AbstractScholars disagree whether local decision making is inherently more democratic and sustainable than centralized governance structures. While some maintain it is, due to the incorporation of local knowledge, citizen decision makers' closeness to the issues, and the benefits of participatory democracy, others find it as susceptible to issues of corruption and poor implementation as any other scale. We argue that with wetlands, a natural resource with critical local benefits, it is imperative to incorporate local governance, using the U.S. state of Connecticut as an example. Despite the American policy of No Net Loss, the local benefits of wetland resources cannot be aggregated on a national scale. Each local ecosystem needs wetland resources to ensure local ecological benefits such as flood control and pollution remission, as well as the substantial economic benefits of recreation. We illustrate the benefits of local control of wetlands with data from the American state of Connecticut, which consistently surpasses the federal wetland goal of No Net Loss due, we argue, to the governance structure of town‐level wetlands commissions. A national policy such as No Net Loss, where wetlands are saved or created in designated areas and destroyed in others, is insufficient when it ignores critical benefits for localities. The Connecticut system using local volunteers and unpaid appointees is a successful method for governing common‐pool wetland systems. In the case of Connecticut, we find that local decision making is not a "trap," but instead an effective model of sustainable, democratic local governance.

This article focuses on two sets of literature that have developed out of a shared concern with networks: the network governance school, which has been engaged in a set of macro-level questions about the extent to which networks are changing the nature of state-society relations; and the policy network analysis school, which has focused on the relationship between processes of interest intermediation and their impact on policy-making outcomes. We examine how each school is underpinned by important epistemological differences between positivist, interpretivist and critical realist approaches. We argue that these differences complicate and make contestable what would otherwise seem to be an intuitively attractive argument in favour of combining these two schools. In seeking to understand better how these two schools might be combined, we adopt a critical realist approach and make a distinction between vertical coordination on the state-society axis and horizontal coordination on the interest integration axis. This produces a typology of governance arrangements, which are evaluated according to the level of input and output legitimacy that they are likely to generate, two criteria that are taken as overarching measures of how governance outcomes vary between different governance arrangements. This provides the basis for a broader discussion of how these outcomes are conditioned by both a network's structural characteristics and the way in which it is managed.

Enterprises today often strive to keep up with the paces of technological development. A particular case in point is the IT function where traditional governance approaches are often questioned by technology trends. Examples for such trends in the last ten years are the service-oriented architecture (SOA) and cloud computing. The introduction of SOA in the enterprise was one of the key enablers for cloud computing. Therefore, it can serve as a natural fit for bringing traditional IT governance approaches forward to the challenges of cloud governance. This article presents an approach for extending IT governance mindsets to the areas of SOA and cloud governance. It allows an IT organisation the adaptation and the continuous usage of already established governance knowledge and models during the adoption of cloud computing solutions. The authors also present an application case study where they demonstrate the feasibility of the approach in real-life scenarios in the context of an international telecommunication provider.