Suchergebnisse

Taking into account the tendencies of urban expansion, agglomeration and transformation of megacities into centers of production of important management decisions, the formation of the world agenda, urbanization issues are recognized as one of the most urgent and relevant today. After all, the processes of urbanization affect all fields of society as a whole, and is an important factor influencing the safe coexistence of citizens in a particular area. The consequences of urbanization processes, on the one hand, ensure the development of civilization and create new opportunities to meet the interests and needs of a man, and on the other hand create new challenges and tasks for society, states, governments and, accordingly, for the system of public administration to ensure the proper level of quality of life of the population, to ensure the respect for the rights and freedoms of citizens. In order to identify the consequences of urbanization, and accordingly the tasks of public administration to minimize them, the essence of the concept of «urbanization» is defined and its consequences from the standpoint of environmental, economic, social and humanitarian environments are determined. Urbanization processes exacerbate environmental problems related to environmental pollution and waste accumulation, mining, depletion of natural resources, and so on. At the same time, the issue of increasing social inequality, increasing the difference between the living conditions of various groups of the population both between countries and within cities, as well as between cities of a particular country. Similarly, the problems of the economic environment and the humanitarian sphere are exacerbated. In order to effectively identify problems and pursue effective policies, the authorities are expanding the opportunities for citizens to be involved in the public decision-making process, as this allows to maximize the range of stakeholders and determine their interests accordingly.The current study carries out the structuring of urbanization challenges from the standpoint of the theory of hierarchical needs of A. Maslow, based on which the tasks of public administration and management, and, accordingly, the direction of transformation of the public administration system are determined. ; Урбанізаційна проблематика, з огляду на тенденції розширення міст, збільшення агломерацій та перетворення мегаполісів на центри продукування важливих управлінських рішень, формування світового порядку денного, визнана однією із нагальних та актуальних на сьогодні. Адже процеси урбанізації зачіпають усі сфери життєдіяльності суспільства в цілому та є важливим чинником впливу на безпечне співіснування громадян на окремій території. Наслідки урбанізаційних процесів, з одного боку, забезпечують цивілізаційний розвиток та створюють нові можливості у забезпеченні інтересів та потреб людини, а з другого боку, формують нові виклики і завдання як для суспільства, держав, урядів, так і відповідно для системи публічного управління та адміністрування, що покликана забезпечити належний рівень якості життя населення, дотримання прав та свобод громадян. З метою ідентифікації наслідків урбанізації та відповідно завдань публічного управління щодо їх мінімізації визначено сутність поняття «урбанізація» та встановлено її наслідки з позицій екологічного, економічного, соціального та гуманітарного середовищ. Урбанізаційні процеси загострюють екологічні проблеми, пов'язані із забрудненням навколишнього середовища та накопиченням відходів, видобутком корисних копалин, зменшенням природних ресурсів тощо. У той же час актуалізується питання збільшення соціальної нерівності, збільшення різниці між умовами життя різних груп населення як між країнами, так і в межах міст, а також між містами окремої країни. Загострюються також проблеми економічного середовища та гуманітарної сфери. Задля ефективної ідентифікації проблем та провадження ефективної політики органи влади розширюють можливості долучення громадян до процесу прийняття публічних рішень, адже це дозволяє максимально збільшити спектр стейкхолдерів та відповідно визначити їх інтереси. У цьому дослідженні здійснено структуризацію урбанізаційних викликів із позиції теорії ієрархічних потреб А.Маслоу, на основі якої встановлено завдання публічного управління та адміністрування та відповідно напрями трансформації системи публічного управління.

Social Insurance in the EU when a Person Pursues an Activity as an Employed Person in Two or More Member States and when a Person Pursues an Activity as an Employed Person in the EU and Non-EU States. Regulations on the coordination of social security systems have been amended on a number of occasions. The main reason why it has been chosen to change the provisions of this instrument was to ensure the free movement of workers within the Community and to prohibit any discrimination against them in relation to nationality. One of the main rights of MS citizens, enshrined in primary EU law is the freedom of movement, which provides the opportunity to seek employment, have employment or self-employment in two or more MS. The coordination of social security systems does not aim to alter the national social security systems, they are coordinated rather than harmonized. At their own discretion, today, the states can establish the classification of social security benefits, the conditions for granting benefits and the terms on which social insurance costs are to be paid. In order to avoid conflicts due to the application of different national social security systems, individuals working in two or more MS will receive social security benefits in accordance with the principles laid down in the coordination regulations: application of one social security scheme; equal opportunities; equal payout, income, facts and events evaluation; aggregation periods; the preservation of acquired rights; good administration. Employees who work in more than one MS are treated as individuals who, without interrupting their activities in one MS, simultaneously carry out another, separate activity in one or more MS. Such individuals are considered to be those who alternately, in two or more MS, carry out different types of activities. The main rule for determining the applicable legislation for employess working in at least two MS is as follows: employees who normally work in two or more MS as hired employees should be considered as members of the social security system of the MS of residence if they have a significant (substantial) share of all their ongoing work in it. Self-employed individuals who work in two or more MS are subject to the same rules as hired employees, but in cases where in none of the MS, in which the person carries out essential parts of an individual activity, we can not determine his place of residence, the person is subject to the social security system legislation of the MS in which we can establish the person's interest center. An unusual criterion for determining the applicable legislation is detected for personnel who are considered to be flight crew or cabin crew. The applicable law for employees in this category is determined by the criterion of the main place of their residence. Among the agreements adopted by the EU institutions and other legislation, we can find a number of provisions that discuss the external functioning of EU coordination rules. In these agreements the following is embeded: the uniform treatment of EU citizens working in third countries, the retention of rights to social insurance benefits acquired by EU citizens, and the opportunity to export them. As none of the agreements adopted by the EU institutions were adopted by third countries, the provisions contained in these agreements sustain an internal effect and do not guarantee the rights of EU citizens to receive benefits in third countries. Today, the signing of bilateral international treaties remains to be seen. The narrow scope of personal field of application in these agreements ensures the social rights of the signatories only, and the material ensures only the rights to protect the benefits specified in the agreement. This causes a lot of problems for migrant workers if they are not citizens of one of the signatory states.

Social Insurance in the EU when a Person Pursues an Activity as an Employed Person in Two or More Member States and when a Person Pursues an Activity as an Employed Person in the EU and Non-EU States. Regulations on the coordination of social security systems have been amended on a number of occasions. The main reason why it has been chosen to change the provisions of this instrument was to ensure the free movement of workers within the Community and to prohibit any discrimination against them in relation to nationality. One of the main rights of MS citizens, enshrined in primary EU law is the freedom of movement, which provides the opportunity to seek employment, have employment or self-employment in two or more MS. The coordination of social security systems does not aim to alter the national social security systems, they are coordinated rather than harmonized. At their own discretion, today, the states can establish the classification of social security benefits, the conditions for granting benefits and the terms on which social insurance costs are to be paid. In order to avoid conflicts due to the application of different national social security systems, individuals working in two or more MS will receive social security benefits in accordance with the principles laid down in the coordination regulations: application of one social security scheme; equal opportunities; equal payout, income, facts and events evaluation; aggregation periods; the preservation of acquired rights; good administration. Employees who work in more than one MS are treated as individuals who, without interrupting their activities in one MS, simultaneously carry out another, separate activity in one or more MS. Such individuals are considered to be those who alternately, in two or more MS, carry out different types of activities. The main rule for determining the applicable legislation for employess working in at least two MS is as follows: employees who normally work in two or more MS as hired employees should be considered as members of the social security system of the MS of residence if they have a significant (substantial) share of all their ongoing work in it. Self-employed individuals who work in two or more MS are subject to the same rules as hired employees, but in cases where in none of the MS, in which the person carries out essential parts of an individual activity, we can not determine his place of residence, the person is subject to the social security system legislation of the MS in which we can establish the person's interest center. An unusual criterion for determining the applicable legislation is detected for personnel who are considered to be flight crew or cabin crew. The applicable law for employees in this category is determined by the criterion of the main place of their residence. Among the agreements adopted by the EU institutions and other legislation, we can find a number of provisions that discuss the external functioning of EU coordination rules. In these agreements the following is embeded: the uniform treatment of EU citizens working in third countries, the retention of rights to social insurance benefits acquired by EU citizens, and the opportunity to export them. As none of the agreements adopted by the EU institutions were adopted by third countries, the provisions contained in these agreements sustain an internal effect and do not guarantee the rights of EU citizens to receive benefits in third countries. Today, the signing of bilateral international treaties remains to be seen. The narrow scope of personal field of application in these agreements ensures the social rights of the signatories only, and the material ensures only the rights to protect the benefits specified in the agreement. This causes a lot of problems for migrant workers if they are not citizens of one of the signatory states.

Social Insurance in the EU when a Person Pursues an Activity as an Employed Person in Two or More Member States and when a Person Pursues an Activity as an Employed Person in the EU and Non-EU States. Regulations on the coordination of social security systems have been amended on a number of occasions. The main reason why it has been chosen to change the provisions of this instrument was to ensure the free movement of workers within the Community and to prohibit any discrimination against them in relation to nationality. One of the main rights of MS citizens, enshrined in primary EU law is the freedom of movement, which provides the opportunity to seek employment, have employment or self-employment in two or more MS. The coordination of social security systems does not aim to alter the national social security systems, they are coordinated rather than harmonized. At their own discretion, today, the states can establish the classification of social security benefits, the conditions for granting benefits and the terms on which social insurance costs are to be paid. In order to avoid conflicts due to the application of different national social security systems, individuals working in two or more MS will receive social security benefits in accordance with the principles laid down in the coordination regulations: application of one social security scheme; equal opportunities; equal payout, income, facts and events evaluation; aggregation periods; the preservation of acquired rights; good administration. Employees who work in more than one MS are treated as individuals who, without interrupting their activities in one MS, simultaneously carry out another, separate activity in one or more MS. Such individuals are considered to be those who alternately, in two or more MS, carry out different types of activities. The main rule for determining the applicable legislation for employess working in at least two MS is as follows: employees who normally work in two or more MS as hired employees should be considered as members of the social security system of the MS of residence if they have a significant (substantial) share of all their ongoing work in it. Self-employed individuals who work in two or more MS are subject to the same rules as hired employees, but in cases where in none of the MS, in which the person carries out essential parts of an individual activity, we can not determine his place of residence, the person is subject to the social security system legislation of the MS in which we can establish the person's interest center. An unusual criterion for determining the applicable legislation is detected for personnel who are considered to be flight crew or cabin crew. The applicable law for employees in this category is determined by the criterion of the main place of their residence. Among the agreements adopted by the EU institutions and other legislation, we can find a number of provisions that discuss the external functioning of EU coordination rules. In these agreements the following is embeded: the uniform treatment of EU citizens working in third countries, the retention of rights to social insurance benefits acquired by EU citizens, and the opportunity to export them. As none of the agreements adopted by the EU institutions were adopted by third countries, the provisions contained in these agreements sustain an internal effect and do not guarantee the rights of EU citizens to receive benefits in third countries. Today, the signing of bilateral international treaties remains to be seen. The narrow scope of personal field of application in these agreements ensures the social rights of the signatories only, and the material ensures only the rights to protect the benefits specified in the agreement. This causes a lot of problems for migrant workers if they are not citizens of one of the signatory states.

Social Insurance in the EU when a Person Pursues an Activity as an Employed Person in Two or More Member States and when a Person Pursues an Activity as an Employed Person in the EU and Non-EU States. Regulations on the coordination of social security systems have been amended on a number of occasions. The main reason why it has been chosen to change the provisions of this instrument was to ensure the free movement of workers within the Community and to prohibit any discrimination against them in relation to nationality. One of the main rights of MS citizens, enshrined in primary EU law is the freedom of movement, which provides the opportunity to seek employment, have employment or self-employment in two or more MS. The coordination of social security systems does not aim to alter the national social security systems, they are coordinated rather than harmonized. At their own discretion, today, the states can establish the classification of social security benefits, the conditions for granting benefits and the terms on which social insurance costs are to be paid. In order to avoid conflicts due to the application of different national social security systems, individuals working in two or more MS will receive social security benefits in accordance with the principles laid down in the coordination regulations: application of one social security scheme; equal opportunities; equal payout, income, facts and events evaluation; aggregation periods; the preservation of acquired rights; good administration. Employees who work in more than one MS are treated as individuals who, without interrupting their activities in one MS, simultaneously carry out another, separate activity in one or more MS. Such individuals are considered to be those who alternately, in two or more MS, carry out different types of activities. The main rule for determining the applicable legislation for employess working in at least two MS is as follows: employees who normally work in two or more MS as hired employees should be considered as members of the social security system of the MS of residence if they have a significant (substantial) share of all their ongoing work in it. Self-employed individuals who work in two or more MS are subject to the same rules as hired employees, but in cases where in none of the MS, in which the person carries out essential parts of an individual activity, we can not determine his place of residence, the person is subject to the social security system legislation of the MS in which we can establish the person's interest center. An unusual criterion for determining the applicable legislation is detected for personnel who are considered to be flight crew or cabin crew. The applicable law for employees in this category is determined by the criterion of the main place of their residence. Among the agreements adopted by the EU institutions and other legislation, we can find a number of provisions that discuss the external functioning of EU coordination rules. In these agreements the following is embeded: the uniform treatment of EU citizens working in third countries, the retention of rights to social insurance benefits acquired by EU citizens, and the opportunity to export them. As none of the agreements adopted by the EU institutions were adopted by third countries, the provisions contained in these agreements sustain an internal effect and do not guarantee the rights of EU citizens to receive benefits in third countries. Today, the signing of bilateral international treaties remains to be seen. The narrow scope of personal field of application in these agreements ensures the social rights of the signatories only, and the material ensures only the rights to protect the benefits specified in the agreement. This causes a lot of problems for migrant workers if they are not citizens of one of the signatory states.

The article spotlights bilateral relations between Ukraine and the Russian Federation within the period after the dissolution of the USSR that came from multi-faceted vision of correlation system between countries and were defined by a wide range of peculiarities and paradoxes. Attempts to fix a favourable format of relations just for itself, unclosed ignoring of meaning and interests of the partner, mutual accusations were changed for attempts to compromise and find optimum ways for the crisis overcoming. And the latter were more than enough and not only in interstate relations.The social and economic development of Ukraine after restoration of state independence was disputable and dramatic. The national economy on the whole fitted into the traditional scheme of transition economies that appeared instead of the centralized, extra-market economic relations with intrinsic to it rejection of private property, almost total control of the economic domain by the state. The crisis of the Soviet system emerged within the «Era of Stagnation» transformed in independent Ukraine into a full-blown economic collapse that lasted till the end of 1990s.The Ukrainian economy and society for a long time (partially even at present) were dependent on Soviet Union heritage – no fundamental changes in the field of fixed assets, industrial infrastructures within the first twenty years took place after the independence restoration. The market economy was embroiling with increase in public control, economic freedom – with bureaucratic centralization, public servants outrages, law enforcement and fiscal agencies, free market – with transformation of public authority into rent source and corruption – to «organic» component of economic relations. The merge of public authority and business into a «weird conglomerate where the business gains a direct access to the public authority and the public authority transforms into a business» stayed almost the most pressing issue of Ukrainian economy.But the Russian party within the first two decades after the USSR dissolution taking its economic strength that was significantly greater than Ukrainian one, permanently tried to foist own «rules of game» to social and political elite (subject to availability of this term) of the latter, own old economic model, constantly initiating a lot of reintegration projects (like CIS) to return former republics of the Soviet Union to its imperial/neo-imperial dominance.The matter of division of foreign property of the former USSR became one of the most charged matters in Russian-Ukrainian relations after December 1991. This problem controversially united social and economic issues extremely important for revived Ukrainian statesmanship with social and humanitarian component.The matter of division of foreign property of the former USSR was left unsettled prior to the very beginning of the Russian aggression against Ukraine and annexation of Crimea as well as occupation of parts of Donetsk and Luhansk Oblasts districts in 2014. ; В статье освещены двусторонние отношения между Украиной и Российской Федерацией в период после распада СССР, происходящие из-за разнопланового видения системы взаимоотношений между странами и которые определялись целым рядом особенностей и парадоксов. Попытки установить выгодный именно себе формат отношений, открытое игнорирование позиции и интересов партнера, взаимные обвинения периодически менялись попытками компромисса и поиском оптимальных путей преодоления кризисных явлений. А последних было более чем достаточно и не только в межгосударственных отношениях. ; В статті висвітлено двосторонні відносини між Україною та Російською Федерацією в період після розпаду СРСР, які походили з різнопланового бачення системи співвідношення між країнами та визначалися цілим рядом особливостей та парадоксів. Спроби встановити вигідний саме собі формат відносин, відкрите ігнорування позиції та інтересів партнера, взаємні звинувачення періодично змінювалися спробами компромісу та пошуком оптимальних шляхів подолання кризових явищ. А останніх було більш аніж достатньо і не лише у міждержавних стосунках.

The article spotlights bilateral relations between Ukraine and the Russian Federation within the period after the dissolution of the USSR that came from multi-faceted vision of correlation system between countries and were defined by a wide range of peculiarities and paradoxes. Attempts to fix a favourable format of relations just for itself, unclosed ignoring of meaning and interests of the partner, mutual accusations were changed for attempts to compromise and find optimum ways for the crisis overcoming. And the latter were more than enough and not only in interstate relations.The social and economic development of Ukraine after restoration of state independence was disputable and dramatic. The national economy on the whole fitted into the traditional scheme of transition economies that appeared instead of the centralized, extra-market economic relations with intrinsic to it rejection of private property, almost total control of the economic domain by the state. The crisis of the Soviet system emerged within the «Era of Stagnation» transformed in independent Ukraine into a full-blown economic collapse that lasted till the end of 1990s.The Ukrainian economy and society for a long time (partially even at present) were dependent on Soviet Union heritage – no fundamental changes in the field of fixed assets, industrial infrastructures within the first twenty years took place after the independence restoration. The market economy was embroiling with increase in public control, economic freedom – with bureaucratic centralization, public servants outrages, law enforcement and fiscal agencies, free market – with transformation of public authority into rent source and corruption – to «organic» component of economic relations. The merge of public authority and business into a «weird conglomerate where the business gains a direct access to the public authority and the public authority transforms into a business» stayed almost the most pressing issue of Ukrainian economy.But the Russian party within the first two decades after the USSR dissolution taking its economic strength that was significantly greater than Ukrainian one, permanently tried to foist own «rules of game» to social and political elite (subject to availability of this term) of the latter, own old economic model, constantly initiating a lot of reintegration projects (like CIS) to return former republics of the Soviet Union to its imperial/neo-imperial dominance.The matter of division of foreign property of the former USSR became one of the most charged matters in Russian-Ukrainian relations after December 1991. This problem controversially united social and economic issues extremely important for revived Ukrainian statesmanship with social and humanitarian component.The matter of division of foreign property of the former USSR was left unsettled prior to the very beginning of the Russian aggression against Ukraine and annexation of Crimea as well as occupation of parts of Donetsk and Luhansk Oblasts districts in 2014. ; В статье освещены двусторонние отношения между Украиной и Российской Федерацией в период после распада СССР, происходящие из-за разнопланового видения системы взаимоотношений между странами и которые определялись целым рядом особенностей и парадоксов. Попытки установить выгодный именно себе формат отношений, открытое игнорирование позиции и интересов партнера, взаимные обвинения периодически менялись попытками компромисса и поиском оптимальных путей преодоления кризисных явлений. А последних было более чем достаточно и не только в межгосударственных отношениях. ; В статті висвітлено двосторонні відносини між Україною та Російською Федерацією в період після розпаду СРСР, які походили з різнопланового бачення системи співвідношення між країнами та визначалися цілим рядом особливостей та парадоксів. Спроби встановити вигідний саме собі формат відносин, відкрите ігнорування позиції та інтересів партнера, взаємні звинувачення періодично змінювалися спробами компромісу та пошуком оптимальних шляхів подолання кризових явищ. А останніх було більш аніж достатньо і не лише у міждержавних стосунках.

Актуальность и цели. Цель проведённого исследования обусловлена спецификой дисциплины «Иностранный язык» в неязыковом (юридическом) вузе, актуальной научно-образовательной задачей которого является подготовка специалистов, владеющих знаниями иноязычной специальной терминологии, политических систем стран изучаемых языков, основ судебной практики и юридической техники, а также навыками опосредованного письменного иноязычного общения. Развитие межкультурной компетенции является одним из приоритетных направлений учебной деятельности. Данный подход определяет конкретные формы реализации образовательных задач и принципы, основанные на традициях культурной вариативности. Понимание правовой культуры как выражение в праве социальных ценностей (справедливости, свободы) необходимо не только для осмысления обучающимися природы права, но и для профессиональной адаптации в условиях экономической, политической, моральной, эстетической интеграции. Материалы и методы. Реализация задач была достигнута на основе анализа научной литературы по теории перевода и теории текста, методике работы с текстом на занятиях по немецкому языку, на основе анализа практических работ по письменному переводу и обобщения полученных результатов. Методологическую основу работы составили современные представления о практике письменного перевода иноязычного специального текста. Результаты. Авторами обобщены научные исследования по теории текста и теории перевода в аспекте письменного перевода текстов сферы профессиональной коммуникации, разработаны упражнения, которые стали составной частью учебных пособий, используемых в учебном процессе. Выводы. Практические задания по формированию навыков перевода текстов по специальности нацелены в первую очередь на активизацию фоновых знаний в области права, на закрепление грамматических и лексических навыков в плане выявления и анализа грамматических структур, лексических соответствий, способов перевода тех или иных конструкций на русский язык. При переводе специальных текстов с одного языка на другой помимо сохранения общего смысла сообщения и представления содержащейся в нем совокупности идей и понятий должна быть отражена его коммуникативная направленность и по возможности точно переданы его логические акценты. ; Background. The specifics of the course "Foreign language" in non-language (law) higher education institutions define the purpose of the conducted research. The scientific and educational task of the course is training of specialists with knowledge of foreign-language special terminology, political systems of foreign countries, principles of judicial practice and legal writing methodology as well as skills of the intermediary written foreign language communication. Development of the cross-cultural competence is one of the priorities of the educational process. This approach defines certain forms of implementation of educational tasks and principles based on traditions of cultural variation. Understanding of the legal culture as a reflection of social values (justice, freedom) in law is necessary not only for understanding the nature of law by students, but also for professional adaptation in the framework of economic, political, moral, esthetic integration. Materials and methods. The objectives were achieved through the analysis of the academic literature on the text and translation theory, the methodology of working with texts during German classes, the analysis of the practical translation work and the results summary. The methodological background of the article was a modern understanding of translation of foreign subject-specific texts. Results. The authors summarized scientific researches on the text and translation theory in terms of translation of texts in the professional sphere; developed exercises that became an integral part of textbooks used in the educational process. Conclusions. Practical tasks on formation of skills in translation of subject-specific texts aim at promotion of background knowledge in the field of law, at retaining grammar and lexical skills in respect of the identification and the analysis of grammar structures, lexical equivalents, ways of translation of certain constructions into Russian. When translating a subject-specific text from one language into another, one has to not only preserve the general sense of a message and represent ideas and concepts contained in it, but to reflect its communicative goal and to reproduce to the best its logic emphases.

Актуальность темы обусловлена важностью проблемы гражданского воспитания молодежи в современном поликультурном обществе и мире, где уважение прав свобод человека, формирование гражданственности являются приоритетными направлениями образовательной политики. Цель исследования заключается в том, чтобы выявить и охарактеризовать общие и особенные подходы при формулировке целей и задач гражданского воспитания в России и США. Результаты исследования показали, что в проанализированных концепциях российских ученых к определению целей и задач гражданского воспитания прослеживаются актуальность воспитания патриотизма, правовой и политической грамотности, и ответственного участия в общественной жизни. Подчеркнем, что похожие идеи присутствуют и в концепциях американских ученых. На наш взгляд, особенным для России является более тесная связь гражданского воспитания с патриотическим и правовым воспитанием, в то время как американские авторы подчеркивают поликультурный характер гражданского воспитания. Об этом свидетельствуют разные подходы к пониманию «активной гражданской позиции ученика». Российские ученые подразумевают только готовность ученика к ответственному и грамотному участию в жизни школы, района и общества. Американские теоретики дополняют «активную гражданскую позицию» умением школьника противостоять любой форме дискриминации, как в школе, так и за ее пределами. Для достижения целей гражданского воспитания американские ученые указывают на необходимость создания в школе демократической атмосферы, сотрудничества школы с общественными организациями, приобщения детей к волонтерской деятельности, развития способности критически оценивать информацию, правовой грамотности и политической активности, совместной работы школы и церкви в нравственно-гражданском воспитании ребенка. Область применения результатов исследования. Результаты исследования могут быть использованы в процессе разработки новых технологий, методов и приемов обучения с целью модернизации программ гражданского воспитания и формирования демократической воспитательной среды в учебном заведении для развития гражданственности как неотъемлемого качества личности учащихся. ; The urgency of the topic is stipulated by the importance of the problem of civic education of youth in modern multicultural society and the world, where respect of human rights and freedoms, development of civic consciousness are the leading directions of educational policy. The purpose of the research is to reveal and characterize general and peculiar appro-aches towards the formulation of the goals and tasks of civic education in Russia and in the USA. The results of the research showed that in the analyzed conceptions of the Russian scientists towards formulation of goals and tasks of civic education the urgency of the patriotism development, law knowledge and political awareness, responsible participation in social life are revealed. It should be pointed out that similar ideas exist in the American conceptions. In our opinion, closer relation of civic education to patriotic and law education is specific for Russia, while American authors underline multicultural character of civic education. Different approaches to understanding the «active civic position of a student» are revealed. Russian scientists mean only readiness of a student to responsible and competent participation in the life of a school, district and society. American theorists add to «active civic position of a student» the student's skill to resist to any form of discrimination at school as well as out of it. To meet the goals of civic education American scientists point out the importance of creation at school the democratic atmosphere, school cooperation with social organizations, development of critical assessment of information, law knowledge and political activity, coope-ration of school and church in the process of moral and civic education of a child. Practical implications of the results. The results of the research are applicable in the process of working out of the new technologies, methods and approaches in education to modernize the programs of civic education and create democratic educational environment in educational institution to develop civic consciousness as an essential personal quality of a pupil's personality.

Введение: в статье анализируются вопросы предоставления права на обращение с запросом о толковании положений конституций (уставов) субъектов РФ в конституционные (уставные) суды. Цель: рассматриваются положения федерального и регионального законодательства о конституционных (уставных) судах и обосновываются предложения по усовершенствованию законодательных положений о наделении правом на обращение с запросом о толковании положений конституций (уставов) субъектов РФ. Методы: методологическую основу исследования составляет совокупность методов научного познания, в том числе диалектический метод и общенаучные методы познания (анализ, синтез, индукция и дедукция). Автором широко использовались также частнонаучные методы познания (формально-юридический, сравнительно-правовой). В ходе научного поиска особое внимание уделялось сравнительному, системному методам исследования. Результаты: предлагается закрепить в федеральном законодательстве полномочия прокуроров субъектов РФ и федеральных судов на обращения с запросом о толковании положений конституций (уставов) субъектов РФ в конституционные (уставные) суды. Автор настаивает на предоставлении индивидуального права депутатам региональных парламентов обращаться с запросами о толковании. По мнению автора,закрепление в региональном законодательстве права общественных объединений на обращение с запросом о толковании положений Основного Закона субъекта РФ является допустимым только в той мере, в какой это обусловлено особенностями конституционного (уставного) регулирования в конкретных субъектах РФ и механизма защиты прав и свобод граждан. Так, выглядит оправданным предоставление подобного права объединениям малочисленных коренных народов Севера в Республике Саха (Якутия). Выводы: правом на обращение в конституционный (уставный) суд с запросом должны быть наделены субъекты, если положения конституций (уставов) субъектов РФ непосредственно затрагивают объем их прав и обязанностей, а также субъекты, которые применяют соответствующие положения Основных Законов субъектов РФ. ; Introduction: the article analyses the issues of granting the right to request Constitutional (Charter) Courts for interpretation of provisions of Constitutions (Charters) of the subjects of the Russian Federation. Purpose: to consider the provisions of federal and regional legislation on Constitutional (Charter) Courts and substantiate the proposals to improve legislative provisions on granting the right to request interpretation of provisions of the Constitutions (Charters) of the subjects of the Russian Federation. Methods: the methodological framework of the research is based on a set of methods of scientific cognition, in particular the dialectic method and general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction). The author also uses methods specific to legal science (formal, comparative). Special attention is paid to the comparative and systemic research methods. Results: it is proposed to formalize the power of the prosecutors of the subjects of the Russian Federation and of Federal Courts to request Constitutional (Charter) Courts to provide interpretation of provisions of the Constitutions (Charters) of the subjects of the Russian Federation. The author maintains that members of regional parliaments should be granted individual rights to request such interpretation. According to the author, the right of public associations to request interpretation of provisions of the Fundamental Law of a subject of the Russian Federation can be legally formalized only to the extent that is provided by the Constitution (Charter) of the particular subject and its system of protecting the rights and freedoms of citizens. Thus, granting such right to indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North in the Sakha Republic (Yakutia) seems justified. Conclusions: the right to request Constitutional (Charter) Courts to provide interpretation should be granted to legal entities if the provisions of the Constitution (Charter) directly relate to the scope of their rights and obligations, or if such entities apply the relevant provisions of the Fundamental Laws of the subjects of the Russian Federation

The 'ever closer union' motto of the 1957 Rome Treaty was indeed one of the most assertive 'superordinate goals' in the history of the EU. Symbolic as it may sound, a formulation of this sort was in the aftermath of a war-stricken Europe intending to promote the initial cooperation between a number of formerly hostile states to a broader audience. For immigration issues, as part of a diverse range of policy areas in the Community's course of action to that effect, the Schengen Treaties in the 1980s served well by abolishing the traditional border controls and setting about a deeper and wider 'area of freedom, security and justice'. The 1997 Amsterdam Treaty was quite seminal in this latter respect. Accordingly, decision-making in immigration matters was to follow progressively supranationalist principles, with the competences of the Council to be going halves with the Parliament incrementally. Aside from a certain level of harmonisation in cross-border police and judicial affairs, nevertheless, the prevailing tendency in the EU Member States' patterns of immigration policy-making has since then been more to the precedence of intergovernmentalism than to that of supranationalism. Perceiving this 'back-pedalling' to be a serious damper on the tenability of the Rome Treaty's slogan in today's far more crowded Union, this doctoral study aimed to investigate as its core research question the extent of 'Europeanisation' concerning the immigration policies of four EU members. The analysis of these cases, namely Germany, the UK, Greece and Italy, included as a matter of course their convergences/divergences in this policy field as well. The secondary question the study sought to answer by extension was in other words the similarities and differences between the selected cases' national immigration policies. The main hypotheses to test within this framework concerned relevance of institutional strength and public attitudes. A twofold approach was followed to operationalise this quest. First, the selected cases' historical backgrounds, institutional structures and patterns of immigration policy-making specifically with reference to the EU/Community law were treated with a qualitative textual analysis. The findings of this examination were then substantiated quantitatively by the Migration Integration Policy Index (MIPEX) and the European Commission's annual assessment reports, backed up occasionally with the help of recent Eurobarometer Surveys. For a wider perspective of Europeanisation, the research was designed in compliance with the 'bottom-up' model. Having employed this model against a historical/conceptual background -where immigration, citizenship and multiculturalism constituted the three chief integral parts- and in light of data from the MIPEX and the EU Commission supplementing this framework, the study came to the conclusion that in the face of the relatively recent and rapidly expanding immigration flows, the institutional structures in Greece and Italy were not poised for effective management, which is why the two countries' immigration policies had to undergo 'transformation' vis-à-vis the EU norms/standards/regulations in this category. While transposition and implementation of the relevant EU texts ran on a certain level of scepticism in all selected cases –not least because of the negative public attitudes towards immigration- Germany's supranational commitments turned out to be more considerable than in others. Despite the strong institutional structure it possessed like Germany, the UK appeared to be a typical case for 'Euroscepticism' here. In any event, compared to that in Greece or Italy, the extent of Europeanisation in the UK, as well as in Germany, amounted to 'absorption' at most, given the latter two cases' low-to-moderate needs for policy-change and bigger regulatory capacities. Put differently, in the end, the immigration policies of Greece and Italy were throughout the selected period of analysis illustrative of a higher degree of Europeanisation than those of Germany and the UK.

International audience ; Préface à l'ouvrage de François Facchini sur les dépenses publiques en France dans une perspective historique et comparative

International audience ; Préface à l'ouvrage de François Facchini sur les dépenses publiques en France dans une perspective historique et comparative

This chapter provides a minimal normative framework for discussing the desired attributes of a published dataset using Lakatos' philosophy of science and the metaphor of sympathetic magic. When researchers publish their results, journals and granting agencies increasingly want datasets opened alongside. These datasets may vary in quality, reusability, and comprehensiveness. Yet, without a clear knowledge of how the research methodology and analysis affects the production of the raw data, any future attempts to reproduce analysis will produce the same magical results only by following the same steps. While the requirement for Open Data in government funded research can provide an excellent basis for future research, not all Open Data is created equal. Releasing the methods of analysis alongside a dataset of high quality will also allow for lower technical difficulties when reusing or remixing the data. Then data, collected once, may be reused in multiple projects for a significant research impact. And to some, we can show that data is, indeed, magic.

Bochkov P. V. ON THE ISSUE OF STATE CONTROL AND SUPERVISION OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITY OF ENTERPRISES OF RELIGIOUS ORGANIZATIONS The article examines current issues that arise in state control and supervision of economic activities of enterprises of religious organizations. The possibility of state interference in the activities of religious organizations is always painful and undesirable for the representatives of such organizations, attracts increased attention from human rights defenders and the international community. The economic activity of the enterprises of religious organizations should be under constant control and supervision by the state as well as the economic activity of any participant in economic relations, as religious organizations have the right to carry out a large number of activities, which is a fairly significant layer of social relations, which requires some attention from the state. Given the increased sensitivity of members of religious organizations to the outlined issues of control and supervision, state policy in this area should be structured in such a way as to establish non-discriminatory rules in relation to other participants in economic relations who are not religious organizations and carry out such activities in the same areas, and on the other – to adhere to the constitutional requirement of separation of church and religious organizations from the state. The systém of state supervision and control is a rather complex set of relations between subjects and objects of control in all spheres of public life and sectors of the economy. The current system of such supervision and control needs some adjustment, and legislation that provides the legal basis for the functioning of religious organizations needs some adjustment. One of the ways to partially solve the existing problems is to update the legislation in the field of regulating the activities of enterprises of religious organizations. Amendments to the Law of Ukraine "On Freedom of Conscience and Religious Organizations" have been proposed and substantiated. At the current socio-economic stage of development of society, these tasks become especially relevant and the need to maintain a balance between public and private interests. ; У статті досліджено актуальні питання, що виникають при державному контролі та нагляді за господарськоюдіяльністю підприємств релігійних організацій. Можливість втручання держави в діяльність релігійних організацій завжди є болючим та небажаним для представників таких організацій, викликає підсилену увагу з боку правозахисників та міжнародної спільноти. Господарська діяльність підприємств релігійних організацій має знаходитися під постійним контролем та наглядом з боку держави як і господарська діяльність будь-якого учасника відносин у сфері господарювання оскільки релігійні організації мають право здійснювати велику кількість видів діяльності, що складає доволі суттєвий пласт суспільних відносин, який потребує певної уваги з боку держави. З урахуванням підвищеної чутливості членів релігійних організацій до окреслених питань контролю та нагляду політика держави в цій сфері повинна вибудовуватися таким чином, щоб з одного боку встановлювати недискримінаційні правила по відношенню до інших учасників відносин у сфері господарювання, які не є релігійними організаціями та здійснюють таку діяльність в тих самих галузях, а з іншого – дотримуватися конституційного припису відокремленості церкви і релігійних організацій від держави. Система державного нагляду та контролю становить собою доволі складний комплекс відносин між суб'єктами та об'єктами контролю у всіх сферах суспільного життя та галузях економіки. Наявна на сьогодні система такого нагляду та контролю потребує певного корегування, а також окремого корегування потребує законодавство, що забезпечує правові підстави функціонування релігійних організацій. Один із шляхів часткового вирішення наявної проблематики є оновлення законодавства в сфері регламентування діяльності підприємств релігійних організацій. Запропоновано та обґрунтовано внесення змін до Закону України «Про свободу совісті та релігійні організації». На сучасному соціально-економічному етапі розвитку суспільства ці завдання набувають особливої актуальності та необхідності дотримання певного балансу між публічними та приватними інтересами.