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Масштабные политические и экономические изменения в конце прошлого века привели к системной трансформации российского и других посткоммунистических обществ. Успех или неудачи рыночных реформ и либеральной демократии требуют критического анализа основных теоретико-методологических подходов к их изучению. Причем, межстрановые различия касаются не только и не столько темпов или качества экономического роста, сколько сложившихся в разных странах условий социального воспроизводства, развития личности, творческого потенциала основных социальных групп населения. К сожалению, необходимо признать, что при весьма скромных экономических достижениях Россия и в этом аспекте сегодня заметно уступает многим посткоммунистическим странам. В связи с этим назрел ряд вопросов, требующих обсуждения и неизбежно затрагивающих такие проблемы, как социальная справедливость, равенство шансов и социальная солидарность. В этом номере журнала мы публикуем материалы посвященного этим проблемам круглого стола, который прошел в рамках XII-й Международной научной конференции по проблемам развития экономики и общества 7 апреля 2011 года. Выступления публикуются на основании производившейся во время обсуждения аудиозаписи ; The major political and economic transformations of the late twentieth century have led to a radical system change in Russia as well as other post-socialist societies. Yet the relative success of market reforms and the installation of liberal democracy in some countries and their apparent failure in the others still require a critical analysis of the basic theoretical as well as methodological approaches to the explanation of these developments. However, these inter-country differences concern not only and not so much the rate and the quality of their economic growth, but the formation of a particular environment which determines the capacity for social reproduction, personality growth and human development in every social stratum of population. It is even more so unfortunate that in this respect Russia still remains a lot more underdeveloped than other post-socialist countries in spite of its modest (yet often so much preached) economic achievements. All of this has given rise to a series of questions, which require further discussion and inevitably concern such problems as social justice, equal opportunity and social solidarity. This has been set a primary focus of a «round table» discussion, which took place at the XIIth International Academic Conference on Economic and Social Development at National Research University Higher School of Economics (April 7 th, 2011). The conversation has been transcribed from audio recording, which had been done during the event. The full agenda of this discussion consisted of the following questions: What is current situation with sustaining social justice, equal opportunity and social solidarity in postsocialist countries? What are the real costs and benefits of sustaining these principles from an economic point of view? From a social point of view? Is there an optimum condition and how can it be achieved? Are there existing models of socially just and solid state, which can prove adequate for the current social setting in Russia? Is welfare state possible in Russia? Is there a demand for its own New Deal? What stimulates and what constrains the sustaining of equal opportunity principle in Russias society? Is an inevitable large-scale immigration a factor that threatens the rise of social solidarity in contemporary Russia?

В кризисные периоды социально-политической трансформации российского общества профессиональная историческая наука, как никакая другая отрасль гуманитарного знания, всегда оказывалась в двойственном положении. С одной стороны, в это время перед ней открывались новые возможности для дальнейшего развития, с другой стороны, история как специфическая гуманитарная наука должна была отвечать вызовам нового времени. В работе впервые комплексно рассматривается вопрос особенностей развития профессиональных исторических исследований, в том числе и по сибиреведческой тематики, на территории Сибири в период революции, Гражданской войны и первых лет советской власти. ; In the crisis periods of socio-political transformation of the Russian society, the professional historical science, as any other branch of humanitarian knowledge, always appeared in a dual position. On the one hand, at this time new possibilities opened for its further development, on the other hand, history as a specific humanity should constantly answer to calls of the new time. In the paper the question of features of development of professional historical researches, including those studying Siberia, on the territory of Western and Eastern Siberia during the Revolution, the Civil War and the first years of the Soviet power is complexly considered for the first time. During the pre-revolutionary period the central and regional public authorities and the Siberian public undertook active attempts to organize its own large centre of historical science in Siberia. So, departments of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society in Irkutsk and Omsk were opened. During this period employees and professors of Imperial Tomsk University conducted historical and regional Siberian studies by their own initiative. However, until the beginning of the Civil War all-Siberia coordination centres of historical science were not established. Only in 1917-1918 in Tomsk and Irkutsk universities Departments of History and Philology were opened with professional historians, whose function was coordination of the historical scientific life of Siberia. At the same time, by the decision of the All-Russia government of Admiral A.V. Kolchak the Institute of Research of Siberia was organized, which was to become the coordinating centre of all scientific researches in Siberia, including regional studies. After the establishment of the Soviet power on the territory of Siberia, the Institute of Research of Siberia and Departments of History and Philology of the Siberian universities were closed. The policy of the Bolsheviks in the first half of the 1920s put an end to attempts of the Siberian public to create an effective system of their own large centre of Siberian historical science and coordination of regional studies. Siberian historians were alienated. It led to losses of potential possibilities of Siberian researchers in carrying out of the general complex study of Siberia and other researches. Only after the war, with restoration of historical departments in Tomsk and Irkutsk universities (in 1960s Novosibirsk university joined them), the situation started to change. Universities began to gain significance as the centres of coordination of historical researches. The result of such activity and associated efforts of Siberian historians was publishing of some fundamental multivolume works in the 1960s 1980s, such as History of Siberia, History of Peasantry of Siberia and History of Working Class of Siberia.

In Acoustic Properties: Radio, Narrative, and the New Neighborhood of the Americas, I write the unrecognized history of the co-development of radio and the novel in the middle half of the last century. I argue that just as photography helped re-invent pictorial representation in the nineteenth century, so authors across the Americas employed radio to retune the "unspeakable sentences" of the novel and string them together into rich acoustic environments, supplanting the narrator with the chorus, transforming character into a vocal effect, and turning away from the realist enumeration of Things to amplify instead the sound of social space. In representing and formally incorporating the radio into their narratives, John Dos Passos, Carson McCullers, Richard Wright, Gertrude Stein, Raymond Chandler, Severo Sarduy, and Manuel Puig wrote against the monolithic, charismatic, and nationalist orators who reached them over the radio. Taking seriously Jean-Paul Sartre's search for a "literary art of radio" and Frederic Jameson's speculation regarding a "radio aesthetic" in the novel, I demonstrate that authors in the radio age responded to radiophonics by developing a new kind of writing that was also a practice of listening. From the 1930s to the 1970s, they shaped the cultural imagination of radio's new social network, and initiated a project to define the neighborhood of the Americas.I organize my dissertation around three thematic axes: acoustic engineering and aural media innovations developed in connection with the radio; the legal and political challenges posed by the commodification of sound; and the mutual influence between the novel and the radio that transformed narrative genre and fashioned radio's content and use. I show how, in contradistinction to the "Good Neighbor Policy," narrative artists from the founding nations of broadcast technology--the United States, Argentina, and Cuba--built an alternative sonic community connecting neighbors North and South. I bring together this new neighborhood of writers who latch on to the long legacy of sound technology's resistance to legal concepts of property--both intellectual and material. They find in radio a medium that occupies the domestic space of the phonograph at the same time that its range and reach contests national borders. In the novel, this means teaching readers how to listen, converting intimate scenes of overhearing into critiques of transnational relations.However, I argue that rather than overtly seizing the means of radio production, as Brecht forcefully proposed, these writers used the novel to record the act of listening--archiving scenes radio itself cannot so easily represent. Attentive to listeners instead of speakers, these writers valorize listening as a creative, critical, and collective action against the nationalist and colonial voice. They underscore the novel's capacity to remediate other oral technologies, and the printed medium's own particularly dense work with multiple vocal registers. In addition to its own changes, the novel becomes a testing ground in which to work through the cultural value of the radio, its distinct reconfiguration of public and private space, its new forms of rhetorical address, and its previously unheard of massive and long distance communication. The novel emerges as the privileged form through which to understand radio's historical and cultural influence.

Niniejszy artykuł omawia kwestię własności państwowej w sektorze paliwowo- -energetycznym w kontekście bezpieczeństwa energetycznego na przykładzie wybranych krajów. Przedstawiony rys historyczny pokazuje szerszy kontekst procesów prywatyzacyjnych omawianego sektora zarówno na Zachodzie Europy jak i w byłych krajach socjalistycznych. Następnie poddano analizie stopień kontroli właścicielskiej państwa w poszczególnych, wybranych krajach. Szczególnie przeanalizowano relacje pomiędzy narodowymi (państwowymi) a prywatnymi (globalnymi) koncernami sektora paliwowo-energetycznego, a zwłaszcza sektora gazowo-naftowego. W podsumowaniu wskazano na brak jednolitego modelu postępowania w tym zakresie, wynikający z różnych uwarunkowań geopolitycznych i makroekonomicznych prezentowanych państw oraz na wyzwania wobec polskiego rządu, dotyczące wyboru wzorców najbardziej adekwatnych dla sytuacji naszego kraju i wprowadzenia ich w życie. ; The article discusses a relation in between energy security and state ownership of the enterprises active in energy and fuel sector. A history of privatisation efforts carried out both in Western Europe and in post-communist countries is presented to give background for current state of the governmental involvement in the sector. The main part of the article is devoted to individual analysis of selected countries representing various models of ownership policy, among others: USA, UK, Germany and Russia. These analysis are complemented by a chapter discussing the issue of competition between so called National Oil Companies, owned, or at least controlled by governments and Global Oil Companies, public but almost purely privately owned ones. They indicate a variety of ownership models applied or rather developed due to differences in size and structure of natural energy resources, balance of internal supply and demand, military strength, political position, particular model of free market economy in general, membership in key international organisations. All the factors mentioned have lead to a situation in which a total lack of governmental ownership in the sector's corporation can be attributed only to USA and UK. In all other countries analysed states act as important or even dominant shareholders in key energy companies, trying to pursue, in more or less open ways, their policies. Having understood that their results depend very much on the strength and international presence of state controlled corporations governments promote their business development through adoption of the most advanced managerial practices, research in technology and participation in global cooperation with key players in energy and energy related sectors. Therefore they do not exclude neither a partial participation of private investors nor bringing state controlled companies to, even foreign, stock exchanges. But always governments execute control over activities related to energy security and protect these corporations from hostile takeovers. On the other side governments actively support the controlled companies on various fields for example trying to weaken certain EU regulations, negotiating international agreements considering their presence abroad or granting licences for their own natural resources on preferential terms. In conclusion it is stated that no universal "correct" or "European" pattern regarding neither state ownership in energy companies nor using this tool for protecting energy security exists. Therefore Poland has to select solutions most adequate to it's own situation and apply them in the most effective way.

Las estaciones ferroviarias componen el conjunto más grande de bienes de interés cultural de carácter nacional, pero la mayoría se encuentra en avanzado estado de deterioro y no están involucradas activamente a la dinámica de los municipios a los que pertenecen. La tesis se centra en una de las líneas de los ferrocarriles colombianos construido entre 1881 y 1909: El ferrocarril de Girardot. Partiendo del conocimiento de su historia, de la identificación y del estudio de sus características pretende buscar una solución para su valoración y reutilización. Al tratarse de un conjunto patrimonial localizado sobre una vía de comunicación, a lo largo de 132 Km, fue necesario acudir a una metodología de análisis territorial. La propuesta de la tesis se centra en la formulación de un Itinerario Cultural en torno al eje ferroviario, que permita la recuperación de los inmuebles y de la vía férrea; además de la sostenibilidad del conjunto patrimonial, se busca el beneficio económico, social, turístico y cultural de las comunidades locales. El tema de los Itinerarios Culturales es relativamente reciente dentro de las categorías patrimoniales, y aun hoy se hace difícil su correcta identificación e implementación, por lo cual se hizo necesario hacer una reflexión crítica en torno a sus características, requisitos y modelos, basándose en la metodología desarrollada por el Comité Internacional de Itinerarios Culturales de ICOMOS. Tras la valoración del conjunto y la aplicación de la metodología se propone un modelo de gestión que permita la implementación del Itinerario Cultural. ; Abstract. Railway stations are the biggest group of Colombian heritage buildings protected by National law, but despite of that, their preservation is poor and deteriorated not only because of pathological issues but because of the lack of use and the isolated role within the political states. The thesis is focused on The Girardot Railroad, built between 1881 and 1909. The paper starts with the study of the history of the railway and the identification of its characteristics, aiming to figure out a solution to its conservation problems. Due to the emplacement of the group along 132 Km on a route, it was necessary to apply a methodology of territorial analysis to study the landscape. Besides the study of bibliography it was mandatory to do field work for the recognition and acknowledgment of the stations and the laps between them. The proposal consists on the design of the Cultural Route of Girardot´s Railway, allowing the recovery of the buildings and the rout itself, and helping the local communities in finding economic, touristic, social, and cultural development. Cultural Routes are a recent category of cultural heritage, so it was necessary to considerate its definition and characteristics from a critical point of view, applying the method the International Committee on Cultural Routes proposed and studying established cases. After the assessment of the heritage group and the appliance of the methodology a model is proposed allowing formulating the Cultural Route. ; Maestría

In der Tagespresse bestehen Berichte über Nordkorea meistens aus Schreckens-meldungen: Von Nuklearem Wahn, Menschenrechtsverletzungen oder Terror ist hier die Rede. Gleichzeitig ist die Informationspolitik dieses Landes so restriktiv, dass kaum anderweitige Informationen nach außen dringen. Dies macht es in den Augen vieler Menschen umso gefährlicher, weil es dadurch unbegreiflich und unkalkulierbar erscheint. Nach dem Zusammenbruch der DDR und der Öffnung von bislang unzugänglichen Archiven hat diese Undurchdringlichkeit Risse bekommen, und es erschlossen sich der Forschung vollkommen neue Quellen. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es, mit Hilfe der nun zugänglichen Dokumente einen Teil der Informationslücken über Nordkorea und vor allem über seine Beziehungen zur DDR zu schließen. Neben der Entwicklung der bilateralen Beziehungen in den Bereichen Politik, Wirtschaft und Kultur wird hier auch ein besonderer Aspekt der bilateralen Beziehungen untersucht: Nordkoreas Umgang mit seiner Abhängigkeit von der DDR und dem damit verbundenen Sicherheitsrisiko. Zu diesem Zweck wird anhand konkreter Fallbeispiele die Zusammenarbeit zwischen der DDR und Nordkorea analysiert. Obwohl auch in anderen Gebieten Abhängigkeiten bestanden, ist die wirtschaftliche Abhängigkeit im Zusammenhang mit einem möglichen Sicherheitsrisiko von besonderer Relevanz. Dieses Risiko definiert sich in diesem Zusammenhang als Gefährdung der inneren Sicherheit Nordkoreas. Nordkorea ist seit seiner Gründung ein Staat, der seine Bürger aufs Äußerste überwacht, um ihre vollständige Indoktrination zu gewährleisten. Da die nord-¬koreanische Regierung eine eigene, künstliche Wirklichkeit für die Bewohner des Landes erschaffen hatte, musste alles, was diese Wirklichkeit in Frage stellte, als Sicherheitsrisiko eingeschätzt werden. Dazu gehörte z.B. das Sichtbarwerden von Abhängigkeit, weil hierdurch der selbsterhobene Anspruch der Chuch"e-Ideologie "alles aus eigener Kraft" konterkariert wurde. Gleichfalls musste der Kontakt mit einer anderen Wirklichkeit als der koreanischen ein Sicherheitsrisiko darstellen, wenn sich dadurch die Einstellung zur koreanischen Realität änderte. In diesem Zusammenhang spielen vor allem die nordkoreanischen Studenten, die in der DDR studierten, eine besondere Rolle. Die vorliegende Arbeit zeigt, dass der Umgang Nordkoreas mit seiner Abhängigkeit von der DDR durchaus einer Logik entsprach und sich daraus Handlungsmuster ergaben, die diesen Umgang prägten. Zunächst versuchte die nordkoreanische Regierung, sich immer aus bestehenden Abhängigkeiten zu befreien oder sie zum größtmöglichen eigenen Vorteil zu nutzen. Dabei schreckte sie auch nicht vor illegalen Maßnahmen wie Industriespionage zurück. Das oberste Primat der nordkoreanischen Politik lag jedoch in der Wahrung Innerer Sicherheit und damit in der Regimestabilität. Diesem Ziel wurden alle anderen Ziele wie auch Entwicklung der Wirtschaft untergeordnet. Ergaben sich für das Erreichen von Wirtschaftszielen Abhängigkeiten, dann wurden diese nur so lange in Kauf genommen, wie sie die Innere Sicherheit nicht gefährdeten. Wurde hier allerdings ein Sicherheitsrisiko wahrgenommen, dann wurden alle Mittel eingesetzt, um dieses auszuschalten oder zu minimieren. Dabei spielte es keine Rolle, wie drastisch diese Maßnahmen waren und wer von ihnen betroffen war. Vergleicht man dieses Verhalten mit der heutigen nordkoreanischen Politik, so finden sich kaum Unterschiede. Die Innere Sicherheit ist für Nordkorea das oberste Ziel geblieben. Um es durchzusetzen, werden alle als notwendig erachteten Maßnahmen ergriffen, von der Bespitzelung der eigenen Bevölkerung bis hin zu Internierung und Terror. Was für den Umgang der nordkoreanischen Regierung mit dem eigenen Volk gilt, lässt sich auch in seiner Außenpolitik nachvollziehen. Die Regimestabilität bleibt das oberste Ziel. Im Gegensatz zur weitverbreiteten Meinung, die Volksrepublik sei in ihrer Politik nicht kalkulierbar, macht das Wissen um dieses Ziel Nordkorea zu einem sehr berechenbaren Staat. In Übereinstimmung mit dem Primat der Inneren Sicherheit wird die nordkoreanische Führung alles ablehnen, was diese gefährden könnte. Konkret ergibt sich daraus z.B., dass Nordkorea sein Nuklearprogramm niemals aufgeben wird, weil das Einstellen seiner Ambitionen auf diesem Gebiet die Führung in P"yÅngyang angreifbar machen könnte. ; Since the day of its founding the Democratic People- Republic of Korea (DPRK) had been depending on the support of other socialist countries. The present thesis focuses on the mentioned dependence and seeks answers to the question whether this posed a security risk for North Korea and if so how P"yÅngyang dealt with it. In this context the study centers on the bilateral relations between the DPRK and the former German Democratic Republic (GDR). After illustrating the relations on a political, economic and cultural level the author analyses case studies, in which a closer contact between North Koreans and East Germans was established. They include for instance North Korean students who spent several years at East German universities and returned home or East German specialists who were sent to North Korea helping to reconstruct war struck cities and factories. For the systematic examination of DPRK-GDR relations and the cases studies documents of former GDR-archives were consulted. They partly provide a completely new insight into the bilateral relations of both countries. At the same time they represent unique information material about the system and life in Kim Il-sÅng- North Korea.

El agua junto a las variaciones climáticas, encabezan discursos políticos y científicos globales en los que resurgen los debates sobre los conflictos acerca de este recurso, la geopolítica del agua, la gestión, la contaminación y la polución. Ante este panorama el IPCC (Panel Intergubernamental del Cambio Climático), la Organización Mundial de Meteorología (OMM),el Programa de la Naciones Unidas para el Medio Ambiente (PNUMA) y distintas organizaciones medioambientales hanenfocado sus intereses científicos en estudios en los cuales se utilicen indicadores hidroclimáticos. En este contexto, este artículo analiza la evolución hidroclimática reciente en dos cuencas principales de la isla de Puerto Rico, utilizando como indicadores las temperaturas, las precipitaciones y los caudales de distintas estaciones de NOAA y el USGS. Inicialmente analizamos cada estación individualmente y luego se hizo un análisis conjunto de la cuenca. Con los resultados obtenidos,en ninguna de las cuencas se pudo establecer tendencias claras en cuanto a la precipitación total anual. Aunque algunas estaciones mostraron tendencias positivas y otras regresivas, ninguna alcanzó valores estadísticamente significativos que permita rechazar la hipótesis nula de no tendencia. Nuestro análisis indica también que en una cuenca la temperatura media anual mostró un ligero aumento, mientras que en la otra la temperatura manifestó descendió. Por otro lado, el volumen de agua anual que discurre por las cuencas ha disminuido en ambos ríos donde se pudo rechazar la hipótesis nula de no tendencia con el análisis de Mann-Kendall. No obstante, existen otros factores que no fueron objeto de estudio en este análisis y que tienen impactos sobre los recursos hídricos, así como los distintos mosaicos paisajísticos que componen una cuenca hidrográfica.Palabras Claves: recursos hídricos, tendencias hidroclimáticas, cambio climático.ABSTRACTToday, water resources and climatic oscillations dominate all political and scientific discourses where the principal debate is focused on water management, water pollution and the geopolitics of this resource. Against this background, the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change), WMO(World Meteorology Organization), the United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP) and other environmental organizations have focused their scientific research on hydro-climatic evolution. In this context, this article examines recent developments in hydro-climatic evolution on two mainrivers in Puerto Rico, using temperature, rainfall, stream-flow and discharge data from NOAA climatic stations and USGS hydrological stations. Initially, we analyze data from each individual station and then make an integrated analysis of the basins. With the obtained results, in none of the basins was it possible to establish clear trends as to total annual precipitation. Though some stations showed positive trends and others regressive, none reached statistically significant values.Our analysis also indicates that in one basin the annual average temperature showed a slight increase, whereas in the other basin a temperature decrease was confirmed. On the other hand, the volume of annual discharge from both rivers showed a decrease. However, there are other factors that were not considered in this analysis, such as land use, that impact water resources and the various landscape mosaics comprising a watershed.Key Words: water resources, hydro-climatic evolution, climate change

BACKGROUND: Patient adherence to tuberculosis (TB ) treatment continues to be problematic despite the wide implementation of directly observed therapy (DOT ). In many settings with high HIV and TB co-infection, the two diseases continue to be treated differently: antiretroviral (ARV) programmes often use a patient support and empowerment approach to treatment, while TB programmes use DOT . AIM: To evaluate changing a TB treatment model from DOT to an approach based on the community antiretroviral therapy (ART) model in Cape Town, South Africa. METHODS: Four studies were conducted as part of the evaluation of a new model called the Enhanced Tuberculosis Adherence (ETA ) programme in primary health clinics. A mixed method approach was used. Study I: Seven key informants involved in the development or implementation of the ETA , or knowledgeable of TB treatment policies in South Africa, were interviewed. Data were analysed using thematic content analysis, and examined for their relation to the Kingdon framework of agenda setting to explore why the ETA was developed. Study II : Six nurses and five adherence counsellors were interviewed, and 64 treatment supporters were included in focus group discussions in order to explore their experiences of the ETA . Data were analysed using thematic content analysis and examined for their relation to the normalization process model. Study III : 28 patients on the ETA intervention and 31 patients in comparison clinics were included in focus group discussions in order to explore their experiences of TB treatment. Two non-adherent patients were interviewed. Data were analysed using thematic content analysis. Study IV : Using a time series design, TB treatment outcome data on 19 357 patients from five intervention and five comparison clinics were collected from the electronic TB register from 1 January 2005 to 31 March 2008. Outcomes were analysed using Poisson regression. FINDINGS: Study I: The intervention was developed due to problems in TB management, the availability of an alternative model in the community ART treatment programme, political changes (including a focus on empowerment), and impending large-scale ART roll-out. The change was facilitated by key individuals. Study II : The main issues hindering the normalization of the programme within clinics related to hierarchical relationships, teamwork, training needs, insufficient internalisation of the empowerment approach by staff, and logistical and management issues. Study III : Intervention patients seemed to have more positive opinions of TB treatment than comparison clinic patients. There was some indication that ETA patients were more ready to take control over their health, although there was little evidence of patient empowerment. Study IV : There was a significant improvement in smear conversion rates at 2 and 3 months in intervention clinics relative to comparison clinics. There was no significant difference in TB cure or treatment success rates. CONCLUSION: The ETA seems to be an approach that is feasible to implement in primary health clinics. It achieved results not significantly different from those of DOT, but was appreciated by patients. Further efforts are needed to empower TB patients. Overall, the ETA is a promising approach that now needs to be tested on a wider scale, and that could pave the way towards integrating TB treatment programmes with ART programmes in South Africa and other highburden settings.

Konverentsikogumik ; Eesti Maaülikoolis toimub 10. novembril 2011.a. konverents TEUK-XIII, mis jätkab varasemate konverentside traditsiooni tuua kuulajateni valminud uurimistööde kokkuvõtted, tutvustada projekte ja diskuteerida taastuvenergia valdkonna hetkeseisu ja arengusuundade üle. Konverentsi päevakavas on planeeritud aeg 9 ettekandele uurimistööde tulemustest, millele järgnevad 3 avalikku diskussiooni sissejuhatavat ettekannet taastuvenergia valdkonna arengutest Eestis. Lisaks suuliste ettekannete kuulamisele, on külastajatel enne konverentsi algust võimalik tutvuda EMÜ tehnikainstituudi laboritega ning konverentsi vaheaegadel stendi-ettekannete ning surugaasi autodega. Esitlemisele tulevatest töödes on põhiliselt käsitlemist leidnud biogaasi või päikseenergia küsimused, mis näitab teadus-arendustöö aktiivsuse kasvu nende teemadel. Eesti Maaülikool on otsustanud anda tänukirja nende valdkondade aktiivsetele arendajatele. Eesti Maaülikool annab tänukirja Leo Salustele tehtud töö eest biogaasi valdkonna teabe levitamisel ja valdkonna arendamisel ning Teolan Tomsonile päikeseenergia pikaajalise uurimistöö ja arendustöö eest. Käesolev aasta on olnud vastandlike arvamuste ja arutelude aasta taastuvenergiaja elektrijaamade investeeringutoetuste ümber. Käimasolevatest ühiskondlikest ja poliitilistest aruteludest sõltub energeetika areng Eestis, eriti uute tehnoloogiate kasutuselevõtu tempo ning fossiilenergia ja taastuvenergia ressursside kasutamise mahud. Loodame, et energeetika arendamine jätkub ja meil on võimalik Eestis lähikümnenditel jõuda taastuvatel energiaallikatel põhineva jätkusuutliku energiavarustuse loomiseni. Mõttevahetuseks aktuaalsetel teemadel toimub konverentsi lõpus avalik diskussioon "Taastuvenergia toetused. Kuidas edasi?" Tere tulemast konverentsile ja huvitavaid ettekandeid ning arutelusid! Argo Normak, Eesti Maaülikooli taastuvenergia keskuse juhataja ; Annual conference "Investigation and Usage of Renewable Energy Sources XIII" is held on 10th of November 2011 in Estonian University of Life Sciences, continuing the long tradition of bringing to the audience the research results, project overviews and discussions on renewable energy sectors' developments and current situation. Conference agenda contains nine presentations on research results, followed by three introductory presentations and a public discussion on renewable energy fi eld developments in Estonia. In addition to the presentations, the participants of the conference can visit the new laboratories of Institute of Technology of EULS prior the conference and review several poster presentations and view compressed gas vehicles during the coffee breaks. The presentations mainly focus on biogas and solar energy, indicating active research and development in these fi elds. EULS has decided to award the longterm developers of renewable energy fi eld - Mr Leo Saluste for executed work in fi eld of biogas communication and development and Mr. Teolan Tomson for long-term research and development in fi eld of solar energy. Current year has seen opposite opinions and discussions related to renewable energy and electric power plant subsidies. However, current public and political discussions determine the future of energy sector in Estonia, especially the introduction of innovative technologies and the quantity of renewable and fossil energy. We hope that the development of energy sector continues and Estonia is able to implement sustainable energy supply that is based on renewable energy. To promote these debates, a public discussion "Renewable energy subsidies. What lies ahead?" is held in the end of the conference. I welcome you all to the conference and wish you interesting presentations and stimulating discussions! Argo Normak, Head of the Centre of Renewable Energy of Estonian University of Life Sciences

В статье проводится анализ опыта наиболее развитых стран мира в области обновления городских территорий. Особое внимание уделено процессу становления существующих административных подходов к регулированию градостроительной политики, последовательности их развития от простого сноса до внедрения сложных механизмов комплексного регулирования процессов обновления территорий. Рассматривается процесс развития скоординированных и систематизированных усилий со стороны органов местного самоуправления в области реконструкции, реновации, санации и обновления городских территорий. В статье приводится обзор проводимых в различных странах реформ и процесса становления различных форм государственно-частного сотрудничества при реконструкции городских территорий. На примере США, Европы, Гонконга и Сингапура приводится последовательность изменения государственного подхода от простого обеспечения населении комфортным жильём до разработки комплексных программ, включающих в себя реконструкцию и реставрацию существующих зданий, уделяющих особое внимание развитию социальной и дорожной инфраструктур на реконструируемых территориях. Социальноэкономические проблемы, возникающие у населения из-за коренных изменений в укладе жизни, связаны с полным сносом имеющейся инфраструктуры на территории сложившейся застройки городов. Приводятся причины, способствующие развитию современного комплексного восстановления городских территорий с использованием методов реконструкции и модернизации, которые позволяют отказаться от полного сноса старой застройки и привести её к современным требованиям. Рассматривается процесс увеличения качества требований населения США, Европы и Азии к комфортности, экологичности городских территорий, а так же к их эстетическим и экономическим составляющим, и происходящие изменения политического подхода к их удовлетворению. ; The article analyzes the experience of most developed countries in the field of urban renewal. Particular attention is paid to the process of becoming current administrative approaches to regulation of urban policy, the sequence of their development from the simple demolition to inculcation of difficult mechanisms of complex regulation the processes of renovation of areas. The consideration of process of developing coordinated and systematic effort from the part of local authorities in the field of reconstruction, renovation, rehabilitation and renovation of urban areas is given in this article. There are the review of reforms made in different countries and the process of becoming of various forms of public-private cooperation in urban reconstruction of urban areas in this article. On the example of the U.S., Europe, Hong Kong and Singapore is a sequence of changes in government approach from simple providing the population with comfortable dwelling houses to the development of complex programs, including the reconstruction and renovation of existing buildings that focus on development of social and road infrastructure on the reconstruction territories. Socio-economic problems, that population have because of changes in the mode, are exist because of the demolition all infrastructure disposed on the areas of urban territories.The reasons contributing to the development of modern complex restoration of urban areas using the methods of reconstruction and modernization, that gives the possibility to refuse of demolition of old building and makes this one to correspond to the modern requirements. The process of increasing the quality requirements of the U.S., Europe and Asia population to the comfort, environmental, aesthetic and economic components of urban areas, and the changes of the political approach to their satisfaction are given in this article.

Globalization is no longer a cliché. In the economic, political and social spheres the world is changing fast enough to bring up new paradigms and new competition in business structures. To strive and succeed, organizations need to face change as a source of new opportunities and innovation seems to be the response. For this dissertation, either bibliographic or empirical findings have confirmed that whether choosing for innovation, companies should look inside and analyse if their environments are supportive to idea generation. The paradigm shifts from the traditional stability the generation of a DNA of change. Technological, procedural or organizational, innovation must be the approach to think out of the box, based on people's potential. Around simple concepts, the status quo is questioned and companies create their visions based on high standards of excellence, achievable through the introduction of novelty in their genetic code. Both managers and lower-line employees must give their best to explore as much benefits as possible from their innovative initiatives. A culture of innovation and creative efforts must be the basis of all decisions and behaviours fostered by companies. Learning organizations appear in this context as the engines to which motivation and creativity are the inputs to develop the right climate, structure and support to produce what clients might desire. As Janszen says in his 2000 book, "we now live in the age of innovation" and it has to be part of the process of reaching success. ; A globalização deixou há muito de ser um cliché. Nas esferas económica, política e social o mundo está a mudar a um ritmo capaz de trazer novos paradigmas e nova competição às estruturas empresariais. Para rivalizar e vencer, as empresas precisam de encarar a mudança como uma fonte de novas oportunidades e a inovação parece ser a resposta. No âmbito desta dissertação, tanto as conclusões da pesquisa bibliográfica como do estudo empírico revelaram que, quando escolhendo o caminho da inovação, as empresas devem olhar internamente e avaliar se o seu ambiente é capaz de promover a geração de ideias. O paradigma altera-se da estabilidade tradicional ao ADN de mudança. Tanto tecnologicamente, processualmente, como organizacionalmente, a inovação deve ser a abordagem para que se pense out of the box, com base no potencial humano. Envolvendo conceitos simples, o status quo é questionado e as empresas desenvolvem as suas visões com base em altos padrões de excelência, possível de alcançar através da introdução de novidade no seu código genético. Tanto gestores de topo como colaboradores de baixa hierarquia devem dar o seu melhor na exploração de benefícios obtidos das suas iniciativas inovadoras. A cultura de inovação e o esforço criativo devem suportar todas as decisões e comportamentos promovidos pelas empresas. O conceito de Learning Organization aparece neste contexto como o motor para o qual motivação e criatividade são os inputs para desenvolver o ambiente, a estrutura e o suporte correcto para produzir o que os clientes poderão desejar. Como Janszen diz no seu livro de 2000, "vivemos na Era da inovação" e ela tem que faz er parte do processo para atingir o sucesso.

Project / M31, L83 ; O turismo é um fenómeno marcante do século XXI, assumindo importância nas mais variadas esferas que compõem a vida em comunidade, constituindo uma égide económica, política, cultural e social difícil de encontrar em outros sectores da sociedade. Este caso pedagógico insere-se nessa problemática, partindo de um conjunto de tendências de turismo internacionais para a focalização num destino específico, a capital de Portugal, Lisboa. Tendo em vista uma discussão globalizante e integrante dos diversos temas que confluem para a gestão estratégica e promoção de um destino turístico enquanto marca, serão apresentados um conjunto de dados que servirão de base para um estudo aprofundado do mercado turístico lisboeta, avaliando primordialmente as dimensões de posicionamento e imagem percebida do destino, partindo ainda de determinadas características que definem o perfil do seu público-alvo. Lisboa enquadra-se num cenário competitivo forte, no qual procura distinguir-se dos principais destinos Europeus através de uma estratégia holística que tem por base um alinhamento entre os diversos produtos turísticos da cidade e região e que contribuem para o seu posicionamento genérico enquanto destino turístico. Para facilitar o entendimento do caso será efectuada uma abordagem ao tema de marketing estratégico de destinos turísticos, no que toca sobretudo aos conceitos de marca, imagem e comportamentos do consumidor em turismo. O cariz pedagógico é atribuído pela actualidade e recente importância de Lisboa no panorama internacional do turismo espelhando uma perspectiva futura optimista e contribuindo decisivamente para a alavancagem da sociedade portuguesa, não só a nível económico como também social e espiritual. ; Tourism is a noticeable phenomenon of the XXI century, assuming critical importance in the several spheres that compose life in community, constituting an economic, political, cultural and social aegis hard to find in other areas of society. This case study is edged under this problematic, starting from a set of international tourism trends to focus on a specific destination, the capital of Portugal, Lisbon. Key facts will be presented, seeking for a globalizing and integrating discussion around the diverse themes that comprise the strategic management and brand promotion of a tourism destination, involving a deep study of the Lisbon tourism market, primarily evaluating its perceived image and positioning dimensions and relating to its specific target markets profile characteristics. Lisbon is framed on a strong competitive scenario, striving for a differentiation relatively to the main European destinations through holistic strategies based on a principle of alignment between the several tourism products of the city and region that contribute for its overall positioning as a destination. A literature review will be presented, in order to contribute for a generic comprehension of the case study, highlighting key concepts of destination strategic marketing, such as branding, image and consumer behavior in tourism. The educational character is attributed by the hot topic and recent importance of Lisbon in the international tourism panorama reflecting an optimistic future perspective, aiming at decisively contributing to the leverage of the Portuguese society, not only at an economic level, but also considering a social and spiritual dimension.

Что такое «тело» и что такое «телесность»? Определение основных значений понятий «тело». Разделение тела на «внутреннее» и «внешнее». Определение понятия «телесность». Дистинкция понятий «тело» и «телесность». Анализ развития философских представлений о человеческой телесности. Рассмотрение телесности с различных ракурсов и с разных подходов (гносеологический, онтологический, феноменологический, аксиологический и др.) на протяжении истории культурологических исследований. ; The need for philosophical reflection on scientific evidence of human corporeality makes the problem of man in all the diverse characteristics of its nature and existence an essential element of research activity of the Humanities. Researchers believe that at present not only differentiated analysis of the body as the object and the body as the subject is required, but also an integrative analysis of the totality of its various states, qualities and abilities, united in the notion of physicality. The result is that one of the main research challenges is the question of the ability of modern science to reveal the essence of the phenomenon of human corporeality. In this article we review and analyse different aspects of human physicality in an attempt to prove that the distinction between "body" and "physicality" of cultural studies exists. What is physicality in contrast to body? Primarily, they are distinguished in the measure of "vitality". "Body" generally means, above all, a physical object, which does not possess subjectivity and spirituality. Talking about body, we imagine either natural (body as a biological and physiological organism), aesthetic, or, finally, practical (common understanding of the body) look. In psychology, we do not consider body itself certain changes in consciousness are associated with body, such as violation of the scheme, borders, or body sensations. The legitimacy of the separation of these concepts is supported by historical linguistics, derived from the experience of lin guistic traditions of various peoples of the world. For example, in the past the word "body" in the Russian language, in addition to its modern meaning, denoted a lifeless thing. Similar examples are found in other linguistic cultures. Also in the structure of the body we can distinguish internal and external components. Internal components (internal living space) are learned through interceptive sensations and feelings. External components (external appearance and living space) are not only perceived, but also seen. A modern trend in the works of Z. Freud, R. Berduaystel, G. Calero, J. Nirenberg, A. Pis, K. Ryukle, J. Fast, R. Sheflen, Giddens, and A. Loewen is to analyse body language and nonverbal aspects of communication between people. Bodily experiences and bodily expression create conditions for distinguishing between external and internal body language. The history of body became a subject of intense study in many branches of the Humanities in medical anthropology. In addition, each theory is not similar in content to other theories, because in one case history of sexuality (M. Foucault), in another  the history of body psychology (V.I. Shkuratov) in the third  history of anatomical and physiological studies of body (G. Glaser) is considered. A major scientific interest for development of human corporeality is the study of political anthropology (A. Deris, O.Yu. Rybakov, S. Espinoza).

El context econòmic actual de crisi ha derivat cap a un discurs polític centrat, principalment, en la reducció dels pressupostos públics. Per tal de mantenir el nivell actual de serveis, l'aposta ha de passar per una major eficiència i eficàcia de la gestió pública, evitant la despesa innecessària i maximitzant l'impacte dels serveis prestats. La introducció i l'ús d'aplicacions informàtiques es preveu com una de les solucions a l'hora d'abaratir costos i processos de l'Administració. En l'àmbit de la seguretat, aquesta aposta es centra en un major desenvolupament d'eines de georeferenciació o sistemes d'informació geogràfica que tinguin com a finalitat millorar la gestió i visualització de la informació i facilitar-ne l'intercanvi entre plataformes policials. Però un ús eficient d'aquestes aplicacions requereix afrontar prèviament un conjunt de reptes relacionats amb les estructures organitzatives que les gestionaran i les possibilitats i expectatives tècniques que en deriven, així com una reflexió per mesurar les externalitats tant positives com negatives en un camp tan sensible com és el de la seguretat. ; El contexto económico actual de crisis ha derivado hacia un discurso político centrado, principalmente, en la reducción de los presupuestos públicos. Para mantener el nivel actual de servicios, la apuesta debe pasar por una eficiencia y eficacia mayor de la gestión pública, evitando el gasto innecesario y maximizando el impacto de los servicios prestados. La introducción y el uso de aplicaciones informáticas se prevé como una de las soluciones a la hora de abaratar costes y procesos de la Administración. En el ámbito de la seguridad, esta apuesta se centra en un desarrollo mayor de herramientas de georreferenciación o sistemas de información geográfica que tengan como finalidad mejorar la gestión y visualización de la información y facilitar el intercambio entre plataformas policiales. Pero un uso eficiente de estas aplicaciones requiere afrontar previamente un conjunto de retos relacionados con las estructuras organizativas que las gestionarán y las posibilidades y expectativas técnicas que se derivan, así como una reflexión para medir las externalidades tanto positivas como negativas en un campo tan sensible como es el de la seguridad ; The current economic crisis has turned towards a path of political discourse based mainly on the reduction of public budgets. To maintain our current level of services, we need to increase the efficiency and efficacy of public administration, avoiding unnecessary expense and maximising the impact of the services provided. The introduction and use of IT applications is predicted to be one of the solutions that will help to cut costs and administrative procedures. In the area of safety, this solution focuses on further developing georeferencing tools or geographic information systems intended to improve the way information is managed, visualised and exchanged across police platforms. But before efficient use of these applications can be made, it is necessary to confront a series of challenges relating to the organizational structures that will be used to manage them and to their technical capacities and expectations, and to weigh up the positive and negative external factors at play in such a sensitive area as safety and security.

The importance of Gish Jen, a contemporary Chinese-American writer best known for novels that trace the impact of immigration and the acculturation process on Asian-American families, has been downplayed by scholars who favor well-known Asian American writers such as Maxine Hong Kingston and Amy Tan. While Jen's recently released World and Town (2010) is easily a story of immigration and assimilation, I argue that she breaks the traditional female Bildungsroman mold to create a Bildungsroman novel of postmodern humanism that couches the rebirth of a sixty-eight year old Chinese American female protagonist in her own immigration and assimilation experience as well as that of others. More importantly, Jen's latest novel, set against a post-911 backdrop, situates itself as a postmodern humanist text that reconfigures the ways in which individuals consider themselves in relation to a larger postmodern world of "social and economic implications that . . . alter . . . existing notions of identity" even as it demonstrates the importance of "interpersonal relationships between the self and others [in the] immigrant transformation," topics explored by Todd F. David and Kenneth Womack in Postmodern Humanism in Contemporary Literature and Culture: Reconciling the Void (2006) (102, 103). At this time, no critical studies exist on World and Town, therefore, I presume to consider this novel as one that breaks with the traditional rebirth fiction and encapsulates postmodern humanism. I will apply the work of David and Womack, cultural scholars, Zhou Xiaojing and Samina Najmi, scholars of Asian American writings, and Maryellen T. Mori and Phillipa Kafka's studies of gender and contemporary Asian American women writers, among others. Traditionally, the bildungsroman begins chronologically with the protagonist's birth and ends at maturation while it asserts the importance of community over isolation as relevant to the character's development. Jen's novel not only traces the self realization process of a mature Chinese American woman, but it also highlights the evolution of her multiple identities. In fact, the novel illustrates the necessity of participation within a community as an empowering agent that makes this act of discovery possible, especially in a postmodern world. Having lost her husband Joe and best friend Lee to cancer within a short period of time, Hattie struggles to make meaning of her world while she navigates the complexity of her Chinese and American identities—as a widow, mother, scientist, community member, and finally, lover. When the World and Town converge on her doorstep in the form of her Cambodian neighbors—struggling to assimilate—Hattie assumes a role that will change her position within her community and help her find fulfillment. As a result, Hattie's social and political, or communal, acts reconfigure the way she sees the world and the way the she is seen by her community. Finally, her ethic of care is a mobilizing force and altering and empowering agent of change. Consequently, Hattie's ethics and fairness, as part of her humanist philosophy and inherent Confucianism, are characteristic of the postmodern humanist position Jen takes up in her novel.