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Globally, urban development near transit stations has long been understood to be critical to transit's success primarily because it can contribute to ridership and improve the efficiency of transit investments. In the United States in particular, fixed-guideway transit's land use-shaping capability has been an important justification and goal for transit investment. In fact, today's U.S. federal funding policies increasingly focus on achieving transit-oriented real estate development near new transit infrastructure. However, the widespread implementation of transit and land use coordination practices has been considered an uphill battle. The academic literature suggests the most effective practice may be for U.S. transit planners to locate transit stations where pre-existing conditions are advantageous for real estate development or transit investments can generate the political will to dramatically alter local conditions to make them amenable to real estate development. However, prior to this study, no research had investigated the influence of real estate development considerations on U.S. transit project planning, particularly whether transit planners purposefully located alignments and stations as described in the literature.Based on interviews with more than 60 transit planners and case studies of three transit projects, I found that transit planners have modified transit planning processes and project designs in numerous ways for multiple real estate development-related reasons on billions of dollars of transit investments. Integrated transit and land use planning is not necessarily the exception it was once considered. I found abundant examples across 18 U.S. regions of route realignments, station relocations, and station designs that were carried out in order to influence real estate development. Interviewees explained that some real estate development-related project elements escalated capital costs, increased operating costs, and reduced ridership forecasts relative to the alternative designs that were under consideration. The costs were thought to be worthwhile because of real estate development-related benefits that transit planners expected to accrue, such as more compact regional growth and increased ridership from station area real estate development. Yet, numerous interviewees also explained that their efforts had often resulted in less real estate development than they had anticipated.I found that transit planning professionals' theories regarding real estate development around transit helped explain why their expectations may not have been met. Through interpretive analysis of interviews with nearly 100 transit professionals--including transit planners, federal policymakers, and federal policy implementers--and a review of federal policy documents, I developed a taxonomy of transit professionals' theories-of-practice regarding station area real estate development. I found that many were oversimplified and decontextualized versions of academic theories. Such theories helped explain interviewee's commonly-held view that transit-oriented development was likely around many, if not all, newly constructed transit stations.Indeed, when transit planners rely on oversimplified and decontextualized theories about transit-oriented development, it can contribute to unrealistic development expectations that inspire real estate development-related elements of transit planning processes and project designs. Ultimately, the costs incurred to promote the anticipated development may not be justified by the transit-oriented development benefits that accrue. Ineffective theories and practices may contribute to an inefficient allocation of scarce transit funding resources and significant opportunity costs incurred directly by governments, transit agencies, private investors, and citizens.This qualitative investigation establishes the existence of these theories and practices and can serve as the foundation for future research that more thoroughly quantifies the actual costs and benefits of real estate development-inspired transit planning practices across a representative sample of transit projects. If the overall scale of transit planning inefficiencies are found to be significant and worth addressing, policymakers can rely on findings from this research to adapt public policies. Also, researchers can rely on the findings to launch studies that will help us better understand how transit planners' theories-of-practice emerge, disseminate, and persist. Further, scholars can engage with transit planners in reflective research to help them improve their efficacy, and ultimately, the efficiency of transit systems in the United States.

From a sustainable development perspective, buildings should be designed to be as energy-efficient as possible, as the contribution of buildings to total energy consumption has steadily increased, reaching between 20% and 40% in the developed countries. One of the main challenges for achieving this goal is to develop more cost-effective systems and processes for energy renovation and modernising of the building stock of Europe. This challenge is addressed in this thesis. The research presented herein has had the overall purpose to identify and explore obstacles in the design process of constructing more energy-efficient buildings. Three research questions have guided the research work: (1) How can life cycle cost be used to predict the cost benefits of energy efficient buildings?; (2) How can the handling of energy performance requirements in the design process for buildings be improved?; (3) How do client requirements, political governance and regulations affect the design of energy performance in buildings? The research is based on literature reviews, interviews and surveys, as well as case and computational studies. A computational study was performed with three different building types situated in Finland using three different energysaving design concepts for each building. Energy consumption and construction costs were analysed for each case and the financial viability was analysed using the discounted payback method. Individual interviews were carried out to determine to what extent life cycle cost calculations are used in the construction sector and how energy performance is taken into account in model-based design processes for buildings. A decision-making framework and an axiomatic design model for a performance-based design process was then developed and the conceptual model was compared with a real case of low energy design in Sweden. Finally, a survey explored energy conservation strategies in the design of buildings in Germany and Sweden and a longitudinal investigation of key policy instrument regarding energy conservation in Germany and Sweden was conducted to support the main findings of the survey. The main results of the research work show that: * There is no evidence that the design of energy performance is considered differently in the design process for buildings in Sweden and Germany, even if regulations and building codes differ between the two countries. However, the somewhat steeper reduction in space heating in Germany compared with Sweden could be due to the stricter regulation in the building codes in Germany over the last decade. * The transparency of the design and the associated decision-making about energy performance can be improved by using the requirement management model developed, which is based on axiomatic principles and the proposed decision-making framework for evaluating, structuring and detailing the requirements from the conceptual to the detailed design stages. * Energy performance design can give cost benefits over a specific time for a building, as measured by the resulting life cycle costs. In general, life cycle cost analysis can be a tool for evaluating cost benefits over time and provide support for the decision-makers, but the challenges and uncertainties of its use have to be taken into account in the decision-making process. To conclude, the "energy gap" between regulations and what is technologically possible can be reduced to a certain extent by facilitating the energy design process with a performance-based design process and decision-making tools that support the evaluation of life cycle performance. However, it seems that regulation is a more important driver for the development of technology for low energy housing than market forces so the regulatory limit should therefore be set with respect to what is possible and not with respect to current practice. ; Godkänd; 2013; 20121121 (jutsch); Disputation Ämne: Byggproduktion/Construction Engineering Opponent: Professor Johnny Kronvall, Strusoft AB/Malmö högskola, Malmö Ordförande: Professor Ove Lagerqvist, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Luleå tekniska universitet Tid: Torsdag den 7 februari 2013, kl 10.30 Plats: F1031, Luleå tekniska universitet

The report presents evidence on a range of factors affecting disparity between mental and physical health, and includes case studies and examples of good practice to illustrate some of the key issues and solutions. It should be seen as the first stage of an on-going process over the next 5"10 years that will deliver parity for mental health and make whole-person care a reality. It builds on the Implementation Framework for the Mental Health Strategy in providing further analysis of why parity does not currently exist, and the actions required to bring it about. A parity approach should enable NHS and local authority health and social care services to provide a holistic, whole person response to each individual, whatever their needs, and should ensure that all publicly funded services, including those provided by private organisations, give people's mental health equal status to their physical health needs. Central to this approach is the fact that there is a strong relationship between mental health and physical health, and that this influence works in both directions. Poor mental health is associated with a greater risk of physical health problems, and poor physical health is associated with a greater risk of mental health problems. Mental health affects physical health and vice versa. The report makes a series of key recommendations for the UK government, policy-makers and health professionals. Recommendations include: The government and the NHS Commissioning Board should work together to give people equivalent levels of access to treatment for mental health problems as for physical health problems, agreed standards for waiting times, and agreed standards for emergency/crisis mental healthcare. Action to promote good mental health and to address mental health problems needs to start at the earliest stage of a person's life and continue throughout the life course. Preventing premature mortality " there must be a major focus on improving the physical health of people with mental health problems. Public health programmes must include a focus on the mental health dimension of issues commonly considered as physical health concerns, such as smoking, obesity and substance misuse. Commissioners need to regard liaison doctors (who work across physical and mental healthcare) as an absolute necessity rather than an optional luxury. NHS and social care commissioners should commission liaison psychiatry and liaison physician services to drive a whole-person, integrated approach to healthcare in acute, secure, primary care and community settings, for all ages. Mental health services and mental health research must receive funding that reflects the prevalence of mental health problems and their cost to society. Mental illness is responsible for the largest proportion of the disease burden in the UK (22.8%), larger than that of cardiovascular disease (16.2%) or cancer (15.9%). However, only 11% of the NHS budget was spent on NHS services to treat mental health problems for all ages during 2010/11. Culture, attitudes and stigma " zero-tolerance policies in relation to discriminatory attitudes or behaviours should be introduced in all health settings to help combat the stigma that is still attached to mental illness within medicine. Political and managerial leadership is required at all levels. There should be a mechanism at national level for driving a parity approach to relevant policy areas across government; all local councils should have a lead councillor for mental health; all providers of specialist mental health services should have a board-level lead for physical health and all providers of physical healthcare services should have a board-level lead for mental health. The General Medical Council (GMC) and Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) should consider how medical and nursing study and training could give greater emphasis to mental health. Mental and physical health should be integrated within undergraduate medical education.This resource was contributed byThe National Documentation Centre on Drug Use.

Instituto de Investigaciones Filosóficas. Institucional en Filosofía de la Cultura ; This research work is a reflection on the scientific and technological building of the border that divides and separates the world in men and women; about the various ways in which individuals move between genres transgressing the boundaries of the feminine and masculine; on the various technologies used to make this transition; on scientific narratives that have been developed to explain and correct this identity disorder but also to understand and challenge the rigidity of the standard categories of identity sexogenérica. But mostly a reflection on the understanding that subjects situated prepared to understand the traffic carried an identity category to another; on the experience of living in the interstices of the standard categories and cultural implications arising from this phenomenon. It is a work deeply contaminated by cyborg imagery drawn by Donna Haraway, since from my perspective transsexual bodies and transgendered subjectivities represent an especially interesting to rethink phenomenon, through the metaphor of the cyborg, the process of disintegration of taxonomies and restructuring of boundaries around which the new configuration of power/knowledge is built. In the first chapter attempts to trace the long road that led to the consolidation of transsexuality as clinical category and its emergence as a social phenomenon through the institutionalization of gender reassignment surgery as a therapeutic measure. In the second chapter I address the theoretical-epistemological break that queer theory operates with respect to the knowledge produced by the biomedical model around sex/gender; I check the place of trans identities within this theoretical approach; biopolitics function and discuss the possibilities of resistance embodied by transsexuality in breaking the scheme leading to the optimum sex real sex and finally analyze the different political uses that are given to change technology and body modification. ; Este trabajo de investigación es una reflexión sobre la edificación científica y tecnológica de la frontera que divide y separa al mundo en hombres y mujeres; sobre las diversas formas en que los sujetos transitan entre géneros transgrediendo los linderos de lo femenino y lo masculino; sobre las diversas tecnologías utilizadas para efectuar este tránsito; sobre las narrativas científicas que se han elaborado para explicar y corregir este desorden identitario pero también para comprender e impugnar la rigidez de las categorías normalizadas de la identidad sexogenérica. Pero sobre todo una reflexión sobre la comprensión situada que los sujetos elaboran para comprender el tránsito que efectúan de una categoría identitaria a otra; sobre la vivencia de habitar en los intersticios de las categorías normalizadas y las implicaciones culturales que se desprenden de este fenómeno. Es un trabajo profundamente contaminado por la imaginería cyborg dibujada por Donna Haraway, puesto que desde mi perspectiva los cuerpos transexuales y las subjetividades transgenéricas representan un fenómeno especialmente interesante para repensar, a través de la metáfora del cyborg, los procesos de desestructuración de las taxonomías y la reestructuración de las fronteras en torno a las cuales se edifica la nueva configuración de poder/saber. En el primer capítulo intento trazar el largo camino que condujo a la consolidación de la transexualidad como categoría clínica y su emergencia como fenómeno social a través de la institucionalización de la cirugía de reasignación de sexo como medida terapéutica. En el segundo capítulo abordo la ruptura teórica-epistemológica que la teoría que opera con respecto al saber producido por el modelo biomédico alrededor del sexo/género; reviso el lugar que ocupan las identidades trans dentro de este enfoque teórico; discuto la función biopolítica y las posibilidades de resistencia encarnadas por la transexualidad en la ruptura que conduce del régimen del sexo verdadero al sexo óptimo y finalmente analizo los diferentes usos políticos que se le dan a las tecnologías de alteración y modificación del cuerpo.

Web Services are currently the base of a lot e-commerce application. Today's security solutions proposed for Web services help to protect communications confidentiality and integrity between Web services and to control access to Web services. Nevertheless, clients often use these services without knowing anything about their internals. Moreover, they have no clue about the use of their personal data inside the global application. BPEL (Business Process Execution Language) is a programming language orchestrating Web Services within Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA). As one feature of SOAs is the dynamic discovery of services actually used during execution, a BPEL user does not know prior to the execution how, and by whom, the data he provides will be used. In this thesis we propose a model of political control information flow suitable for service-oriented architectures and in particular orchestrations of services. This model offers the opportunity to the user to specify constraints on the use of its personal data. This policy is configured at runtime by the user of the BPEL program. However, the dynamic aspects of the web services lead to situations in which the policy prohibits the nominal operation of the orchestration (e.g., when using a service that is unknown by the user). To solve this problem, we suggest the user to dynamically allow exceptional unauthorized flows. In order to make his decision, the user is provided with all information necessary for decision-making. We then applied this approach to BPEL orchestration language. In particular, we presented the main information flow involved in this language. Finally, we proposed an implementation of these information flow control mechanisms by modifying an existing BPEL orchestrator. ; Les Web Services sont aujourd'hui à la base de nombreuses applications de commerce électronique. Aujourd'hui les solutions de sécurité qui sont proposées pour les Web-Services permettent de protéger en confidentialité et en intégrité les communications entre les Web-Services et de contrôler l'accès aux Web-Services. Cependant, le plus souvent, les clients utilisent ces applications sans en connaître le fonctionnement interne. De ce fait, ils n'ont aucune connaissance sur l'usage de leurs données qui est effectué à l'intérieur d'une application. BPEL (Business Process Execution Language) est un langage de programmation permettant d'orchestrer des Web-Services au sein d'une architecture orientée services. Une des fonctionnalités des architectures orientées services est la découverte dynamique des services effectivement utilisés au cours de l'exécution d'une orchestration. De ce fait, l'utilisateur d'un programme BPEL ne peut connaitre avant l'exécution comment et par qui les données qu'il va fournir seront utilisées. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous proposons un modèle de politique de contrôle de flux d'information adapté aux architectures orientées services et en particulier aux orchestrations de services. Ce modèle offre aux utilisateurs la possibilité de spécifier des contraintes sur l'usage qui est fait de leurs données personnelles. Les politiques de contrôle de flux d'information définies suivant ce modèle sont définies au cours de l'exécution par l'utilisateur d'une orchestration de services. Les aspects dynamiques des Web-Services conduisent, en effet, à des situations où la politique peut empêcher l'exécution nominale de l'orchestration (par exemple lorsqu'il est fait usage d'un service que l'utilisateur ne connaissait pas avant l'exécution). A cet effet, nous proposons à l'utilisateur d'autoriser dynamiquement des modifications de la politique de contrôle de flux d'information. Afin de lui permettre d'effectuer cette modification, nous proposons dans le cadre de cette thèse un mécanisme permettant à l'utilisateur de disposer d'un maximum d'informations sur l'usage qui est fait de ses données et qui conduit à une violation de la politique de contrôle de flux d'information. Nous avons ensuite appliqué cette approche au langage d'orchestration BPEL. Nous avons en particulier présenté les principaux flux d'information qui interviennent dans ce langage. Nous avons enfin proposé une implémentation de ces mécanismes de contrôle de flux d'information en modifiant un orchestrateur BPEL existant.

Nongovernmental organisations often criticize the working conditions at foreign suppliers – especially those in Asia and Latin America – of Western brands. In response, many brands have established codes of conduct in order to set binding social standards for their suppliers. Audits are conducted to monitor their implementation; however, substantial improvement of labour conditions has not been achieved. Therefore, brands are increasingly shifting their efforts towards building the capacity of their suppliers themselves to enhance the implementation of social standards. The creation of participative organisation structures that involve workers in decision-making processes regarding working conditions is often a focus of such novel training programmes. In light of these developments, this study will examine if a positive relationship exists between worker participation initiated by management and the improvement of working conditions in factories. In the theoretical part of the study, motivational and cognitive models as well as aspects of power-sharing and decision-making processes are used to examine the influence of participation on working conditions. Moreover, requirements for successful participation structures are developed. The Western discourse on influence mechanisms is complemented by political, economic, legal and cultural conditions in China related to participation and the implementation of social standards. The case study in this dissertation is based on research at seven garment factories in China which took part in the public-private-partnership project "Worldwide Enhancement of Social Quality" initiated by the German retailer Tchibo GmbH and the Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit, a German federal enterprise for international cooperation in the field of sustainable development. The goal of the three-year project was to initiate participative dialogue structures and to provide technical knowledge regarding the implementation of social standards in 40 factories in China, Bangladesh and Thailand. In order to examine the influence of worker participation in the Chinese facilities, a quantitative survey of 390 workers and 70 worker representatives, as well as interviews with 15 managers, nine project members and one representative from the International Labour Organisation China were conducted. The research results indicate that worker involvement contributes to the improvement of the economic and social performance of factories. In particular, the rise in trust between management and the workforce, and the inclusion of workers' valuable input contributed to the positive change. In order to make full use of the potential of participation, workers' and managers' motivation, key competences for participation, training activities as well as time resources are of importance. China is undergoing a period of transformation. Although until now no independent unions are allowed in China, employee involvement offers the opportunity for workers to become part of decision-making processes in the factories, thereby supporting democratisation tendencies in the country. ; Arbeitsbedingungen vor allem in asiatischen oder lateinamerikanischen Zulieferbetrieben westlicher Unternehmen stehen immer wieder in der Kritik von Nichtregierungsorganisationen. Durch die Aufstellung von Verhaltenskodizes legen viele Unternehmen daher fest, nach welchen Sozialstandards Fabriken produzieren sollen. Um deren Einhaltung zu überprüfen werden Auditierungen durchgeführt – eine wesentliche Verbesserung von Arbeitsbedingungen konnte bislang jedoch aufgrund einer alleinigen Überprüfung nicht erzielt werden. Als Reaktion hierauf konzentrieren sich westliche Unternehmen daher nun zunehmend auf Qualifizierungsmaßnahmen für Zulieferbetriebe. Die Partizipation der Beschäftigten an der Verbesserung von Arbeitsbedingungen steht dabei seit mehreren Jahren im Fokus solcher Trainingsprogramme. Diese Entwicklung greift die vorliegende Studie auf, indem der tatsächliche Einfluss einer vom Management initiierten Arbeitnehmerpartizipation auf die Verbesserung von Arbeitsbedingungen am Beispiel chinesischer Zulieferer untersucht wird. Im theoretischen Teil der Arbeit wird anhand von motivationalen und kognitiven Modellen sowie unter Betrachtung von Machtaspekten und Entscheidungsprozessen analysiert, welchen Einfluss Partizipation zu spielen vermag. Es werden zudem Anforderungen zur Realisierung von erfolgreichen Partizipationsstrukturen erarbeitet. Diese westliche Perspektive wird anschließend um die die politischen, ökonomischen, rechtlichen und kulturellen Rahmenbedingungen in China für Partizipation und die Umsetzung von Sozialstandards ergänzt. In der Fallstudie der Arbeit werden sieben Zulieferbetriebe der Bekleidungsindustrie in China untersucht, die an dem Public-Private-Partnership Projekt "Worldwide Enhancement of Social Quality" der Tchibo GmbH und der Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit teilnahmen. Ziel des dreijährigen Projekts war es, partizipative Kommunikationsstrukturen in den insgesamt 40 teilnehmenden Betrieben in China, Bangladesch und Thailand zu initiieren und fachliches Wissen zur besseren Einhaltung von Sozialstandards in Trainingsangeboten zu vermitteln. Um den Einfluss von Partizipation in den chinesischen Betrieben zu analysieren, wurden anhand einer quantitativen Befragung von 390 Arbeitern und 70 Arbeitnehmervertretern sowie durch Interviews mit 15 Fabrikmanagern, neun Projektbeteiligten und einem Vertreter der ILO China empirische Daten gewonnen. Die Forschungsergebnisse belegen, dass Arbeitnehmerpartizipation zu einer Verbesserung der ökonomischen und sozialen Performance in den chinesischen Betrieben beitrug. Insbesondere die Entstehung von vertrauensvollen Beziehungen zwischen Management und Arbeitern sowie das Nutzbarmachen des Wissens der Mitarbeiter führten zum positiven Wandel der Betriebe. Damit das Potenzial von Partizipation voll ausgeschöpft werden kann, sind die Motivation des Managements und der Arbeiter, Partizipationskompetenzen der Beteiligten, Training der Mitarbeiter sowie Zeitressourcen von Bedeutung. China durchläuft eine Phase der Transformation. Auch wenn bislang keine unabhängigen Gewerkschaften erlaubt sind, so ermöglicht eine durch das Management initiierte Arbeitnehmerpartizipation jedoch das Praktizieren von Beteiligung auf Betriebsebene und kann damit Demokratisierungstendenzen im Land unterstützen.

Tanto en el panorama cinematográfico español como en el argentino, varios son los títulos que desde el ámbito no sólo de la ficción, sino también del documental, han pretendido dar una visión de lo que sucedió durante la guerra civil y el franquismo y, en el caso del país latinoamericano, de la última dictadura militar encabezada por Jorge Rafael Videla. Dentro de este grupúsculo de películas, en la última década se ha producido un nada despreciable número de películas documentales ( Nadar , Entre el dictador y yo , Muerte en El Valle , El muro de los olvidados , Cosas raras que pasaban entonces , Pepe el andaluz o Tierra encima , en España; o Los Rubios , M , En memoria de los pájaros , Encontrando a Víctor , Papá Iván o La fe del volcán , en Argentina) firmadas por la generación siguiente o subsiguiente a la de quienes fueron víctimas directas o indirectas de la tortura, el exilio, la represión y la falta de libertades impuestas por sendos regímenes totalitarios. Se trata, en todos los casos, de jóvenes cineastas y videastas que se acercan a un pasado que no recuerdan pero al cual necesitan interrogar de manera imperiosa para poder definirse en tanto que sujetos políticos. El artículo que presentamos pretende acercarse a dos corpus cinematográficos fraguados en países geográficamente muy distantes pero realizados bajo una mirada muy similar: aquella que se arroja desde la 'posmemoria', esto es, desde una distancia generacional respecto a los hechos históricos evocados que proporciona a estas cintas una voz políticamente más crítica pero no por ello menos intimista y autobiográfica que la que puede ostentar el superviviente o el testigo directo de los hechos. El propósito último de nuestro análisis es el de poder dilucidar los puntos de convergencia y de divergencia entre un conjunto de producciones documentales que si bien creemos que aboga por la transmisión de la memoria entre generaciones y su continuidad en el futuro, implica la presencia, por su misma idiosincrasia, de vacíos, silencios, recreaciones y, en definitiva, (auto)ficciones que, normalmente desde la primera persona, dan fe de unos sujetos fracturados por los traumáticos y complejos orígenes de sus respectivas genealogías familiares. ; Both in Spanish as in Argentina, there are several films that have tried to give an overview of what happened during the Civil War and the Franco's regime and, in the case of the Latin American country, during the military dictatorship headed by Jorge Rafael Videla. Within this small group of films in the last decade there has been a not inconsiderable number of documentary films ( Nadar , Entre el dictador y yo , Muerte en El Valle , El muro de los olvidados , Cosas raras que pasaban entonces , Pepe el andaluz or Tierra encima , in Spain or Los Rubios , M , En memoria de los pájaros , Encontrando a Víctor , Papá Iván , or La fe del volcán , in Argentina) signed by the next or subsequent generation to those who were victims of torture, exile, repression or murder imposed by the two totalitarian regimes. They are, in all cases, young filmmakers and videographers who come to a past they do not remember but which they need to ask in order to define themselves as political subjects. The present paper pretends to dive into two cinematic corpus forged in countries geographically distant but made under a very similar look: that which is thrown from the 'postmemory', that is, from a generation gap regarding historical facts evoked that provides these tapes a voice politically critical but no less intimate and autobiographical than it can bear the survivor or the direct witness of the events. The ultimate purpose of our analysis is to be able to explain the points of convergence and divergence between a set of documentary productions that not only advocates for the transmission of memory between generations, but also implies the presence, for their idiosyncrasies, of gaps, silences, recreations and invented stories. ; Centro de Estudios de Teoría y Crítica Literaria

Орловська Ю. В., Фісуненко П. А., Левченко В. Ф. Аналіз стану та тенденцій розвитку будівельних підприємств у контексті дослідження їх економічної безпеки. В роботі проведено аналіз сучасного розвитку будівельної галузі і будівельних підприємств у контексті дослідження їх економічної безпеки. Встановлено, що розвиток будівельних організацій залежить від зовнішніх умов, в яких вони здійснюють свою діяльність (рівень розвитку політичної та економічної систем, чинна правова база, відносини власності, кон'юнктура галузевого ринку і т.д.). Через те, що ці умови прямо впливають на результати будівельної діяльності, розгляд проблеми економічної безпеки будівельних організацій є неможливим у відриві від аналізу становища в економіці України. Стан будівельної сфери є відображенням макроекономічної ситуації в країні, оскільки будівельний сектор одним з перших реагує як на погіршення економічної ситуації, так і на позитивні зміни. Показано, що у докризовий період будівництво представляло собою одну з галузей, які динамічно розвивались та демонстрували високий рівень зростання. Починаючи з 2000 р. і до 2008 р. індекс обсягу будівельних робіт постійно зростав, але протягом 2008–2010 рр. відбулось суттєве, навіть порівняно інших галузей, скорочення обсягів виконаних будівельних робіт. В статті проведено дослідження стану та тенденцій розвитку будівництва в Дніпропетровській області. Встановлено, що необхідно приділяти увагу проблемам, виявленим при аналізі будівельної галузі, в тому числі підвищувати рівень економічної безпеки діяльності вітчизняних будівельних підприємств.Орловская Ю. В., Фисуненко П. А., Левченко В. Ф. Анализ состояния и тенденций развития строительных предприятий в контексте исследования их экономической безопасности.В работе проведен анализ современного развития строительной отрасли и строительных предприятий в контексте исследования их экономической безопасности. Установлено, что развитие строительных организаций зависит от внешних условий, в которых они осуществляют свою деятельность (уровень развития политической и экономической систем, действующая правовая база, отношения собственности, конъюнктура отраслевого рынка и т.д.). Так как эти условия напрямую влияют на результаты строительной деятельности, рассмотрение проблемы экономической безопасности строительных организаций невозможно в отрыве от анализа положения в экономике Украины. Состояние строительной сферы является отражением макроэкономической ситуации в стране, поскольку строительный сектор одним из первых реагирует как на ухудшение экономической ситуации, так и на позитивные изменения. Показано, что в докризисный период строительство было среди отраслей, которые динамично развивались и демонстрировали высокий уровень роста. Начиная с2000 г. до2008 г. индекс прироста строительных работ рос, но в течении 2008-2010 гг. произошло значительное, даже по сравнению с другими отраслями, сокращение объемов выполненных строительных работ. В статье проведено исследование состояния и тенденций развития строительства в Днепропетровской области. Установлено, что необходимо уделять особое внимание проблемам, выявленным при анализе развития строительной отрасли, и повышать уровень экономической безопасности деятельности отечественных строительных предприятий.Orlovska I., Fisunenko P., Levchenko V. The analysis of the current state and development tendencies of the building enterprises in the context of the economic security. The development of the modern construction industry and the building enterprises in the context of the study of the economic security are analyzed. It is determined that the development of construction companies depends on the environmental conditions in which they operate (the level of the political and economic systems, the current legal framework, property relationships, industry market environment, etc.). Since these conditions directly affect the results of the construction activities, it is very important to analyze the economic security of building enterprises together with the analysis of the situation in the Ukrainian economy. State of the construction sector is a reflection of the macroeconomic situation in the country, as the construction sector react is among the branches of economy which first react on both the positive changes of the economic situation and its decline. It is shown that in the pre-crisis period construction was among the branches, which rapidly developed and demonstrated a high level of growth. Since 2000 till 2008 years there was the rising, but during 2008-2010 there was the significant reduction of the of construction works volume. The trends of development of construction in theDnepropetrovsk region are researched. It is empathized that the sufficient attention should be drown to the problems identified during the analysis of the construction industry and the economic security of the local building enterprises should be improved.

Зикова О. І. Доларизація у контексті теорії оптимальних валютних зон. В усьому світі наростає процес глобалізації фінансових ринків. Однією із складових цього процесу є валютна інтеграція. Вона зачіпає велику кількість економічно розвинених країн та країн, що розвиваються. Найбільш типові тому приклади - офіційна доларизація в Латинській Америці, введення спільної грошової одиниці в Європейському валютному союзі, плани зі створення єдиної валюти АСЕАН. Ключовим елементом формування оптимальної валютної зони є доларизація. Теорія оптимальних валютних зон служить відправною точкою в аналізі доларизації і створенні нових валютних союзів. Автором розглянуто теоретичні засади існування оптимальної валютної зони, обґрунтовано різницю між національним та міжнародним валютним союзом та окреслено зміст переваг та недоліків формування валютної зони як групи з двох або більше суверенних держав з закритими грошовими зв'язками у формі валютної інтеграції, інтеграції фінансових ринків та політичної інтеграції. Для визначення критеріїв оптимальних валютних зон автором було проаналізовано праці Р.Манделла, Р.МакКінона та П. Кенена. Р. Манделл робить висновок, що ключовим фактором при визначенні меж валютних союзів є мобільність факторів виробництва. Р. МакКінон запропонував використовувати в якості критерію відкритість економіки, вимірювану співвідношенням товарів, що торгуються, та товарів, що не торгуються. Модель МакКінона передбачає існування двох країн: великої і малої. П. Кенен стверджує, що альтернативним критерієм оптимальних валютних зон є ступінь диверсифікації економіки. Практичний аспект роботи полягає у викладенні принципів формування оптимальної валютної зони на прикладі країн єврозони та аналізі критеріїв формування оптимальної валютної зони для азійських країн.Зыкова О. И. Долларизация в контексте теории оптимальных валютных зон.Во всем мире нарастает процесс глобализации финансовых рынков. Одной из составляющих этого процесса является валютная интеграция. Ключевым элементом формирования оптимальной валютной зоны является долларизация. Теория оптимальных валютных зон служит отправной точкой в анализе долларизации и создании новых валютных союзов. Автором рассмотрены теоретические основы существования оптимальной валютной зоны, обоснованно различие между национальным и международным валютным союзом и очерчены преимущества и недостатки формирования валютной зоны как группы из двух или более суверенных государств с закрытыми денежными связями в форме валютной интеграции, интеграции финансовых рынков и политической интеграции. Для определения критериев оптимальных валютных зон автором были проанализированы работы Р.Манделла, Р.МакКинона и П.Кенена. Манделл делает вывод, что ключевым фактором при определении границ валютных союзов является мобильность факторов производства. Маккинон предложил использовать в качестве критерия открытость экономики, измеряемую соотношением товаров, торгуемых и товаров, не торгуются. Кенен утверждает, что альтернативным критерием оптимальных валютных зон является степень диверсификации экономики. Практический аспект работы состоит в изложении принципов формирования оптимальной валютной зоны на примере стран еврозоны и анализе критериев формирования оптимальной валютной зоны для азиатских стран.Zykova O. I. Dollarization in the context of the optimal currency area theory.The growing globalization of financial markets appeared to be an unstoppable trend over the past years. One of the components of this process is the monetary integration. A key element in the formation of an optimum currency area is dollarization. The theory of optimum currency areas turns out to be the starting point in the analysis of dollarization and the creation of new monetary unions. The author deals with the theoretical foundations of an optimum currency area, specifies the difference between the national and the international monetary union and outlines the advantages and disadvantages of forming a currency area as a group of two or more sovereign states with closed connections in the form of the monetary integration, the integration of financial markets and the political integration. To determine the optimum currency area criteria the author reviewed the grounded papers by R.Mundell, R. McKinnon and P.Kenen dedicated to the topic. Mundell concludes that the key factor in determining the boundaries of monetary unions is the mobility of factors of production. McKinnon suggested using openness of the economy as a criterion. Kenen argues that an alternative criterion of optimum currency areas is the degree of diversification of the economy. The practical aspect of the paper is to present the principles of optimum currency area on the example of the eurozone countries and provide analysis of the criteria on an optimum currency area forming for Asian countries.

The paper presents an outline of the relationship between anthropology and
demography, sometimes depicted as "long, tortured, often ambivalent, and
sometimes passionate." Although early anthropologists (primarily British
social anthropologists) routinely made use of demographic data, especially in
their studies of kinship, the two disciplines gradually drifted away from
each other. The re-approachment took place from 1960s, and the last fifteen
years saw more intensive cooperation and more insights about possible mutual
benefits that could be achieved through combining of methodologies and
revision of some theoretical assumptions, primarily through anthropological
demography. As summarized by Laura Bernardi and Inge Hutter, "Anthropological
demography is a specialty within demography that uses anthropological theory
and methods to provide a better understanding of demographic phenomena in
current and past populations. Its genesis and ongoing growth lies at the
intersection of demography and socio-cultural anthropology and with their
efforts to understand population processes: mainly fertility, migration, and
mortality. Both disciplines share a common research subject, namely human
populations, and they focus on mutually complementary aspects" (2007: 541).
In the first part of the paper, the author presents some general
considerations, like the one that "demography is one of the best understood
and predictable parts of human behavior, even if demographers still find
themselves unable to predict accurately when parameters will change in
interesting ways, such as the ?the baby boom? or the shift to later
childbeanng in the 1970s and 1980s North America" (Howell, 1986: 219). Nancy
Howell also noted the importance of demographic anthropology, because, in her
words "if we knew, reliably, the birth and death probability schedules of
particular populations, we would know a great deal about their size, age
composition, growth rate. And with just a little more information we would
know a great deal more such as household and family composition, economic
organization, social problems, and something of the political structure. It
we knew the schedules for populations in general and could correlate the
schedules with the causes, genetic or environmental, that produce them, we
would know a great deal about the possible range of human social structure"
(Howell, 1986: 219). In the second part of the paper, the author discusses
several examples of interplay between anthropology and demography. One of
them is Patrick Heady?s study of the shift in ritual patterns, which combines
elements of some "classical" anthropological topics (Mauss?s theory of gift
exchange and L?vi-Strauss?s concept of kinship) with his own field research
in the Carnian Alps. "By marrying and raising children, parents participate
in a system of gift-exchange in which the gifts in question are human lives,
and the parties to the exchange are the kinship groups recognized in the
society concerned. Fertility reflects the attitudes of prospective parents to
their place in the existing system of reproductive exchange, and the
relationships of cooperation and authority which it implies - as well as
their confidence in the system?s continuing viability. It is shown that this
view is compatible with earlier ideas about self-regulating population
systems - and that changing economic circumstances are an important source of
discrepancy between existing exchange systems and the attitudes and
expectations of prospective parents" (Heady, 2007: 465). The paper concludes
with the discussion of the directions in which relationship between these two
disciplines can proceed. Some of the epistemological issues are mentioned, as
well as a need to apply different theoretical perspectives to better
understand demographic behavior (especially in Europe) and to better
understand certain cultural components that shape this behavior. In order to
achieve this, most of the scholars whose works are discussed in this paper
emphasize "the need for a holistic approach to data collection and the added
value of triangulating quantitative and qualitative analyses" (Bernardi,
Hutter, 2007: 541).

O artigo analisa a dinâmica de transformações institucionais por que passam as universidades no Brasil e na Alemanha para que assumam papéis estratégicos em um contexto social, político e econômico caracterizado pela dinâmica da inovação. Reformas do sistema de ensino superior, tanto quanto projetos e estratégias institucionais são objetos de análise no trabalho. A Alemanha vem passando por um processo intenso de reforma do ensino superior com a implantação do projeto de Bolonha, no campo de produção da pesquisa científica e tecnológica e na relação com o mercado, com a implantação de vigorosos projetos de fomento e de direção da pesquisa acadêmica nacional. No Brasil, há enormes resistências históricas às mudanças. Predomina, ainda, um modelo de ensino superior pouco diversificado e com baixa relação com a indústria e o mercado, embora, nos últimos, tenham se multiplicado as iniciativas de apoio às transformações. Reformas sistêmicas e institucionais são analisadas à luz das peculiaridades históricas e sociais das relações entre universidade e sociedade nos dois países, focalizando dinâmicas mais contemporâneas. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: pesquisa e inovação, universidade, conhecimento, reforma, políticas. RESEARCH AND INNOVATION: new challenges for higher education in Brazil and in Germany Clarissa Eckert Baeta Neves Fabrício Monteiro Neves The article analysis the dynamics of institutional transformations of which universities in Brazil and Germany are going though in order to take up strategic roles in a social, political and economical context, characterized by the dynamics of innovation. Reforms in the higher education system, as well as projects and institutional strategies are objects of analysis on this piece of work. Germany has been going through a intense reform process of its higher education with the implantation of the project Bolonha, in the field scientific research and technology production and in relation to the market with the implantation of the vigorous project of promotion and direction of the national academic research. In Brazil, historically there is a lot of resistance to changes. Predominates the model for higher education still not very diverse and with a low level of relationship with the industry and the market, however lately, there has been a increase on the support of transformation. Systematic and institutional reforms are analysed by the light of historical and social peculiarities of the relationships between universities society in both countries focusing more contemporary dynamics. KEY WORDS: research and innovation, universities, knowledge, reform, policies. RECHERCHE ET INNOVATION: les nouveaux défis de l'éducation supérieure au Brésil et en Allemagne Clarissa Eckert Baeta Neves Fabrício Monteiro Neves L'article présente l'analyse de la dynamique des transformations institutionnelles au sein des universités, au Brésil et en Allemagne, afin de leur permettre d'assumer des rôles stratégiques dans un contexte politique, économique et social, caractérisé par la dynamique de l'innovation. Les réformes du sytème de l'enseignement supérieur ainsi que les projets et les stratégies institutionnelles font l'objet de cette recherche. Depuis l'implantation du projet "Bologne", l'Allemagne passe par un processus intense de réforme de l'enseignement supérieur. Les répercussions se font sentir dans le champ de la production scientifique et technologique ainsi que dans la relation avec le marché, grâce à l'implantation de projets solides de soutien et d'orientation de la recherche académique nationale. Le Brésil a une grande résistance historique aux changements. Ce qui prédomine, c'est encore un modèle d'enseignement supérieur peu diversifié et trop peu en relation avec l'industrie et le marché, même si de la part de ces derniers des initiatives de soutien en faveur de transformations se sont multipliées. Des réformes systémiques et institutionnelles sont analysées à la lumière des particularités historiques et sociales de relations existantes entre l'université et la société dans les deux pays. L'accent est mis tout particulièrement sur les dynamiques plus récentes. MOTS-CLÉS: recherche et innovation, université, connaissance, réforme, politiques. Publicação Online do Caderno CRH: http://www.cadernocrh.ufba.br Publicação Online do Caderno CRH no Scielo: http://www.scielo.br/ccrh

A wide range of political measures is applied in developing countries in order to protect people from hunger and malnutrition. The aim of this dissertation is to determine the contribution of various food security policies. In the first study of this work, a new micro-economic model of food security is developed. It shows the impact of the budget restriction on nutrient intake and the resulting consequences for different health dimensions. It demonstrates that the concept of food security also includes that all vital nutrients have to be contemporaneously affordable for an individual. Against this backdrop, typical strategies for improving food security in developing countries are discussed. The second study examines the often pursued strategy to increase local incomes by promoting exports, using Ghana's agricultural sector as an example. Given that export crop cultivators are quite different from other farmers, econometric methods are applied that attempt to ensure unbiased estimation results. The results show that farmers' access to financial resources as well as intermediation through state enterprises and co-operatives significantly contribute to export crop cultivation. Export cropping has a positive outcome on the living standard of farm households, but it is an important finding that this effect is non-linear. Large welfare benefits particularly occur at very high levels of export crop specialization. In cases when poor regions face severe food shortages, the controversial policy instrument of food aid is often used. Given the necessity of quick and targeted action in emergency situations, the third and fourth parts of this dissertation analyze different aspects of donors' food aid allocation. In the third study, the determinants of food aid allocation from six major donors are investigated. For all donors, the amount of food aid is consistently sent to poorer countries, but also depends on shipped food aid from previous year. A particular focus of this study is on the coordination of food aid. The system-estimation approach employed in this study reveals that there is significant positive interaction between all donor countries. The fourth study extends earlier analyses on food aid allocation by examining the donors' supply of vital nutrients (dietary energy, iron, vitamin A and zinc). Furthermore, an econometric method is used that takes into account the unobserved heterogeneity of recipient countries and avoids making typical restrictive assumption. The results show that the observed donor (USA) allocates nutrients towards populations with high nutritional demand and tight budgetary constraints. However, donor interests and media bias are prevalent in different parts of US food aid, and significant management problems are found. ; In Entwicklungsländern werden verschiedenste Politikmaßnahmen angewendet, um die Bevölkerung vor Hunger und Mangelernährung zu schützen. Das Ziel dieser kumulativen Arbeit ist es, den Beitrag der unterschiedlichen Politiken zur Verbesserung der Ernährungssicherheit herauszuarbeiten. Hierfür wird zunächst im ersten Beitrag der Arbeit ein neues mikroökonomisches Modell der Ernährungssicherheit entworfen, welches den Effekt der Budgetbeschränkung auf die Nährstoffzufuhr und die damit verbundenen Gesundheitsauswirkungen modelliert. Hierbei wird gezeigt, dass der Ernährungssicherheitsbegriff miteinschließt, dass simultan alle lebensnotwendigen Nährstoffe erschwinglich sein müssen. Vor diesem Hintergrund werden die in Entwicklungsländern verfolgten Strategien zur Verbesserung der Ernährungssicherung diskutiert. Im zweiten Beitrag wird am Beispiel des Ghanaischen Agrarsektors ein Fokus auf die oftmals verfolgte Strategie gelegt, lokale Einkommen mithilfe von Exportförderung zu stärken. Hierfür werden ökonometrische Verfahren genutzt, welche verzerrungsfreie Schätzergebnisse gewährleisten auch wenn Exportfruchtanbauer sich deutlich von anderen Landwirten unterscheiden. Die Resultate zeigen, dass der Zugriff auf finanzielle Ressourcen sowie die Vermittlungsrolle von staatlichen Unternehmen und Kooperativen förderlich für den Exportfruchtanbau sind. Exportfruchtanbau hat positive Auswirkungen auf den Lebensstandard der Farmhaushalte, allerdings ist dieser Effekt nichtlinear und kommt vor allem bei hoher Spezialisierung zum Tragen. Bei erheblichen Nahrungsmittelengpässen in armen Regionen wird oftmals das kontrovers diskutierte Mittel der Nahrungsmittelhilfe angewendet. In Anbetracht der Notwendigkeit eines schnellen und an der Bedürftigkeit ausgerichteten Handelns, analysieren der dritte und der vierte Beitrag dieser Arbeit unterschiedliche Aspekte der Nahrungsmittelhilfevergabe von Geberländern. Im dritten Beitrag werden die wesentlichen Determinanten der Nahrungsmittelhilfe der sechs größten Geber ermittelt. Ein besonderer Schwerpunkt dieses Beitrags liegt in der Koordinierung von Nahrungsmittelhilfe aus unterschiedlichen Geberquellen. Diesbezüglich wurde mithilfe einer Systemschätzung eine signifikante Interaktion zwischen allen Geberländern nachgewiesen. Zudem lieferten alle Geber vermehrt an ärmere Länder, ließen sich allerdings stark von den Liefermengen des Vorjahres prägen. Der vierte Beitrag erweitert die bisherigen Studien zur Nahrungsmittelhilfevergabe, indem er erstmals die Lieferung bedeutsamer Nährstoffe (Energie, Eisen, Vitamin A und Zink) untersucht. Darüber hinaus wird ein ökonometrisches Verfahren genutzt, das die nicht messbaren Unterschiede von Empfängerländern berücksichtigt und dabei unrealistisch restriktive Annahmen vermeidet. Die Resultate zeigen, dass der untersuchte Geber, die USA, trotz erkennbarer Managementprobleme und Einflüssen von Geberinteressen und Medien in der Lage ist, Nährstoffe gezielt an bedürftige Bevölkerungsgruppen zu liefern.

The lake of Paladru possesses a fascinating history acquired by the archaeological excavations which took place there during several years. These archaeological excavations allowed to make important discoveries connected to the history and to the evolution of this territory. They revealed remains immersed by littoral housing environments on two different sites. These are situated on the municipality of Charavines : the site of Baigneurs reveals the vestiges of a village dating Neolithic period, whereas the site of Colletière brings to light the vestiges of a strengthened housing environment built around the year 1000. Begun in 1971, the excavations ended in 1986 for the site of Baigneurs and in 1996 for that of Colletière. However, the important work of study of remains continued until 2005 for the first site and until 2009 for the second. The extent of the discoveries led up to the fame and to the reputation of the archeological sites of the lake of Paladru. More than 15 000 objects were brought to light, all showing an exceptional interest in particular thanks to their almost completed preservation. They allowed to reconstitute and to understand the daily life of the inhabitants of these two sites in thousands of years of interval, allowing more widely the researchers to understand and to know the evolution of a territory. Today still, the archaeological remains of the lake of Paladru are the object of a quite particular attention. A reduced part of collections stemming from excavations is currently presented to the public in the rooms of the archaeological museum of the lake of Paladru situated to Charavines, whereas the rest is kept within the reserves of the Musée dauphinois in Grenoble. These collections are situated in the heart of strong political stakes. The local authority of supervision, the Communauté d'agglomération du Pays voironnais, would like to see a largest part of these collections showed and highlighted within a vaster and better adapted cultural equipment. This will could be accompanied with a policy of cultural valuation of the territory. ; Le lac de Paladru possède une histoire passionnante acquise par les fouilles archéologiques qui s'y sont déroulées durant plusieurs années. Ces fouilles archéologiques ont permis de faire d'importantes découvertes liées à l'histoire et à l'évolution de ce territoire. Elles ont révélé les vestiges immergés d'habitats littoraux sur deux sites distincts. Ceux-ci se situent sur la commune de Charavines : le site des Baigneurs révèle les vestiges d'un village datant de l'époque néolithique, tandis que le site de Colletière met au jour les vestiges d'un habitat fortifié construit autour de l'an mil. Débutées en 1971, les fouilles se sont terminées en 1986 pour le site des Baigneurs et en 1996 pour celui de Colletière. Cependant, l'important travail d'étude des vestiges s'est poursuivi jusqu'en 2005 pour le premier site et jusqu'en 2009 pour le second. L'étendue des découvertes a conduit à la renommée et à la réputation des sites archéologiques du lac de Paladru. Plus de 15 000 objets ont été mis au jour, tous faisant preuve d'un intérêt exceptionnel notamment grâce à leur conservation quasi parfaite. Ils ont permis de reconstituer et de comprendre la vie quotidienne des habitants de ces deux sites à des milliers d'années d'intervalle, permettant plus largement aux chercheurs de comprendre et de connaître l'évolution d'un territoire. Aujourd'hui encore, les vestiges archéologiques du lac de Paladru font l'objet d'une attention toute particulière. Une partie réduite des collections issues des fouilles est actuellement présentée au public dans les salles du musée archéologique du lac de Paladru situé à Charavines, tandis que le reste est conservé au sein des réserves du Musée dauphinois à Grenoble. Ces collections se situent au cœur d'enjeux politiques forts. L'autorité locale de tutelle, la Communauté d'agglomération du Pays voironnais, souhaiterait voir une plus grande partie de ces collections exposées et mises en valeur au sein d'un équipement culturel plus vaste et mieux adapté. Cette volonté, à terme, pourrait être accompagnée d'une politique de valorisation culturelle du territoire.

The lake of Paladru possesses a fascinating history acquired by the archaeological excavations which took place there during several years. These archaeological excavations allowed to make important discoveries connected to the history and to the evolution of this territory. They revealed remains immersed by littoral housing environments on two different sites. These are situated on the municipality of Charavines : the site of Baigneurs reveals the vestiges of a village dating Neolithic period, whereas the site of Colletière brings to light the vestiges of a strengthened housing environment built around the year 1000. Begun in 1971, the excavations ended in 1986 for the site of Baigneurs and in 1996 for that of Colletière. However, the important work of study of remains continued until 2005 for the first site and until 2009 for the second. The extent of the discoveries led up to the fame and to the reputation of the archeological sites of the lake of Paladru. More than 15 000 objects were brought to light, all showing an exceptional interest in particular thanks to their almost completed preservation. They allowed to reconstitute and to understand the daily life of the inhabitants of these two sites in thousands of years of interval, allowing more widely the researchers to understand and to know the evolution of a territory. Today still, the archaeological remains of the lake of Paladru are the object of a quite particular attention. A reduced part of collections stemming from excavations is currently presented to the public in the rooms of the archaeological museum of the lake of Paladru situated to Charavines, whereas the rest is kept within the reserves of the Musée dauphinois in Grenoble. These collections are situated in the heart of strong political stakes. The local authority of supervision, the Communauté d'agglomération du Pays voironnais, would like to see a largest part of these collections showed and highlighted within a vaster and better adapted cultural equipment. This will could be accompanied with a policy of cultural valuation of the territory. ; Le lac de Paladru possède une histoire passionnante acquise par les fouilles archéologiques qui s'y sont déroulées durant plusieurs années. Ces fouilles archéologiques ont permis de faire d'importantes découvertes liées à l'histoire et à l'évolution de ce territoire. Elles ont révélé les vestiges immergés d'habitats littoraux sur deux sites distincts. Ceux-ci se situent sur la commune de Charavines : le site des Baigneurs révèle les vestiges d'un village datant de l'époque néolithique, tandis que le site de Colletière met au jour les vestiges d'un habitat fortifié construit autour de l'an mil. Débutées en 1971, les fouilles se sont terminées en 1986 pour le site des Baigneurs et en 1996 pour celui de Colletière. Cependant, l'important travail d'étude des vestiges s'est poursuivi jusqu'en 2005 pour le premier site et jusqu'en 2009 pour le second. L'étendue des découvertes a conduit à la renommée et à la réputation des sites archéologiques du lac de Paladru. Plus de 15 000 objets ont été mis au jour, tous faisant preuve d'un intérêt exceptionnel notamment grâce à leur conservation quasi parfaite. Ils ont permis de reconstituer et de comprendre la vie quotidienne des habitants de ces deux sites à des milliers d'années d'intervalle, permettant plus largement aux chercheurs de comprendre et de connaître l'évolution d'un territoire. Aujourd'hui encore, les vestiges archéologiques du lac de Paladru font l'objet d'une attention toute particulière. Une partie réduite des collections issues des fouilles est actuellement présentée au public dans les salles du musée archéologique du lac de Paladru situé à Charavines, tandis que le reste est conservé au sein des réserves du Musée dauphinois à Grenoble. Ces collections se situent au cœur d'enjeux politiques forts. L'autorité locale de tutelle, la Communauté d'agglomération du Pays voironnais, souhaiterait voir une plus grande partie de ces collections exposées et mises en valeur au sein d'un équipement culturel plus vaste et mieux adapté. Cette volonté, à terme, pourrait être accompagnée d'une politique de valorisation culturelle du territoire.

Within MESMA, nine case studies (CS) represent discrete marine European spatial entities, at different spatial scales, where a spatial marine management framework is in place, under development or considered. These CS (described in more details below) are chosen in such a way (MESMA D. 3.1 ) that they encompass the complexity of accommodating the various user functions of the marine landscape in various regions of the European marine waters. While human activities at sea are competing for space, there is also growing awareness of the possible negative effects of these human activities on the marine ecosystem. As such, system specific management options are required, satisfying current and future sectoral needs, while safeguarding the marine ecosystem from further detoriation. This integrated management approach is embedded in the concept of ecosystem based management (EBM). The goal of marine EBM is to maintain marine ecosystems in a healthy, productive and resilient condition, making it possible that they sustain human use and provide the goods and services required by society (McLeod et al. 2005). Therefore EBM is an environmental mangagement approach that recognises the interactions within a marine ecosystem, including humans. Hence, EBM does not consider single issues, species or ecosystems good and services in isolation. Operationalisation of EBM can be done through place-based or spatial management approaches (Lackey 1998), such as marine spatial planning (MSP). MSP is a public process of analysing and allocating the spatial and temporal distribution of human activities aiming at achieving ecological, economic and social objectives. These objectives are usually formulated through political processes (Douvere et al. 2007, Douvere 2008). Within MESMA, a spatially managed area (SMA) is then defined as "a geographical area within which marine spatial planning initiatives exist in the real world". Marine spatial planning initiatives refer to existing management measures actually in place within a defined area, or in any stage of a process of putting management in place, e.g. plans or recommendations for a particular area. Management can include management for marine protection (e.g. in MPAs), or management for sectoral objectives (e.g. building a wind farm to meet renewable energy objectives). Within MESMA, SMAs can have different spatial scales. A SMA can be a small, specific area that is managed/planned to be managed for one specific purpose, but it can also be a larger area within which lots of plans or 'usage zones' exist. This definition is different from the definition mentioned in the DoW (page 60). The original definition was adapted during a CS leader workshop (2-4 May 2012 in Gent, Belgium) and formally accepted by the MESMA ExB during the ExB meeting in Cork (29-30 May 2012). MSP should result in a marine spatial management plan that will produce the desired future trough explicit decisions about the location and timing of human activities. Ehler & Douvere (2009) consider this spatial management as a beginning toward the the implementation of desired goals and objectives. They describe the spatial management plan as a comprehensive, strategic document that provides the framework and direction for marine spatial management decisions. The plan should identify when, where and how goals and objectives will be met. Zoning (the development of zoning plans) is often an important management measure to implement spatial management plans. The purpose of a zoning plan (Ehler & Douvere 2009) is: To provide protection for biologically and ecologically important habitats, ecosystems, and ecological processes. To seperate conflicting human activities, or to combine compatible activities. To protect the natural values of the marine management area (in MESMA terminology: the SMA) while allowing reasonable human uses of the area. To allocate areas for reasonable human uses while minimising the effects of these human uses on each other, and nature. To preserve some areas of the SMA in their natural state undisturbed by humans except for scientific and educational purposes. ; peer-reviewed