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Scholarship examining the legacy of early twentieth-century zoning and real estate practices on present-day urban landscapes has provided significant insight into the ways public officials appraised communities of color at the national and city scale. However, less is known about how local policy makers evaluated communities of color through the social movements of the 1970s and austerity policies of the 1980s. Analyzing Los Angeles City planning and administrative archives from the 1970s to 1990s, I assess how local policy makers arrived at regarding historically racialized and disinvested places such as Boyle Heights as potential sites of investment during the last quarter of the twentieth century. I find that city policy makers briefly categorized Boyle Heights as fit for preservation grounded in its socioracial composition and, later, designated the barrio as ancillary to intensifying efforts to revitalize downtown. Following the evolution of appraisals of land use during this period of transformation historicizes contemporary gentrification processes.

The Covid pandemic has delivered the deepest economic slump since the 1930s and the widest global spread ever. Despite warnings, most governments were unprepared for the pandemic. No resources had been devoted to disease vaccine research and public health systems had been degraded for decades by spending cuts and privatisation. As a result, governments were forced into 'lockdowns' of various levels of imposition. Now the vaccines are being rolled out — at least in the major advanced economies — and the expectation is that the world economy can return to 'normality'. But that normality was already, pre-pandemic, expressed in weak economic growth, trade and investment. And the impact of the Covid slump has left permanent 'scarring' of economies. The monetary and fiscal policy tools of governments will be inadequate to restore prosperity for all. We need to reset the economy through public control and ownership of the means of production with a global plan aimed at social objectives, not private profit.

Abstract
The aim of the article is to present possible consequences caused by the development of commodity market financialization understood by the influence of financial investor's speculation. Also the task of elaboration is to outline the existence of financial factors in the price creation process of commodities. The existing impact of financialization on the volatility of commodity prices significantly modifies the market. The results of the research and analyzes carried out indicate a similarity in the behavior of the markets of commodities. The situation results from the redistribution of the risk of financial investors who having a few goods in the investment portfolio, next to large transaction volumes affect the unification of price trends. Price shaping factors are being transformed. The decrease importance of supply or consumption in the context of the commodities market changes its form. The growing influence of investors who create numerous speculations transforms the market. Trade in futures contracts affects the level of commodities prices.

Abstract
The spectacular economic development of South Korea in recent decades has continuously intrigued economists, academic community and general public. Whether such a development model be applied to other, less developed countries is one of the topics often explored in a number of studies and debates. Therefore, the principles of South Korean development model and the economic parameters of its foreign trade today, are some of the research aims of this paper. The research focuses on economic relations between South Korea and Serbia, current trends and prospects for future economic cooperation through the analysis of comparative advantage of the most prominent export products and industries, using the RCA index. The analysis shows that Serbia has a potential to further improve cooperation with South Korea in several export sectors, and coupled with investments in human resources and infrastructure, as well as the active promotion of Serbian market to South Korean companies, it may be one of the vectors of their future cooperation.

This article examines the economic growth prospects of China's services sector. Reportage on China's economy and its data releases tends to focus largely on aggregate GDP growth, manufacturing growth, retail sales and investments, and fails to adequately cover services despite them being the largest contributor to growth. The article parses the growth of China's various services subcomponents across a range of parameters and assesses that the industry has come under duress with a slowdown in complementary manufacturing and the dissipation of growth bubbles in finance and real estate. It is further observed that reforms necessary for spurring services growth are at a nascent stage, proceed slowly, and are imperilled by GDP growth targets that result in policies favouring the manufacturing industry. In sum, while China's services growth prospects are hardly in dire jeopardy due to favourable demand-side conditions, achieving potential and affecting convergence with high income countries will necessitate the expedition of reforms and the engineering of a sustained high growth phase in the sector.

Activists in the global South have been navigating two powerful trends since the mid-1990s: intensifying state repression and rising investment in extractive projects from the emerging economies of Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa (BRICS). In this context, this article explores the underlying forces determining the formation, endurance, and power of BRICS–South transnational advocacy networks (TANs) opposed to BRICS-based corporate extraction in the global South. By analyzing activism against Chinese, Indian, and Brazilian extractive projects in Ecuador, Ethiopia, and Mozambique, respectively, the research reveals the critical importance of domestic politics and civil society characteristics in both the BRICS and host states for shaping BRICS–South TANs, including which groups assume leadership, the extent of cross-national cooperation, and the role of nonprofits headquartered in the global North. The findings uncover core reasons for the variable resiliency and capacity of BRICS–South TANs, opening up new avenues of research and offering valuable insights for activists and policymakers.

Abstract
In our augmented world, many decision situations are designed by smart technologies. Artificial intelligence helps reduce information overload, filter relevant information and limit an otherwise overwhelming abundance of choices. While such algorithms make our lives more convenient, they also fulfill various organizational objectives that users may not be aware of and that may not be in their best interest. We do not know whether algorithms truly optimize the benefits of their users or rather the return on investment of a company. They are not only designed for convenience but also to be addictive, and this opens the doors for manipulation. Therefore, augmented decision making undermines the freedom of choice. To limit the threats of augmented decisions and enable humans to be critical towards the outcomes of artificial intelligence–driven recommendations, everybody should develop "algorithmic literacy." It involves a basic understanding of artificial intelligence and how algorithms work in the background. Algorithmic literacy also requires that users understand the role and value of the personal data they sacrifice in exchange for decision augmentation.

This article considers a range of early twentieth-century projects in which rural space was made subject to an ensemble of institutional forms and practices grounded in emergent urban paradigms. The projects in rural reconstruction I consider here seized on village space and the minds and souls of villagers as their terrain of operation. Rural reconstruction entailed the production of intimate knowledge of the rural population, the development of affective modes of engagement with them, and investments of governmental power not only in state institutions but in more abstract concepts like the 'rural community'. Many projects were largely propagandistic; their concrete effects were minimal. But rural reconstruction brought urban logics, objects, and institutional forms directly into village milieus in ways that continue to shape how India's urban and rural areas are conceptualised and operate in relation to one another. If urbanism in India today is deeply enmeshed in agrarian processes, then this article attempts to reverse the gaze by asking how expert knowledge directed towards managing rural change in twentieth-century India depended crucially on emergent urban paradigms.

ABSTRACT
Special economic zones (SEZs) have spread rapidly over the past 20 years, including in many low- and middle-income countries keen to attract private investment for industrial development. But while much debate has focused on their economic performance and success factors and on links with the wider architecture of international economic law, there are enduring concerns over respect for labour rights in SEZs. These concerns are partly rooted in features of the legal regimes that underpin SEZs, such as arrangements that qualify the application of ordinary labour law, or ineffective systems to ensure compliance. This article discusses the law governing labour rights in SEZs, drawing on the case studies of Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Kenya—three countries reflecting different generations of SEZ legislation, types of SEZs, and regulatory approaches. The article explores the complex interplay of different 'unilateral' and international legal regimes, the structural features that affect labour rights in SEZs, and possible ways forward for research and practice.

The Role of the Danube River in the Trans-European Waterway Network
In the 20th century, the Danube Region was subject to numerous and far-reaching political transformations, which had a negative impact on the expansion of the Danube waterway transport, affected mainly by political, economical and military crises that took place in the 1990s. Nowadays, only 9% of all river cargo is shipped via the Danube River. The European Union makes an effort to increase this number up to 30%, and to ensure the river's permanent inclusion in the Trans-European Transport Network, with an ongoing process of adjusting the Danube shipping law to the regulations applicable to other European rivers. Nonetheless, the implementation of the EU Strategy for the Danube Region has little effect on the transportation growth in the Danube Basin so far – due to insufficient support from the European Union, the Danubian countries' unwillingness to carry out expensive investments, and difficulties related to the process of redirecting the existing trade routes.

Offshore wind farms have become one of the fastest growing renewable energy technologies in recent years. Projects developed in the area of the Polish Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) are considered crucial for the future of the energy sector in Poland. One of the arguments for the development of this sector is the common opinion among investors and decision makers that offshore wind farms are much less exposed to the risk of social conflicts compared to onshore installations. Due to the lack of completed investments in the Polish EEZ area and restriction of possible construction of farms to Baltic shoals only, explicit exclusion of the risk of protests seems wrong. The article identifies the factors of offshore wind farms OWF localization and the most important social groups at risk of participating in social conflicts. The Delphi method research indicates that, above all, numerous conflicts with other users of the maritime area should be expected, and the groups most vulnerable to conflict are fishermen, environmentalists, media and residents of coastal municipalities.

Benchmarking has been very important in measurement, comparison, and improvement. Important benchmarking indicators such as leverage, liquidity, stock performance, profitability, asset utilization and growth are used to examine the performance of various companies in different businesses. The current study is based on secondary data, which were collected from annual reports of 14 insurance companies of the Listed Pakistan Stock Exchange during the period of 2014-2018. For this purpose, the Technique for order Preferences by the Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) based on Grey Relation Analysis (GRA) has been used. The findings of the study help managers of moderate growth and low growth insurance companies to formulate policies to improve their performance by looking at the policies of highly growing Insurance companies. The results concluded that overall ranking of insurance companies from 2014 to 2018, JLIL ranked 1st in overall performance in the year 2014. It is due to high net sales and total investment returns as compared to other insurance companies.

A few years ago, the Ledesma sugar company (Argentina) started an investment process with the aim of increasing the milling capacity from 14,000 to 24,000 t/d (tonnes cane/day). The sugar plant began to install plate heat exchangers and plate evaporators as an alternative to the traditional tubular equipment. Information was collected on the installation, operation and maintenance parameters during more than 15 years, during both the harvesting and off-season. Some of the results obtained in comparison with tubular equipment and with data for plate equipment in the literature were:
Heaters: heat transfer coefficients similar to those quoted in the literature for heating limed juice and 80% higher for clarified juice heating, shorter cleaning time (8–10 h reduced to 4 h), shorter maintenance times but higher costs in spare parts than expected;
Evaporators: 15–30% higher heat transfer coefficients, 30–40% higher specific evaporation rates, shorter cleaning times (18–24 h reduced to 5 h), 20% less surface area per t/d, but higher cost of spare parts than expected.

Digital innovation has been widely considered as a key solution to the current journalism crisis. While most innovation projects in democratic regimes receive funding from media organizations, venture capital firms, and foundations, many of China's digital journalism projects are funded and led by the state—a model we define as "state-preneurship." In this study, we compare this model with other digital innovation models on three dimensions: the amount and sustainability of funding, the extent of newsroom restructuring, and the transformation of journalistic culture. We focus on the early national success case, Shanghai-based news outlet Pengpai, as well as on eight of its regional copycats. Based on interviews with forty-three executives, journalists, propaganda officials, media investors, and scholars, we argue that while in the short run, state-preneurship has produced fast and large-scale transformations in the digital journalism industry, these changes appear as largely unsustainable in the long run. This is due to (1) the political contingency of state investments and (2) the limited transformation in journalistic culture.

The Money Market Statistical Reporting (MMSR) is a transaction-by-transaction dataset about the Euro money market. The collection of data is based on European Central Bank (ECB) regulation. Under this regulation, the 50 biggest Monetary Financial Institutes (MFIs) in the Eurozone are obliged to report money market transactions. The Deutsche Bundesbank provides access to the German subset of the MMSR. In total, this subset currently contains 115 Reporting Agents (including 14 MFIs based upon the ECB criterion).
Reporting agents are obliged to report to Deutsche Bundesbank all money market transactions conducted with financial corporations (except central banks where the transaction is not for investment purposes), general government or non-financial corporations classified as "wholesale" according to the Basel III LCR framework. Data is available from July 2016 onwards. Starting in October 2019, the MMSR data will be the base for the Euro Short-Term Rate which represents a new reference rate index by the Eurosystem.