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Статья посвящена проблематике межгосударственных конфликтов и, особенно, деятельности Организации Американских государств (ОАГ) по обеспечению безопасности в Латинской Америке. Последние десятилетия для рассмотрения этой проблемы были выбраны не случайно. В период с 30-40-х гг. XX в. происходили крупные военные столкновения в Южной Америке, после Второй мировой войны они отодвигаются на задний план. Созданная практически с началом холодной войны (30 апреля 1948 г.), ОАГ рассматривалась США в качестве заслона на пути распространения коммунистической угрозы в западном полушарии, и в таком качестве организация просуществовала до начала разрядки. Всё это время ОАГ сталкивалась с различными кризисными явлениями. К моменту исчезновения биполярной системы международных отношений ОАГ уже видела свою основную задачу не в обеспечении внешней безопасности, а в разрешении внутренних конфликтов, в том числе затянувшихся территориальных споров. В этот же период проявились различия в видении роли этой структуры Соединёнными Штатами и странами Латинской Америки. Первые настойчиво продолжали реализацию курса на защиту свобод и западного образа жизни от глобальных угроз, таких, как международный терроризм, наркотрафик, незаконная торговля оружием, «отмывание» денег и другие преступления. Латиноамериканцы же пытались задействовать потенциал ОАГ для защиты собственных национальных и региональных интересов в сложном процессе интеграции в новую мировую систему экономических и политических отношений. Стараясь отвечать на вызовы времени, ОАГ не только создаёт новые структуры, но и вносит значительные изменения в свои уставные документы. И это показывает, что, в отличие от ООН, данная организация обладает более оперативной системой реагирования на внутренние кризисы. При этом прослеживаются тенденции к формированию её курса на большую независимость от политики США. ; The article is an attempt to give careful examination to the issue of intergovernmental conflicts and the OAS's (The Organization of American states) activity on ensuring security in Latin America in particular. The article's focus on last decades is not accidental. The 30-40th of the XX century were marked by major military conflicts in South America that, however, were sidelined after the Second World War. Created on the verge of the Cold war the OAS was considered by the States as a barrier to the spread of communist threat in the Western Hemisphere and in such a capacity the organization went on up to detente policy implementation. All the time the OAS had to challenge different crises. By the time the bipolar world order seized to exist the OAS had had another mission. It was no longer the provision of international security but the local conflicts management including long-standing territorial disputes. The difference in approach to Organization's role and status between the US and Latin American states became distinct in the same period. The former persist in protection of freedoms and the Western way of life against global threats such as international terrorism (especially after 9/11), drug trafficking, gunrunning, money laundering and others crimes (especially those involving violence). The latter are trying to engage the OAS potential to protect their own national and regional interests while becoming integrated into a new global economic and political relations system. Trying to meet the modern challenges the OAS not only creates new bodies, but also makes significant changes in its statutory documents, which unlike the UN makes it more responsive to internal crises. Besides there is a distinct tendency of the Organization's becoming more independent from the US.

Понятия военная опасность, военная угроза, военные и невоенные меры их парирования и другие дефиниции из области политики государства по обеспечению военной безопасности в настоящее время широко используются в публицистике, концептуальных, других документах и научных исследованиях. Внимательному читателю нетрудно заметить неоднозначность в трактовке этих понятий. Это затрудняет не только восприятие изложенных на актуальные темы обеспечения военной безопасности публикаций, но и развитие теории и практики обеспечения обороны и безопасности государства. Авторская логика обоснования представлений о сущности невоенных мер парирования военных угроз, как конечной цели статьи, состоит в следующем. Вначале решается задача анализа понятий «национальная безопасность», «объект обеспечения национальной безопасности» и уяснения функций государства, общества и личности по обеспечению национальной безопасности. Декомпозиция объекта обеспечения национальной безопасности, в качестве которого выступает «национальное достояние» (содержание этого понятия описано в статье) позволила обосновать основания для классификации угроз национальной безопасности и с её помощью глубже уяснить их сущность, разновидности, генезис. Это обеспечило обоснование места и роли задач обеспечения военной безопасности в решении общей задачи обеспечении национальной безопасности, рассмотрено соотношение военных и невоенных угроз. Заключительный этап исследований, результаты которых изложены в статье, посвящён анализу содержания военных угроз, что позволило определить их основные структурные элементы: источник, носитель, военно-политический и стратегический характер, установить основные факторы определяющие содержание этих элементов, их взаимодействие. На основании этих результатов предложено определение сущности невоенных мер по парированию военных угроз, а также основные направления выработки этих мер. ; The notion of "military danger, military threats, military and non-military measures to Parry, and other definitions from the policy of the State to ensure the military security of the now widely used in journalism, conceptual, other documents and research. The attentive reader it is not difficult to notice the ambiguity in the interpretation of these concepts. This makes it difficult to not only the perception of the relevant topics for ensuring military security publications, but also the development of the theory and practice of ensuring the defence and security of the State. The author's view on the essence of the reasoning logic of non-military measures to counter military threats, as the ultimate goal of the article is the following.First the task of analyzing the concept of "national security", "object of national security" and understand the functions of the State, society and the individual to ensure national security. Decomposition of an object of national security, which is "national property" (the content of the concepts described in the article) has made it possible to substantiate the basis for classification of national security threats and with better understanding of the nature, variety, Genesis. This provided a rationale for the role and the place of the tasks ensuring military security in the common task of ensuring national security, the correlation of military and non-military threats.The final phase of the research, the results of which are set out in the article is devoted to analysis of military threats, which made it possible to identify their main structural elements: source, media, military-political and strategic nature, install the main factors defining the content of these elements and their interaction. Based on these results, the proposed definition of the essence of non-military measures for counteracting of military threats, as well as guidelines for developing these measures.

В современных условиях политической нестабильности особенно важно обращение к историческому опыту. Рассмотрение деятельности православного духовенства в начале двадцатого века, с одной стороны, позволяет оценить его роль в жизни русского общества, с другой проследить взаимосвязь между духовным кризисов и усилением революционных настроений в России. В данной работе впервые дается комплексный анализ взаимоотношения кубанского общества и духовенства в начале двадцатого века, особо обращается внимание на факторы, сыгравшие важную роль в росте антицерковных настроений. В статье рассматривается вклад священников в культуру Кубани, особое место занимает освещение просветительской деятельности и благотворительности. В исследование акцентируется внимание на разнородном составе кубанского духовенства, что нашло отражение в их разном социальном и в материальном статусе. Все это стало одной из причин наличия трех течений в рядах кубанского священства. Незадолго до революции часть кубанского церковного клира выступала за кардинальные перемены в жизни Церкви, другие были сторонниками умеренных реформ, третьи были противниками всяческих перемен. На основе анализа архивных документов в статье выделяется специфика в положение православного духовенства Кубани от других регионов России. В статье убедительно доказывается, что авторитет РПЦ здесь был значительно выше, что нашло отражение уровни нравственного развития общества. В отличие от центральных губерний духовный кризис был здесь значительно слабее, менее всего его влиянию были подвержены казаки. Все это способствовало сохранению монархических настроений и среди большей части жителей Кубани. Поэтому весть о свержение монарха, установление Советской власти здесь была воспринята большинством крайне негативно ; In modern conditions of political instability the appeal to historical experience is especially important. Consideration of activity of orthodox clergy at the beginning of the twentieth century, on the one hand, allows estimating its role at lives of the Russian society, with another to track interrelation between spiritual crises and strengthening of revolutionary moods in Russia. In this work the complex analysis of relationship of the Kuban society and clergy at the beginning of the twentieth century for the first time is given, special attention is paid to the factors that played an important role in the growth of anti-clerical sentiment. In the article the contribution of priests to culture of Kuban is considered as well. It occupies a special place coverage outreach and philanthropy. In the research, the attention is focused on diverse structure of the Kuban clergy that found reflection in their miscellaneous social and in the material status. All of this has contributed to the presence of three movements in the ranks of the priesthood of the Kuban. Shortly before revolution the part of the Kuban church clergy supported cardinal changes in life of Church, others were supporters of moderate reforms, the third were opponents of all changes. Based on the analysis of archival documents in an article released in the specifics of the position of the Orthodox clergy Kuban from other regions of Russia. In this article it is convincingly proved that the authority of Russian Orthodox Church was much higher here that found reflection levels of moral development of society. Unlike the central provinces spiritual crisis was much weaker here; less all Cossacks were subject to its influence. All this promoted preservation of monarchic moods and among the most part of residents of Kuban. Therefore, the news of the overthrow of the monarchy, the establishment of Soviet power there was perceived negatively by the majority of inhabitants

В статье представлены результаты исследования, проведенного с целью установления истоков консолидированной отчетности, а также эволюции данного вида отчетности в россии. Консолидированная финансовая отчетность, при которой объединяются показатели материнской компании и дочерних компаний, т. е. отчетность группы, составляется в россии с 1992 г. исследуется практика формирования близкой к ней сводной отчетности советского периода истории россии. сделан вывод о том, что сводная отчетность трестов и объединений в нашей стране с 1936 г. с поправками на условия хозяйствования в плановой экономике являлась аналогом консолидированной отчетности зарубежных стран с рыночной экономикой. Кроме того, установлено, что методология «советской консолидации» берет начало в статистических обобщениях бухгалтерской отчетности, разработанных в дореволюционной россии в конце XIX в. и. и. Кауфманом и П. В. олем. авторы статьи предполагают, что если бы не изменение политического курса россии в 1917 г., наработки этих ученых стали бы основой отечественной консолидированной отчетности. с переходом к рыночной экономике (с 1992 г.) в россии методология данного вида отчетности стала последовательно реформироваться с целью регламентации новых видов операций (покупки бизнеса, возможности частного участия в компаниях и проч.) в контексте мировых процессов распространения МсФо. начиная с отчетности за 2012 г. в силу законодательного требования консолидированная отчетность общественно значимых компаний в россии составляется по МсФо. Появление этого требования в россии стало реализацией мировых тенденций развития финансовой отчетности в условиях глобализации экономики. Библиогр. 37 назв. ил. 1. Табл. 3. ; This paper discusses the results of research conducted with the aim of establishing the time period when the practice of making consolidated financial statements for a group of companies first appeared in Russia as well as describing the evolution of this type of financial statements. The consolidated financial statements, as the statement indicators of the parent company and affiliated companies, i.e. the group reporting unite, have been made in Russia since 1992. The article considers the practice of providing similar or summary reporting which developed during the Soviet period of Russian history in order to evaluate its effect on the formation of the consolidated financial statements of nowadays. Authors have come to a conclusion that Russian consolidated financial statements are likely to originate in the financial statements of trusts and the associations, whose history dates back to 1936. Later it was reviewed to include provisions for the planned economy of the USSR to keep up with the consolidated statements of foreign countries with market economy. In addition, it seems that the methodology of "the Soviet consolidation» originates in the statistical generalizations of the accounting statements developed in prerevolutionary Russia in the end of a XIX century by I. I. Kaufman and P. V. Ol'. If Russia had not changed its political course in 1917, the works by these scientists would have formed the basis of the domestic consolidated statements. With the transition to market economy (in 1992) in Russia, the methodology of the given kind of the reporting began to be reformed consistently for the purpose of regulating new kinds of operations (acquisitions, private capital participation in the companies, etc.) within the world system of IFRS. Starting with financial statements of 2012, in compliance with statutory requirements, consolidated financial reporting for public and major Russian companies has been prepared in accordance with the IFRS.Refs 37. Fig. 1. tables 3.

Каким будет будущее влияние Нового банка развития (НБР) и Азиатского банка инфраструктурных инвестиций (АБИИ), двух многосторонних банков, созданных в 2014 г. вне сложившейся Бреттон-Вудской системы, на структуру многостороннего кредитования? Будут ли эти новые институты, ведомые Китаем и БРИКС, способствовать достижению баланса в многостороннем финансировании развития и снижению доминирования Запада? В данной статье ответ на эти вопросы дается в три этапа. Во-первых, рассматриваются стимулы для БРИКС к «выходу» из существующей системы, которые возрастают на фоне прошлого, настоящего и ожидаемого будущего провала реформ прав голоса в существующих международных финансовых институтах (МФИ). Во-вторых, избыточный спрос на многостороннее льготное кредитование и, в-третьих, потенциальные объемы кредитов НБР и АБИИ оцениваются количественно, чтобы понять, какую относительную долю деятельности, а значит и политического влияния, существующие МФИ могут уступить в пользу новых конкурентов. По имеющимся оценкам, НБР и АБИИ совместно привлекут достаточное софинансирование, чтобы конкурировать с существующими многосторонними банками развития по объемам ежегодного кредитования. В статье делается вывод о том, что финансирование инфраструктуры получит дополнительный стимул от создания НБР и АБИИ за счет использования значительных ресурсов сбережений Китая и других стран БРИКС. Таким образом, западным правительствам и донорам следует поддерживать деятельность новых институтов, а не препятствовать ей. Поскольку новые многосторонние банки представляют потенциальным заемщикам альтернативу с точки зрения стоимости и механизмов финансирования, в интересах заемщиков как можно быстрее присоединиться к новым институтам. Конкуренция в системе многосторонних банков развития может оказать негативное влияние на механизмы, обеспечивающие погашение кредитов. МФИ в рамках существующей Бреттон-Вудской системы и новые банки развития должны совместно принять оговорку о перекрестном неисполнении обязательств в целях обеспечения собственного статуса привилегированных кредиторов. ; What will be the future impact on multilateral lending shares of the New Development Bank (NDB) and the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB), two multilateral banks created in 2014 outside the established Bretton Woods system? Will these new institutions led by China and the BRICS help rebalance multilateral development finance away from western dominance? The answer comes in three parts: first, increasing pressure for the BRICS to exit´ rises with past, present and expected failure for ´voice´ reform in the established international financial institutions (IFIs); second, excess demand for multilateral soft loans; and, third, a quantification of the potential lending capacity by the NDB and AIIB to assess how much relative business – hence political influence – the existing IFIs might lose in favour of the new competitors. The NDB and AIIB combined will likely attract sufficient co-financing to rival the established multilateral development banks in terms of annual lending. This article concludes that infrastructure finance will benefit from the creation of the NDB and AIIB by tapping the considerable saving potential in China and other BRICS members. The new institutions should therefore be supported, not discouraged, by western governments and donors as well. As the new multilateral development banks introduce choice in terms of funding cost and modalities, borrowers are well advised to join these new institutions rapidly for their own benefit. Competition in multilateral development banking may have a negative impact on loan enforcement mechanisms. The IFIs of the existing Bretton Woods system and the new development banks will have to unite by imposing cross-default clauses to safeguard their preferred creditor status.

Knowledge about disabled people has and continues to be dominated by the medical and allied professions and inevitably this provides only one story of disabled life: a story of a problem seeking solutions (Grue, 2015). The rehabilitative professions write most of what is read and written about disability. As a family therapist I wondered how family therapy might be constructing disability? If, as Michalko (2012) has noted, medicine finds a home in all kinds of places to what extent has it made family therapy, and in particular its conception of disability, its home? Haydon-Laurelut, Nunkoosing & Wilcox (2015) found that contemporary family therapy journals frame disability predominantly through an individual medical model. This is perhaps unsurprising as it is reflective of the cultural dominance of this narrative of disability (Oliver, 1990). Haydon-Laurelut et al (2015) suggested that disability might have become so penetrated by medical discourse that it becomes difficult to 'see' it outside of this frame. More evidence is required on this issue however these findings raise questions as to how systemic therapists engage with disability. This paper draws upon the finding of the study that the articles analysed almost without exception failed to demonstrate knowledge of disability studies. The paper will therefore introduce concepts from disability studies and explore how they might support a therapeutic practice with disabled people, which goes beyond medicalization. The foundational model of disability studies is the social model of disability (Oliver, 1990). The social model emerged form the disabled peoples movement and advocated the notion that disability was something that people with impairments had imposed upon them. These were termed "barriers". For example, a building with a door that is too narrow to allow them to enter disables a person who uses a wheelchair. A person who has a cognitive impairment is disabled by a therapy that consists of questions too complex for them to benefit from it. It is this stance that leads to the use of the term 'disabled person' rather than person with a disability. The person does not come 'with' a disability; societal barriers to full inclusion disable the person. The social model makes the important distinction between a person's impairment and disability which it views as the restrictions of activity placed upon the persons (hence the disabled person) of a society that takes account of only some of its citizens. So disability, for the social model, concerns the difficulties people with impairments face when they attempt to take their place as citizens. However the social model (as is the case with all the ideas of disability studies presented in this paper) is a product of both academia and the social and political movement known as the disabled peoples movement (UPIAS, 1976). These are powerful and important ideas in particular contexts. However, as Cecchin implies in his quotation (above), in the context of systemic therapy, one story will not do. Ideas from social theory may not be intrinsically more useful than medical ideas and the context of the individual therapy conversation must be acknowledged. The paper will return to this issue in the section on considering and coordinating disability-stories.

The article is devoted to the reflection of folk stories in the Serbian historical literature of the Middle Ages.We focus on the reflection of folklore in the early historical monuments, historical vitae, and, in the first place, in the genealogies and annals of the late Middle Ages. These monuments had reflected the folk stories which were recorded by folklorists of modern age. Among them are the epic tales of Janko Sibinyanin and of the Battle of Kosovo.Our special attention was paid to the reflection of the epic tales of Kosovo cycle in the annals and genealogies of 15th -17th centuries. The two main components of the epic story of the battle were the feat of Milos Kobilic who killed Turkish sultan Murat, and the treason of Vuk Brankovic, the son-in-law of Serbian Prince Lazar' who was killed in the battle. The article shows that the notion of the late occurrence of stories about Milos the assassin has indeed been confirmed by a study of Serbian historical works. At the same time, Milos might have had a homonymous historical prototype — the Serb who allegedly had killed Sultan Musa after the Battle of Maritsa in 1413. A mention of this person in the Serbian Junior chronicle of the First type, basically going back to 1453, was replaced in the 16th century Niko'lski copy with the name of Milos as the assassin of Murat.The tale of Vuk Brankovic's treason was less popular in 16th and 17th century Serbian chronicles, which can be attributed to his status as the progenitor of the highly esteemed Brankovic dynasty. Political factors could have also affected the earlier silencing of the names of those who betrayed Lazar' in the Kosovo battle. In all early monuments they remain anonymous; the act of treason is, however, mentioned every time. The question thus remains open, and folklore mentions can be used in the search for potential solutions. ; Статья посвящена отражению фольклорных сюжетов в сербской исторической литературе Средневековья.Рассматриваются элементы фольклорного происхождения в ранних исторических памятниках, исторических житиях, в первую очередь в родословах и летописях позднего Средневековья. В этих памятниках отражаются уже те фольклорные сюжеты, которые зафиксированы и фольклористами Нового времени. Среди них — эпические сказания о Янке Сибинянине, о Косовской битве.Специально рассматриваются следы эпических сказаний Косовского цикла в летописях и родословах XV–XVII вв. Двумя основными компонентами эпической истории сражения стали подвиг Милоша Кобилича, убившего турецкого султана Мурата, и измена Вука Бранковича, зятя погибшего на Косове сербского князя Лазаря. В статье показано, что мнение о позднем возникновении предания о Милоше как убийце Мурата подтверждается исследованием сербских исторических сочинений. В то же время Милош мог иметь одноименного исторического прототипа — серба, предположительно убившего султана Мусу после битвы на Марице 1413 г. Упоминание об этом лице в Младшей сербской летописи Первого вида, в своей основе восходящей к 1453 г., в Никольском списке XVI в. прямо заменяется упоминанием Милоша как убийцы Мурата.Сказание об измене Вука Бранковича менее популярно в сербском летописании XVI–XVII вв., что можно связать с происхождением от Вука почитаемой династии Бранковичей. Но политические причины могли и ранее повлиять на замалчивание имен изменников Лазарю на Косове, которые остаются анонимными во всех ранних памятниках, тем не менее упоминающих об измене. В силу этого вопрос остается открытым, и фольклорные припоминания могут использоваться как один из источников его решения.

The article deals with the impact of the world economic crisis that caught Lithuania in 2008, and the measures to overcome it, on Lithuania's legal system. The legal system is treated as a concept much wider than the system of positive law, statutory and jurisprudential. It includes inter alia legal mentality, legal culture and practice of law-making and law-applying institutions. In this sense, the crisis and the measures designed to overcome it have produced a much wider impact on the legal system, than merely intervention to the positive law (different areas of legal regulation), because the legal standards of a democratic regime have underwent change: the settled standards of the rule of law and the protection of human rights have been lowered as the legal system appeared to be no longer able to secure defence of certain rights. This is a general hypothesis which has to be tested in the framework of the research project "Challenges of the Economic Crisis (Recession) for the Rule of Law and Human Rights", conducted by the scholars of the Faculty of Law of Vilnius University. This article is introductory in relation to other articles written within the said project and published in this issue of "Teisė". The articles discusses at length the methodological avenue along which distinct parts of the research have to be further developed, that is dimensions, or fields of tension, where opposition between law and other phenomena show: (i) law v. economic reality; (ii) law v. politics; (iii) law v. society. The research aims at showing how, in each of the segments of the human rights catalogue, and to what extent economic inevitability has induced the lowering of the settled standards of the rule of law and the protection of human rights and, on the other hand, where there lies a boundary of these standards which even economic inevitability is not able to force the legal system to overstep. Also, the research has to show what political initiatives aimed at self-protection of anti-crisis policy (and policy/politics at large) against judicial control have been promoted, and what is the condition of society which either allows these initiatives to be implemented or hinders them. In order to draw on the latter aspect, a representative opinion research was conducted in the framework of the research project, which has produced results testifying of some auspiciousness of the social medium for such situation where policy/politics is less controlled by law than in the pre-crisis times. ; Straipsnis yra įvadinis šiame "Teisės" numeryje publikuojamų straipsnių, parašytų vykdant tyrimą "Ekonominės krizės (recesijos) iššūkiai teisės viešpatavimui ir žmogaus teisėms", atžvilgiu. Jame aptariamas 2008 m. Lietuvą užklupusios pasaulinės ekonominės krizės ir jos įveikimo priemonių poveikis Lietuvos teisinei sistemai. Keliama hipotezė, kad krizės ir jos įveikimo priemonių poveikis teisinei sistemai yra platesnis nei intervencija į pozityviąją teisę (tam tikras teisinio reguliavimo sritis), nes pakinta demokratinio režimo teisiniai standartai: teisinei sistemai nepajėgiant užtikrinti tam tikrų subjektinių teisių gynimo, susiklostę teisės viešpatavimo ir žmogaus teisių apsaugos standartai pažeminami. Išskiriami trys matmenys, pagal kuriuos turėtų būti plėtojamos atskiros tyrimo dalys, – įtampos laukai, kuriuose reiškiasi krizės veikiamos teisės ir kitų fenomenų priešstata: (i) teisė v. ekonominė tikrovė; (ii) teisė v. politika; (iii) teisė v. visuomenė.

Internationale Finanzkrisen erweisen sich als nicht seltene und zeitlich unbegrenzte Ereignisse. Jeder Finanzkrise in der Historie haften die gleichen klassischen Charakteristiken an: die Beschädigung makroökonomischer Indikatoren, der Psychologie sowie die Panik der Investoren, Spekulationen. Darüber hinaus beschränken sich die aktuellen Finanzstörungen nicht mehr nur auf Entwicklungsländer. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit besteht darin, die Entwicklung des Rechtsrahmens der Verwaltung souveräner Schulden zu analysieren, um Elemente zusammenzutragen, die es erlauben die bevorzugten normativen Entscheidungen jedes Akteures zu verstehen, zu bewerten und im Anschluss entsprechend Handlungsanweisungen zu geben. Das gegenwärtige Szenario der Verschuldung souveräner Staaten führt unweigerlich zu einer unumkehrbaren Umwälzung der bekannten Rechtsverordnungen und -strukturen, die auf die Gewährleistung eines reibungslosen Funktionierens der Weltwirtschaft abzielen. Angesichts der gegenwärtigen normativen Unsicherheit, ist es von größter Bedeutung die Auseinandersetzung mit finanziellen Krisen, die entsprechenden Reformvorschläge, die Suche nach Systemverbesserungen hinsichtlich einer Marktregulierung und die Rolle der multilateralen Institutionen bezüglich der Verwaltung souveräner Schulden genauer zu untersuchen. Nach der Feststellung des Vorliegens einer internationalen Verpflichtung zum Staatsschuldenmanagement wird die Einführung einer Reihe normativer Werkzeuge befürwortet, um nationale Vorschriften auf Grundlage bereits bestehender Modelle zu integrieren. ; Historically, international financial crises do not occur in isolation but rather go hand in hand with the deterioration of macroeconomic indicators, investor panic and speculation. Until recently, the sovereign debt issue has principally concerned developing countries. However, the recent financial turmoil has revealed that developed countries can similarly be severely affected. Since the beginning of the 20th century, experts in international law have periodically discussed the possible remedies to the endemic situation of sovereign indebtedness. In 2001, the International Monetary Fund launched a proposal for a Sovereign Debt Restructuring Mechanism known as the 'Krueger Plan'; this was quickly abandoned in 2003. Due to the present economic and political cul-de-sac, the legal framework of sovereign debt management strongly preoccupies the international community. The current sovereign debt scenario necessarily involves an irreversible disruption of the legal rules and structures that currently support a proper functioning global economy. This doctoral thesis analyses the evolution of the legal framework and the normative choices favoured by each actor. Identifying which particular legal issues are essential to evaluate such complexity allows us to deepen the theoretical and practical suggestions designed to facilitate the resolution of sovereign debt crises. After establishing the leading international requirements for sovereign debt management, this thesis advocates the implementation of a normative set of tools designed to integrate domestic regulations on the basis of previous models. ; Les crises financières internationales ne se présentent pas comme des événements rares et isolés dans le temps. Des dénominateurs communs classiques à toute crise financière se retrouvent dans chaque cas historique : la détérioration des indicateurs macroéconomiques, la psychologie et les paniques des investisseurs, la spéculation. La problématique des dettes souveraines ne relevait jusqu'à présent principalement que des pays en développement, alors que les récentes perturbations financières ont démontré que les pays développés pouvaient également être gravement affectés. L'objectif de ce travail est d'analyser les évolutions du cadre juridique de la gestion des dettes souveraines pour réunir des éléments qui permettent de comprendre le choix normatif privilégié par chaque opérateur. L'actuel scénario d'endettement des États souverains entraîne nécessairement un bouleversement irréversible des règles et des structures juridiques connues qui visent à assurer le bon fonctionnement de l'économie mondiale. Face à l'actuelle incertitude normative, il est primordial d'étudier les supports du financement souverain, le traitement des crises, les propositions de réformes visant à améliorer le système et le rôle des institutions multilatérales dans la gestion de la dette souveraine. Après avoir déterminé l'existence d'un engagement international de gestion des dettes souveraines, nous plaidons pour la mise en œuvre d'un ensemble normatif d'outils conçus pour intégrer les réglementations nationales sur la base de modèles préexistants.

Agamben argues that the state of exception is not a special kind of law, but it is a zone of anomie, where all legal determinations are deactivated (Agamben, 2005: 50). Conditions of exception do not just occur when a hegemonic power poses itself above the law; they also occur when laws are made in order to exercise control and subjection. Agamben's state of exception theory describes those contexts where the circumvention of laws and suspension of norms do occur, having as result the production and reproduction of spatial areas as zones which are characterized by a void of law. These phenomena can be found not just in the case of occupying or hegemonic powers, but also in the Western European democratic countries. Many examples testify the 'suspension of norms' as a common practice, which affects in particular planning activities. According to the state of exception theory, planning quite often becomes an extension (and an efficient field of application) of the mechanism of suspension of the norm, due to the (rhetorical) justification of emergency reasons. This paper reorients this model from politics to spatial domain, illustrating that the condition of exception is not confined into political arenas, but it is also deployed to produce zones of exception (spaces of 'void of law'), where people are excluded from the domain of the law and are stripped of the rights of space. Through the model of exception, the discipline of planning is an extension of the mechanism of suspension of the law. Consequently, planning is one of the instruments that can be used to exercise power, manipulating technical skills and circumventing rules and norms. Drawing on examples from many contexts around the world, this paper highlights other contexts in which the paradigm of exception has been deployed. This study shows that there are many examples of spaces of exception globally; the paper will consider the flow – and multiple declinations - of the 'state of exception' model in different contexts. The rhetorical of a context of emergency (as a result of the inefficiency of planning tools and procedures, as well as a consequence of the weakness of public institutions and officers) has justified the manipulation of the (planning) juridical system by circumventing constitutional principles (eg. the safeguard of natural landscape) and by suspending the existing law (eg. the duty of taking into consideration planning norms and rules). Agamben (2005) highlights how this 'emptiness of law' can be instrumentally used in order to legalize what cannot be legal in the name of necessity: emergency, that is necessity, becomes the source of law and it is used as a legitimate principle in order to suspend existing norms. Examining various examples from different contexts around the world, the paper shows that the model of exception is deployed to exercise power over space and to deprive citizens of their rights in the spatial dimension. Consequently, the concept of right collapses in the space of exception and in the name of necessity new laws and technicalities are instrumentally invented to exercise power over people and space. The metaphor of the forecasts of the witches in Shakespeare's Macbeth will be used in order to introduce these reflections.

He was 22 years old, riding his horse south of Corpus Christi in the vicinity of what would one day be called the King Ranch. But that wouldn't happen for another twenty years. This vast stretch of sandy prairie was still known as "The Wild Horse Desert." In some ways it was a spooky place – ghostly. You would see horse tracks everywhere, but no people. There were plenty of worn trails, but the population was merely equestrian. Folks reckoned that these horses were the descendants of the ones that arrived with Cortez, when he came to conquer the Aztecs. Some had escaped, migrated north, and bred like rabbits (if you can say that about horses). Our young man – actually a newly minted second lieutenant from West Point – was riding with a regiment of soldiers under the command of General Zachary Taylor. They were under orders to establish Fort Texas on the Rio Grande and enforce that river as the southern border of the U.S. Fort Texas would shortly become Fort Brown, the fort that Brownsville, Texas would take its name from. The young lieutenant, who had excelled as a horseman at West Point, was so impressed with the seemingly infinite herds of wild horses in South Texas that he made a note of it in his journal. He said: "A few days out from Corpus Christi, the immense herd of wild horses that ranged at that time between the Nueces and the Rio Grande was directly in front of us. I rode out a ways to see the extent of the herd. The country was a rolling prairie, and from the higher ground, the vision was obstructed only by the curvature of the earth. As far as the eye could reach to the right, the herd extended. To the left, it extended equally. There was no estimating the number of animals in it; I doubt that they could all have been corralled in the State of Rhode Island, or Delaware, at one time. If they had been, they would have been so thick that the pasture would have given out the first day." Both General Taylor and his Second Lieutenant would distinguish themselves on that journey. Zachary Taylor had no idea that this Wild Horse Desert would lead to him on to victory in Mexico and to political victory back home. He would become the 12th President of the United States. His dashing second lieutenant would also ascend to the presidency, 20 years after him. The young man on high ground, surveying the primordial scene of thousands of mustangs grazing before him, would become the hero of many battles in the years ahead. He would ultimately lead the union forces to victory in the Civil War – and become the youngest president of the U.S. His presidential memoirs would become a runaway bestseller – a book Mark Twain would publish and call "the most remarkable work of its kind since Caesar's Commentaries." It is that book that gives us this story. It was written by Hiram U. Grant. Well that was his birth name. But when he entered West Point, due to a clerical error, the name Hiram was dropped and his middle name became his first name, the name you know him by: Ulysses. Ulysses S. Grant.

Considerando que la formación profesional en odontología para la atención de personas con discapacidad ha de ir más allá de la adquisición de una serie de competencias, esta investigación pregunta ¿cuáles son las formas de diferenciación que ocurren entre y dentro de los grupos sociales integrantes de Facultades de Odontología, cuáles las inherentes al marcador discapacidad, y cómo son percibidas ambas formas por parte de mujeres y hombres integrantes de directivas, profesorado, estudiantado y personal administrativo? Son preguntas clave para repensar la discapacidad en perspectiva interseccional y hacer la transversalización de la inclusión epistémica. En consecuencia, durante la investigación, la discapacidad dejó de ser un diagnóstico para convertirse en una categoría social que exige ser analizada en perspectiva interseccional con respecto a otros marcadores de diferencia como género, raza/etnia, orientación sexual, nivel socioeconómico y edad; y con otras metodologías para describir las múltiples desigualdades, lo mismo que los opacamientos, las estereotipias y las discriminaciones percibidos al interior de las facultades de odontología por mujeres y hombres pertenecientes a las autoridades, profesorado, estudiantado y personal administrativo. Situar el estudio de la categoría discapacidad conduce al reconocimiento de la proximidad sensible como vía para visibilizar el peso de los saberes médicos en la formación odontológica, como una estrategia biopolítica que controla cuerpos, rostros y manos e invisibiliza o ignora otros modos de conocer y hacer investigación académica. Por eso, es posible proponer rutas locales para transversalizar la inclusión epistémica en los pregrados de odontología y dar un espacio a los conocimientos y saberes situados, a la justicia epistemológica y el reconocimiento de las personas con discapacidad como sujetos políticos ; Abstract: Considering that vocational training in dentistry for the care of people with disabilities has to go beyond the acquisition of a series of competencies, this research question what are the forms of differentiation that occur within and between social groups members of Faculties of Dentistry, ¿Which the inherent in the marker disability and how they are perceived both forms by women and men members of directives, teachers, students and administrative staff? Are key questions for rethinking disability in intersectional perspective and make the mainstreaming of the epistemic inclusion. As a result, during the investigation, the disability ceased to be a diagnosis to become a social category that demands to be analyzed in intersectional perspective with regard to other markers of difference such as gender, race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status and age; and with other methodologies to describe the many inequalities, the same as the opacamientos, the stereotypies do and discrimination collected at the interior of the faculties of dentistry by women and men belonging to the authorities, teachers, students and administrative staff. Place the study of the category disabilities leads to the recognition of proximity sensitive as track to increase the visibility of the weight of the knowledge in the medical dental training, as a strategy biopolitics, one that controls bodies, faces and hands and overlooks or ignores other ways of knowing and doing academic research. For this reason, it is possible to propose local routes for incorporating the inclusion in the epistemic; undergraduate education in dentistry and give a space to the knowledge and wisdom located, to the epistemological justice and the recognition of persons with disabilities as political subjects. ; Maestría

Çevre, yaşanan çevre sorunları ve ekonomik krizlerle ilişkili olarak 1970'li yıllardan itibaren devlet ve hükümetlerin gündemlerinde yer edinmeye başlamıştır. Bu çerçevede hem ulusal hem de uluslararası düzeyde pek çok girişimde bulunulmuş ve "çevre" bir politika nesnesi haline gelmiştir. Çevre politikası, hava, toprak, su, gürültü ve görüntü kirliliği, iklim değişikliği, ozon tabakasının incelmesi, biyolojik çeşitliliğin azalması, doğal kaynakların tükenmesi, katı ve sıvı atıklar, erozyon, enerji kaynakları, nüfus artışı, yoksulluk gibi kesin sınırları çizilmesi çok zor olan birçok çevre sorununu ve çözümünü kapsamaktadır. Çevre sorunlarının çok boyutluluğuna ve sınır tanımaz özelliğine rağmen, ekonomik gelişmişlik ve büyümenin gerisinde yer almasına bağlı olarak, bu geniş boyutlu politika alanı gündemin arka sıralarında kalmıştır.1923'ten itibaren Türkiye'de tüm politikaların hem yapılması hem uygulanmasında temel belirleyici faktör hükümetler olmuştur. Bu çerçevede politika analizi çalışmalarında kamu politikasının oluşturulması ve uygulanması sürecinde baş aktör hükümetlerdir. Hükümetler temel kamu politikalarını belirlemekten, kamu kurumları da hükümetin belirlediği bu politikaları uygulamaktan sorumludur. Hükümet programındaki hedefler hükümetlerin iktidar sürelerinde kamu politikasına dönüşmektedir. Bu nedenle hükümet programları üst politika belgelerinden biri olarak kabul edilebilir. Türkiye, Cumhuriyet tarihinde çok farklı dönemlerden geçmiş ve Türkiye'de altmış beş hükümet kurulmuştur. Sosyo-kültürel, ideolojik ve ekonomik farklılıklar bu dönemlere damgasını vurmuş, tüm politikalarda olduğu gibi çevre politikaları da bu süreçte değişmiştir. Dönemin siyasal sistemine ve ekonomik programlarına bağlı olarak çevre politikası aktif ya da pasif hale getirilmiş, öncelikler değiştirilmiştir. Bu çalışmada üst politika belgelerinden olan hükümet programları ve kalkınma planları üzerinden bu tarihsel süreçteki Türk çevre politikası analiz edilecektir ; Environment had been placed at state and government agendas since 1970's regarding to exposed environment problems and economical crisis. In this frame, many attempts in both national and international level had been done and it became a policy object. Environment policy covers many environment problems of which certain borders cannot be drawn and resolutions likes air, soil, water, noise and visual pollution, climate change, thinning of ozone layer, decreasing of biological variety, depletion of natural resources, solid and liquid waste, erosion, energy resources, population increase, poverty, etc. Despite of multi dimension and unlimited feature of environment problems, this wide dimensioned policy field became behind of agenda depending on its being at the behind of economical development and progressing.Since 1923, both maker and applicator of the all policies in Turkey has been government. The head actor is government at composing and applying public policies at the policy analysis studies in this frame. The governments are responsible to determine basic Public Policies; public organizations are responsible to apply those determined policies by the governments. The objectives in government program turn into public policy after governments coming into power. Therefore government programs can be accepted one of higher policy documents. Turkish Republic had very different periods in its history and sixty five governments have been established in Turkey. Socio-cultural, ideological and economic differences leaved mark on those periods; environment policies have been changed in this period as it is same in all policies. Depending on political system and economical program of the period, environment policy became active or passive; priorities have been changed. Turkish Environment Policies will be analyzed over Government programs and development plans that are included in higher policy documents within this historical period

В центре внимания автора статьи находится эволюция классификационного порядка рубрик, которая происходила на страницах «Социологических исследований» («СоцИс») главного журнала советской социологии в 1974-1991 гг. Основным источником эмпирических данных стали выпуски журнала за 1974-1991 гг. (всего было обработано 7784 статьи и 160 названий рубрик). Журнал «СоцИс» был создан в результате политического решения, и его существование зависело от государственного патронажа2. Журнал своим содержанием должен был соответствовать официальной идеологии советской социологии, что решалось набором рубрик, отсылающих к формам работы, предписанным советскому социологу. Рубрикация издания служила главным сигналом о лояльности редакции, требовавшейся для того, чтобы журнал мог продолжать своё существование. В годы перестройки, во время социальных и политических преобразований роль журнала была переосмыслена: «СоцИс» менялся и для того, чтобы действительно привлечь массового читателя, и для того, чтобы это стремление стало очевидным. Поставленная задача решалась с помощью воспроизводства черт успешных массовых изданий того времени «толстых» журналов и газет. Однако сама зависимость социологии от практических задач, которые перед ней ставили партийные архитекторы перестройки, осталась. Задаваемый извне принцип классификации публикационного пространства сыграл определяющую роль в том, как редакция организовала деятельность по поиску и отбору рукописей. Случай «СоцИса» показал, что когда перед изданием стоят чёткие задачи, связанные с содержанием, деятельность редакции подчиняется этим задачам. Работа с рукописями носила отпечаток квазирецензирования, которое выполняло функцию доведения «сырых» рукописей до тех продуктов, которые внесут вклад в нужную рубрику журнала. История советского периода существования «СоцИса» это история организации, в которой контролировалось содержание журнала, в то время как контроль внутренней работы редакции по поиску и оценке рукописей оставался на периферии. ; In this article, we consider journals as organizations from neo-institutional organizational theory (W. Powell, P. DiMaggio, J. Meyer, and B. Rowan). An editorial office as an organization has to solve the problem of legitimacy. In the case of the Soviet journal "Sotsiologicheskiye issledovaniya" ("SotsIs"), the only specifically sociological journal in the USSR, it was done by matching journal headings to the official ideology of Soviet sociology. Drawing on an analysis of the journal headings for the Soviet period (1974-1991), I argue that structural divisions of the journal space reflected legitimate meanings of the Soviet sociology as a discipline which was created for increasing the ideological and administrative efficiency of the Soviet government. Journal categories were a signal of loyalty, which was required for the organization's survival. During years of social and political changes, the role of the journal has changed. The journal has tried to attract general educated readers as well as visibly demonstrate this commitment to public issues by imitation of the evident features of 'thick' magazines and newspapers. In spite of all its changes, the journal has continued to depend on the meaning of sociology as a study of social problems. Externally given classifications have played a principal role in choosing an organizational form for searching and evaluating manuscripts. When the editorial office has clear tasks related to the content of the journal, the most appropriate form is the network form of governance because external reviewing makes it difficult to fill journal space. The organization has to use quasi-reviewing, which performs the function of bringing 'raw' manuscripts to contribute to the facade of the journal. The history of the Soviet "SotsIs" is a history of an organization, in which the content was tightly controlled, while control of the evaluation of manuscripts remained on the periphery.

Актуальность и цели. Сюжет о культе стихий в антиязыческой литературе Древней Руси остается одним из главных источников для многочисленных и противоречивых реконструкций языческих воззрений восточных славян. Цель работы проанализировать историю складывания этого литературно-мифологического образа в древнерусской книжности, а также определить возможности его использования как источника по духовной культуре восточных славян. Материалы и методы. Проведен сравнительный анализ поучений, житийной, исповедальной литературы, а также памятников церковного права ХI-ХV вв. (с уточнениями по спискам более поздних периодов). Во время работы с данными письменными источниками был использован герменевтический метод как наиболее эффективный и перспективный для анализа древнерусской литературы. Результаты. В ходе исследования определен основной протограф сюжета о культе стихий в антиязыческой литературе Древней Руси творения Ефрема Сирина и Кирилла Иерусалимского. Само содержание описываемого язычества для книжников отходило на второй план. В исследовании также показано общественно-политическое значение данного сюжета. Не позже ХII в. он стал составной частью историософского учения о «казнях Божиих». Особую актуальность сюжет получил в конце ХIII в. в связи с последствиями монголо-татарского нашествия и стремлением высших духовных иерархов к укреплению церковной дисциплины, что отразилось в правилах Владимирского собора 1274 г. Выводы. Распространенный в антиязыческой литературе сюжет с порицанием культа стихий как источник по изучению духовной культуры Древней Руси является довольно противоречивым. С одной стороны, книжников, державшихся пришедших извне литературных шаблонов, слабо интересовали конкретные особенности аутентичных языческих культов. С другой стороны, пришедшие извне идеологические образцы по своему содержанию были в высшей степени абстрактны и метафоричны, поэтому могли быть использованы древнерусскими авторами для обличения синкретических религиозных воззрений современного им общества. ; Background. A subject of the cult of elements in Ancient Rus' anti-pagan literature stays one of the main sources for a lot of contradictory theoretical reconstructions of the Slavs' pagan religion. The aim of the article is to examine development of this plot in Ancient Rus' books and its potential as a source of information about spiritual culture. Materials and methods. The author carried out a comparative analysis of homilies, hagiographies, confession collections and monuments of ecclesiastical law of XI-XV A.D (with additions from later variants). The author used hermeneutics as the most efficient and perspective method in ancient Rus' source studies. Results. Works of Ephraem the Syrian and Cyril of Jerusalem were determined as the origins of blaming against the pagan cult of nature elements. The concrete Slav's paganism was not so important for authors in Rus. Also the investigation shows social and political essence of the plot. It became a part of the so-called "execution from God" doctrine not later than XII A.D. In the end of XIII A.D. it became topical due to Mongol Tatar invasion's effects and efforts of the clergy to strengthen the discipline in church. This tendency was reflected in the rules of the Vladimir church council in 1274. Conclusions. The popular subject about the cult of elements in anti-pagan literature of Ancient Rus is very discrepant. On one hand, the authors did not care about authentic paganism cults and used Christian patrology templates. On the other hand, foreign standards were very abstract and metaphorical, that is why they can be used for exposure of syncretic beliefs of their own society.