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The St Gallen Conference endorsed in 2013 a series of recommendations on early breast cancer treatment. The main purpose of this article is to ascertain the clinical factors associated with St Gallen-2013 recommendations accomplishment. A cohort of 1152 breast cancer cases diagnosed with pathological stage < 3 in Spain between 2008 and 2013 was begun and then followed-up until 2017/2018. Data on patient and tumour characteristics were obtained from medical records, as well as their first line treatment. First line treatments were classified in three categories, according on whether they included the main St Gallen-2013 recommendations, more than those recommended or less than those recommended. Multinomial logistic regression models were carried out to identify factors associated with this classification and Weibull regression models were used to find out the relationship between this classification and survival. About half of the patients were treated according to St Gallen recommendations; 21% were treated over what was recommended and 33% received less treatment than recommended. Factors associated with treatment over the recommendations were stage II (relative risk ratio [RRR] = 4.2, 2.9-5.9), cancer positive to either progesterone (RRR = 8.1, 4.4-14.9) or oestrogen receptors (RRR = 5.7, 3.0-11.0). Instead, factors associated with lower probability of treatment over the recommendations were age (RRR = 0.7 each 10 years, 0.6-0.8), poor differentiation (RRR = 0.09, 0.04-0.19), HER2 positive (RRR = 0.46, 0.26-0.81) and triple negative cancer (RRR = 0.03, 0.01-0.11). Patients treated less than what was recommended in St Gallen had cancers in stage 0 (RRR = 21.6, 7.2-64.5), poorly differentiated (RRR = 1.9, 1.2-2.9), HER2 positive (RRR = 3.4, 2.4-4.9) and luminal B-like subtype (RRR = 3.6, 2.6-5.1). Women over 65 years old had a higher probability of being treated less than what was recommended if they had luminal B-like, HER2 or triple negative cancer. Treatment over St Gallen was associated with younger women and less severe cancers, while treatment under St Gallen was associated with older women, more severe cancers and cancers expressing HER2 receptors. ; Biological samples were stored at the biobanks supported by Instituto de Salud Carlos III-FEDER: Parc de Salut MAR Biobank (MARBiobanc) (RD09/0076/00036), 'Biobanco La Fe' (RD 09 0076/00021) and FISABIO Biobank (RD09 0076/00058), as well as at the Public Health Laboratory of Gipuzkoa, the Basque Biobank, the ICOBIOBANC (sponsored by the Catalan Institute of Oncology), the IUOPA Biobank of the University of Oviedo, and the ISCIII Biobank. SNP genotyping services were provided by the Spanish 'Centro Nacional de Genotipado' (CEGEN-ISCIII). We thank all the subjects who participated in the study and all MCC-Spain collaborators. This work was supported by the 'Acción Transversal del Cancer', approved by the Spanish Ministry Council on the 11th October 2007, by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, co-founded by FEDER funds-'a way to build Europe' (Grants PI08/1770, PI08/0533, PI08/1359, PI09/00773, PI09/01286, PI09/01903, PI09/02078, PI09/01662, PI11/01403, PI11/01889, PI11/00226, PI11/01810, PI11/02213, PI12/00488, PI12/00265, PI12/01270, PI12/00715, PI12/00150, PI14/01219, PI14/00613, and PI15/00069). Support was also provided by the Fundación Marqués de Valdecilla (Grant API 10/09); the Junta de Castilla y León (Grant LE22A10-2); the Consejería de Salud of the Junta de Andalucía (2009-S0143); the Conselleria de Sanitat of the Generalitat Valenciana (Grant AP 061/10); the Recercaixa (Grant 2010ACUP 00310); the Regional Government of the Basque Country; the Consejería de Sanidad de la Región de Murcia; European Commission grants FOOD-CT-2006-036224-HIWATE; the Spanish Association Against Cancer (AECC) Scientific Foundation; the Catalan Government DURSI (Grant 2014SGR647); the Fundación Caja de Ahorros de Asturias; the University of Oviedo; Societat Catalana de Digestologia; and COST action BM1206 Eucolongene. ; Sí

Problem setting. The coronavirus pandemic has spread across the planet, not only affecting the health of the population and the world's medical system but also disrupting the global information space, economy and all other spheres of human life. Both domestic and foreign policies of states are changing. Success in overcoming the pandemic and its economic consequences is affecting security and polarization within societies. The pandemic leads to enhancing public power and strengthening nationalism, the intensification of rivalry between great powers, and strategic disunity. In this context, the paper objective is to consider authoritarian and democratic approaches to solving the problems of the current crisis. Recent research and publications analysis. The general scientific and scientific-journalistic literature has not yet created a generalized work on the socio-economic and political consequences caused by the crisis of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, some views caused by global crises are noted in the studies of J. Vynokurov, L. Kolinets, O.Nevmerzhytska, A. Petryk, and others. Ukrainian and foreign philosophers, political scientists, publicists A. Baumaster, O. Koval, R. Sushchenko, S. Walt, V. Katasonov, K.Mahbubani, J. Nai, Y. N. Harari expressed their reflections on the future development of the world after the pandemic. The famous American thinker F. Fukuyama notes that after a long crisis, the world will eventually be renewed and democracy will be strengthened.Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. The history of mankind is inseparable from the accompanying constant crises that have shaken societies and states. The peculiarity of modern crises is their unpredictability and globality. Due to the lack of effective crisis prevention mechanisms, inefficient functioning of international financial institutions, the presence of mass financial speculation and the virtualization of the world economy, favourable conditions are created for the spread and generation of crisis phenomena in the world. So far, there is no generally accepted view of the likely consequences of crises for the world's economies, and thus unpredictable socio-political changes. Paper main body. The Covid-19 pandemic has become the world's largest global crisis since the Great Depression. Its depth and scale are enormous. As a result, it is capable of surpassing the Great Recession of 2008 – 2009. Thus, only in the second quarter of 2020, the economy of the Eurozone countries fell by more than 12%. There is a record drop in GDP, world trade is declining. The pandemic is projected to increase poverty, with more than half of those in Africa. The peculiarity of the new crisis is not only that it creates unprecedented uncertainty, but also that it destroys entire sectors of the economy, including tourism, transport and even energy.The Coronavirus pandemic can cause significant changes not only in the economic but also in the political, social and cultural spheres. A protracted epidemic, combined with huge job losses, a protracted recession and a debt burden, could create tensions that will escalate into a political reaction. Nationalism, isolationism, xenophobia and attacks on the liberal world order may intensify. As the COVID-19 crisis spreads, it discredits traditional politics and public institutions, which are perceived by the general public as a systemic failure, and democracy is replaced by populism and the rhetoric of radicalism.Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. The crisis of the coronavirus has a significant impact on all spheres of society, causing negative consequences in the economy, health care and socio-political relations. There are growing populism, nationalism and authoritarianism, which increases the likelihood of social and international conflicts. That is why it became topical to defend the opposite concepts of further development of political systems of societies - to join forces to overcome the common threat, international cooperation, exchange of information, support for democratic values. ; Розглянуто проблему розвитку світового порядку, становлення політичного ладу суспільств після COVID-19. Доведено, що кризи в Європі ХХ ст. спричиняли появу як авторитарних, так і відновлення альтернативних демократичних режимів. Визначено, що COVID-19 може стати поворотним моментом епохи глобалізації, втрати довіри додемократії та зміцнення авторитаризму.

Batik craft in Ngawi Regency first appeared in Tempurejo, Banyubiru Village, which is called Griya Batik Sidomulyo. 'Batik Imitation' products have been produced as uniforms for government or private agencies in Ngawi Regency. The problems discussed are animed at determining the background of Griya Batik Sidomulyo's production of batik imitations as textiles for uniforms and the aspects considered in designing batik imitation uniforms. The method in this research uses descriptive qualitative methods with a design approach. The research location was conducted at Griya Batik Sidomulyo Ngawi. The design approach is used to study the imitation of cold wax printed batik cloth. The result of this study are the background of Griya Batik Sidomulyo producing batik imitation, beginning with producing hand-written batik. Production of cold wax printed batik imitations from 2010 until now. Efforts to produce imitation batik fabrics to be able to meet market at a relatively cheaper price. Fabric production does not only meet design requirements but must be by market demands dan buyers. The aspects considered in designing have similarities and differences in the functional, aesthetics, materials, and production processes. Other conciderations require consumer tastes, trends mode, marketing to establish communication.Keywords: design, batik imitation, sidomulyo, uniform.AbstrakKerajinan batik di Kabupaten Ngawi muncul pertama kali di Tempurejo, Desa Banyubiru yang bernama Griya Batik Sidomulyo. Secara visual desain tampak rapi dan komposisi coraknya bagus, serta hasil produksinya lebih awet dan tidak mudah luntur. Produk 'tiruan batik' telah diproduksi sebagai seragam instansi pemerintah maupun swasta di Kabupaten Ngawi. Permasalahan yang dibahas bertujuan untuk mengetahui latar belakang Griya Batik Sidomulyo memproduksi tiruan batik sebagai tekstil untuk seragam dan aspek-aspek yang dipertimbangkan dalam merancang seragam tiruan batik. Metode dalam penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif deskriptif dengan pendekatan desain. Pendekatan desain digunakan untuk mengkaji kain tiruan batik print malam dingin di Griya Batik Sidomulyo. Hasil penelitian ini adalah latar belakang Griya Batik Sidomulyo memproduksi tiruan batik diawali dengan memproduksi batik tulis. Produksi tiruan batik print malam dingin sejak tahun 2010 hingga sekarang. Upaya memproduksi kain tiruan batik agar mampu memenuhi pasar dengan harga yang relatif lebih murah. Produksi kain tidak hanya memenuhi persyaratan desain, namun harus sesuai dengan permintaan pasar maupun pembeli. Aspek-aspek yang dipertimbangkan dalam merancang memiliki persamaan dan perbedaan pada fungsional, estetika, bahan, dan proses produksi. Pertimbangan lainnya diperlukan adanya selera konsumen, trend mode, pemasaran untuk terjalinnya komunikasi. Kata Kunci: desain, tiruan batik, sidomulyo, seragam. Authors:Silvia Khoiru Azizah : Universitas Sebelas MaretTiwi Bina Affanti : Universitas Sebelas MaretReferences:_________. (2019). Warta BBKB (edisi 6). Yogyakarta. Balai Besar Kerajinan dan Batik.Affanti, Tiwi Bina. (2007). Ornamentik. Surakarta: FSSR UNS.Azizah, S. K. (2020). "Tiruan Batik". Hasil Dokumentasi Pribadi: 2020, Ngawi.BSN. (2014). Batik-Pengertian dan Istilah. Jakarta: Badan Standarisasi Nasional.BSN. (2015). Tiruan Batik dan Paduan Batik dengan Batik-Pengertian dan Istilah. Jakarta: Badan Standarisasi Nasional.Ibrahim, I.I. (2007). Budaya Populer sebagai Komunikasi: Dinamika Popscape Mediascape di Indoneia Kontemporer. Yogyakarta: Jalasutra.Lisbijanto, Herry. (2013). Batik. Yogyakarta: Graha Ilmu.Rizali, Nanang. (2017). Tinjauan Desain Tekstil. Surakarta: UNS Press.Suharso dan Ana, Retnoningsih. (2005). Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia. Semarang: Widya Karya.Sachari, Agus. (2005). Metodologi Penelitian Budaya Rupa. Jakarta: Erlangga.Sulaeman, S., & Suhartini, T. (1988). Penelitian Pengaruh Beberapa Pelarut Organik Dalam Pembuatan Lilin Batik Cair Terhadap Proses Pembatikan. Dinamika Kerajinan dan Batik, (8), 25-29. 10.22322/dkb.v0i8.973. Sunaryo, Aryo. (2009). Ornamen Nusantara (Kajian Khusus Tentang Ornamen Indonesia). Semarang: Dahara Prize.Susanto, Sewan. S.K. (1980). Seni Kerajinan Batik Indonesia. Jakarta: Balai Penelitian Batik dan Kerajinan.Sutopo, H.B. (2002). Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif. Surakarta: UNS Press.Utoyo, J. T., Priyatno, A., & Azis, A. C. K. (2020). Penerapan Prinsip-Prinsip Seni Rupa Pada Kaligrafi Di Masjid Baiturrahman Unimed. Journal of Education, Humaniora and Social Sciences (JEHSS), 3(2), 419-426. https://doi.org/10.34007/jehss.v3i2.330.Van Hoed, V., Zyaykina, N., De Greyt, W., Maes, J., Verhé, R., & Demeestere, K. (2008). Identification and occurrence of steryl glucosides in palm and soy biodiesel. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 85(8), 701. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-008-1263-5.Wulandari, Ari. (2011). Batik Nusantara: Makna Filosofis, Cara Pembuatan dan Industri Batik. Yogyakarta: Andi.

This paper deals with arguments defending the purpose of the existence of the provision of Section 318 of Act No. 262/2006 Coll., Labor Code. Both the arguments of legal scholarship and arguments expressed in the explanatory memorandum to the Acts in question are analyzed. This text further presents arguments in favor of repealing this provision which prohibits the performance of dependent work between spouses (registered partners). We base our arguments on international and European Union1 legal sources, in particular on anti‑discrimination legislation prohibiting discrimination on the basis of marital status. In the context of Czech law, the relationship between the provision of Section 318 of the Labor Code and constitutional standards and other statutory norms is described and analyzed. A specific regulation contained in Act No. 234/2014 Coll., Civil Service Act is also presented and considered. The authors point out the absence of similar legislation in legal orders of other Member States of the European Union. In conclusion, the authors express and defend their legal opinion on the obsolescence of the discussed provision of the Labor Code and present suggestions de lege ferenda. ; Tereza Antlová - Masaryk University Brno, Czech Republic ; Michal Blažek - Masaryk University Brno, Czech Republic ; Tereza Antlová – studied at the Faculty of Law, Masaryk University, Czech Republic. She currently studies in the Department of Labor Law and Social Security Law there as a PhD student, and works as a trainee lawyer. On a scholarly level, she focuses mainly on the topic of dependent work. ; Tereza Antlová – absolwentka Wydziału Prawa Uniwersytetu Masaryka, obecnie doktorantka w Katedrze Prawa Pracy i Prawa Ubezpieczeń Społecznych na Wydziale Prawa Uniwersytetu Masaryka oraz aplikantka prawnicza zainteresowania naukowe skupiają się głównie wokół problematyki pracy zależnej. ; Michal Blažek – studied at the Faculty of Law, Masaryk University. He currently studies in the Department of Labor Law and Social Security Law there as a PhD student, and also teaches subjects related to labor law. He works as a judge's associate at the Supreme Court of the Czech Republic. ; Michal Blažek – absolwent Wydziału Prawa Uniwersytetu Masaryka, obecnie doktorant w Katedrze Prawa Pracy i Prawa Ubezpieczeń Społecznych Wydziału Prawa Uniwersytetu Masaryka; asystent sędziego w Sądzie Najwyższym Republiki Czeskiej. ; Tereza Antlová: tereza.antlova@law.muni.cz ; Michal Blažek: michal.blazek@law.muni.cz ; 71 ; 79 ; 2 ; Eichlerová S., K zákazu zaměstnávání mezi manžely (a též mezi registrovanými partnery), Právní rozhledy 2008, no. 12, https://www.beck-online.cz/bo/chapterviewdocument.seam?documentId=nrptembrhbpxa4s7gezf6427gqztg&groupIndex=0&rowIndex=0. ; Fetter R.W., Zaměstnávání osob blízkých (a zákaz vzájemného zaměstnávání manželů) 2018, https://www.epravo.cz/top/clanky/zamestnavani-osob-blizkych-a-zakaz-vzajemneho-zamestnavani-manzelu-106907.html. ; Jouza L., Manželé na jednom pracovišti, 2019, http://www.bulletin-advokacie.cz/manzele-na-jednom-pracovisti?browser=mobi. ; Kottnauer A. et al, Zákoník práce – Komentář s judikaturou. Podle stavu k 1. lednu 2012, včetně novely účinné k 1. dubnu 2012. Prague 2012. ; Macková Z., Závislá práca, jej znaky a poistné vztahy, in: Pracovní právo 2012: Závislá práce a její podoby, Brno 2012, https://www.law.muni.cz/sborniky/ pracpravo2012/files/PracovniPravo2012.pdf. ; Mazur W., Mąż i żona w jednej firmie, 2015, https://hrpolska.pl/prawo-pracy/prawo/m-i-ona-w-jednej-firmie. ; Medveďová S., Aktuálny stav pracovnoprávnej problematiky, http://www.solen.sk/pdf/Medvedova.pdf. ; Podrazil P., K zákazu výkonu závislé práce mezi manžely a registrovanými partner, Právní rozhledy 2018, no. 20, https://www.beck-online.cz/bo/chapterview-document.seam?documentId=nrptembrhbpxa4s7giyf6427g4ydo&groupIndex=0&rowIndex=0. ; Švejdová M., Zastřené pracovněprávní vztahy 2014, Rigorous thesis, Law Faculty. Masaryk university, Brno, http://is.muni.cz/th/107751/pravf_r/. ; Zapletal R., Blažek M., Selected Impacts of the Possibility to Enter into Marriage by Same‑Sex Couples Manifesting in the Area of the Czech Social Security Law, in: Z. Králíčková, M. Kornel, J. Valdhans, DNY PRÁVA 2018 – DAYS OF LAW 2018 Part I. – Marriage for all? Brno 2019. ; 26

The state of Ukraine is a system object. Therefore, there are grounds to study it using the methods of system technique (system analysis and modeling). The question of determining the development stage of system of the state of Ukraine is of crucial significance. In theory, there are five main stages: origin, formation, maturity, crisis, transformation. The stage of occurrence of the need-request of a larger metasystem in respect of the new system functions. The stage of the system formation up to the required (calculated) state. Stage of design system operation with a quality level not less than planned one. During this period, due to aging or wear of the system elements and changes in the needs of the external environment, the system experiences a critical situation and the question arises: «What's next?» The stage of state change in the system. At the fourth stage, there are three options for changing the system state. Option one. The system is forced to bend to circumstances and follow the path of regress aging and losing its qualities and inevitably approaching the moment of its death. Option two. Upon availability of the necessary resources, attempts of the system to maintain itself in the state in which its primary target operation is still possible. Option three. Transformation to another quality (if there is a decision of the management system in this regard and upon availability of the necessary resources), to a higher level due to changes in the state, properties of elements, structure and functions in order to achieve new functions. Stage at which either a new system existence phase, that meets the needs of the metasystem, takes place or a new stage of the life cycle of a new (other) system, that appears as a result of the disposal of the old one, begins. Accordingly, the systems are divided into those that are at the stage of origin, those that are at the stage of formation, those that are at the stage of maturity, those that are at the stage of crisis, and those that are at the stage of transformation. In our opinion, the indicators of social, economic and political development of the country confirm the existence of the crisis as a stage of the system development of the state of Ukraine with prospects for the situation development according to the scenarios of the fourth or fifth stages. Earlier we have considered crime as a separate system object. According to this approach, crime prevention should be understood as measures aimed at neutralizing the resources of this system, managing circumstances, performers, relations with the external environment and its inverse relations. According to another approach, we have considered crime as a problem of a system object of the state of Ukraine. In this case, crime prevention should be understood as protection of existing social relations from illegal (criminal) changes in the elements state and avoidance of damage to lawful social relations by crimes. ; В статье описаны этапы развития системы государства Украина. Раскрыты особенности соииально-политических процесов с учетом тенденций преступности. Сделан вывод о перспективах развития системы государства Украина с учетом аннексии Крыма и войны на Донбассе. ; У статті виявлено системність у процесах історичного розвитку нашої держави за часів незалежності; встановлено поточну стадію життєвого циклу системи держави Україна та перспективи її розвитку з урахуванням тенденцій криміногенних процесів. Перший етап функціонування системи держави Україна (етап виникнення) виявився у запиті метасистеми (українського суспільства) на її утворення як окремого системного об'єкта. Це відбулося під час національного відродження другої половини 80-х років ХХ ст. Розбудова системи Української держави на другому етапі її новітньої історії (етап становлення) розпочалася після референдуму 1 грудня 1991 р. Третій етап (етап зрілості) мав місце в період економічного зростання 2000–2008 рр. Четвертий етап (етап кризи) мав місце в останні роки першого десятиріччя ХХІ ст. Він характеризувався наявністю соціально-економічних проблем і високим рівнем протестних настроїв серед населення. Початком п'ятого етапу (перетворення) можна вважати 2014 р., коли було утверджено курс країни на євроінтеграцію та боротьбу з корупцією.

This report is framed within the discussions on the costs of capital for renewable energy projects and the implementation of auctions for renewable energy sources in Europe. The sections of the report provide qualitative and quantitative insights intended to contribute to a better understanding of renewable energy financing and energy and climate policy in the European Union. Several interviews were conducted between September 2019 and April 2020 and the results show that there is still a considerable gap between EU Member States regarding their Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) for wind and PV projects, where some countries as Germany and Denmark present low WACC values and countries as Greece and Latvia have instead higher costs of capital. However, compared to 2014 levels, most of EU countries reduced their WACC dramatically, which is a positive sign for a further deployment of RE projects. The analyses showed that multiple reasons are behind the observed WACC decreased. Not only lower interest rates, technology improvements and lower country risks explain the downward trend, but other surprising reasons are also part of the picture. Interviewed experts pointed out to three phenomena. First, capital is not only raised from EU sources, but it is also flowing from international sources, such as North America and Asia markets, which could generate spill overeffects in EU countries where the costs of capital are higher than the costs of international investments. Second, the non-standard monetary policy of the European Central Bank after the 2008 crisis has resulted in abundant capital which triggered lower loan fees and increased competition for business cases. Third, new market players, such as energy intensive companies, are under policy and regulatory pressure to green their portfolios and are consequently shifting to RE through, for example, corporate Power Purchase Agreements, which could add more competitive pressure on the market. An econometric analysis complements these findings. A set of variables potentially explaining the rise and fallof the WACC are derived from literature and interviews,and comprised risk aspects as well as market aspects and learning effects. The results confirm findings of the interview: main driver of the WACC is the country risk, but experiences with renewables are also significant: The introduction of auctions did not increase the WACC, rather the opposite, increasing experiences in auctions seem to have a dampening effect on the WACC. Similarly, experiences of a country with deployment of renewables tend to reduce cost of capital. Finally, even though the variable of remuneration schemes displays no significance, the schemes indirectly reveal an effect through their impact on the significance of auctions, suggesting, that remuneration schemes that reduce the exposure to market risks tend to have a decreasing effect on the WACC. To estimate the effects of different financing conditions on support costs, we developed a cash flow model that calculates minimum bid levels and debt shares, given several optimisation constraints. Based on this we find that Member States should mainly focus on de-risking debt financing, as this would deliver the largest support costs savings and WACC reduction. Interest rates have decreased in Europe largely due to the expansionary monetary policy of the ECB. However, instead of additionally/marginally decreasing cost of debt, de-risking policies should also aim at increasing loan maturities and debt size. Such debt de-risking could be best achieved by adopting remuneration schemes that decrease the volatility of the projects cash flows, such as contracts for difference. Furthermore, we find that de-risking cost of equity –through relaxing pre-qualification requirements, reducing bid bonds, prolonging realisation rates etc. -would not yield very large additional benefits in terms of support cost reduction. Therefore, policymakers should de-risk auction designs in the pre-bidding stage –decrease bid bond levels, relax pre-qualification requirements etc. –only if they have policy goals other than cost-efficiency, such as increasing actor diversity.

Funder: Folkehelseinstituttet/Norwegian Institute of Public Health ; Funder: Norwegian Ministry of Health and Care Services ; Funder: Norwegian Ministry of Health and Care Services and the Norwegian Ministry of Education and Research ; Funder: Norwegian Ministry of Education and Research ; Study question What is the association between BMI and subfertility? Summary answer We observed a J-shaped relationship between BMI and subfertility in both sexes, when using both a standard multivariable regression and Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis. What is known already High BMI in both women and men is associated with subfertility in observational studies and this relationship is further substantiated by a few small randomized controlled trials of weight reduction and success of assisted reproduction. Women with low BMI also have lower conception rates with assisted reproduction technologies. Study design, size, duration Cohort study (the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study), 28 341 women and 26 252 men, recruited from all over Norway between 1999 and 2008. Participants/materials, setting, methods Women (average age 30, average BMI 23.1 kg/m2) and men (average age 33, average BMI 25.5 kg/m2) had available genotype data and provided self-reported information on time-to-pregnancy and BMI. A total of 10% of couples were subfertile (time-to-pregnancy ≥12 months). Main results and the role of chance Our findings support a J-shaped association between BMI and subfertility in both sexes using multivariable logistic regression models. Non-linear MR validated this relationship. A 1 kg/m2 greater genetically predicted BMI was linked to 18% greater odds of subfertility (95% CI 5% to 31%) in obese women (≥30.0 kg/m2) and 15% lower odds of subfertility (-24% to -2%) in women with BMI <20.0 kg/m2. A 1 kg/m2 higher genetically predicted BMI was linked to 26% greater odds of subfertility (8-48%) among obese men. Low genetically predicted BMI values were also related to greater subfertility risk in men at the lower end of the BMI distribution. A genetically predicted BMI of 23 and 25 kg/m2 was linked to the lowest subfertility risk in women and men, respectively. Limitations, reasons for caution The main limitations of our study were that we did not know whether the subfertility was driven by the women, men or both; the exclusive consideration of individuals of northern European ancestry; and the limited amount of participants with obesity or BMI values <20.0 kg/m2. Wider implications of the findings Our results support a causal effect of obesity on subfertility in women and men. Our findings also expand the current evidence by indicating that individuals with BMI values <20 kg/m2 may have an increased risk of subfertility. These results suggest that BMI values between 20 and 25 kg/m2 are optimal for a minimal risk of subfertility. Study funding/competing interest(s) The MoBa Cohort Study is supported by the Norwegian Ministry of Health and Care Services and the Norwegian Ministry of Education and Research. This project received funding from the European Research Council under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant agreement No 947684). It was also partly supported by the Research Council of Norway through its Centres of Excellence funding scheme, project number 262700. Open Access funding was provided by the Folkehelseinstituttet/Norwegian Institute of Public Health. D.A.L. is a UK National Institute for Health Research Senior Investigator (NF-SI-0611-10196) and is supported by the US National Institutes of Health (R01 DK10324) and a European Research Council Advanced Grant (DevelopObese; 669545). The funders had no role in the collection, analysis and interpretation of data; in the writing of the report; or in the decision to submit the article for publication. D.A.L. receives (or has received in the last 10 years) research support from National and International government and charitable bodies, Roche Diagnostics and Medtronic for research unrelated to the current work. The rest of the authors declare that no competing interests exist. Trial registration number N/A.

It can be said that the academic scrutinization of metal music began with two substantial studies – Heavy Metal. The Music and its Culture (1991) by sociologist Deena Weinstein and Running with the Devil. Power, Gender, and Madness in Heavy Metal Music (1993) by musicologist Robert Walser. During the following couple of decades, academic and metal communities witnessed some sporadic – but essential – contributions to the field (Purcell's Death Metal Music: The Passion and Politics of a Subculture (2003) and Kahn-Harris's Extreme Metal: Music and Culture on the Edge (2007), to name a few). A series of several events that occurred near the end of the first decade of the 21st century, and especially during the 2010s, are crucial in the institutionalization of metal music studies. The foundation of the International Society for Metal Music Studies (ISMMS) in 2013 is probably the most important one, mainly because it announced the emergence of the new scientific paradigm. Following the first global conference on metal held in Salzburg in 2008, starting from 2013 the ISMMS began organizing regular international and inter/multi-disciplinary conferences biannually. Finally, the foundation of ISMMS' specialized scientific journal, Metal Music Studies (Intellect Press, 2015), signified the beginning of the so-called autonomy that metal scholars strived for. As Will Straw noticed in his keynote speech at the ISMMS conference in Nantes (2019), this autonomy was particularly important concerning popular music studies. Metal scholars, coming from various disciplines (sociology, musicology, aesthetics, cultural studies, history, psychology, etc.), created their "intellectual hub" and started building a unique resource for the field. With musicology playing a vital role in the field, this paper aims to examine the musicological input to metal music studies, with special attention given to studies published after the foundation of the ISMMS and its journal. This overview will encompass reoccurring topics, contemporary methodologies, and the interdisciplinary liaisons established in the research process. ; Имајући у виду да је интересовање за проучавање метал музике званично отпочело у англоамеричком контексту деведесетих година прошлог века појавом две студије утемељивачког карактера – Heavy Metal. The Music and its Culture (1991) социолошкиње Дине Вајнстин и Running with the Devil. Power, Gender, and Madness in Heavy Metal Music (1993) музиколога Роберта Волсера – циљ овог текста био је да се испита улога музикологије у области студија метал музике. Показано је да је, током три деценије све разгранатијег научног дискурса о овом музичком феномену, упис музикологије био важан не само као први корак, већ и као константан и неизоставан део говора и написа о металу. Почевши од Волсерове студије, која је par excellance продукт 'свог доба' и нове музикологије, музиколошки доприноси овом пољу били су резултат интердисциплинарне базе дисциплине, те су тако резултати тих истраживања обухватала историографску, формалистичку, музичко-теоријску, естетичку, филозофску, етномузиколошку, етнографску раван. На институционализацију студија метал музике утицало је неколико догађаја који су се одвили крајем прве деценије 21. века, а нарочито током 2010-их. Због успостављања нове научне парадигме и платформе, пре свега треба поменути оснивање Међународног друштва за проучавање метал музике (ISMMS) 2013. године, а потом и установљивање редовних међународних и интер/транс/мултидисциплинарних научних скупова широм света. Својеврсна аутономија ове области, нарочито у односу на студије популарне музике, заокружена је успостављањем научног часописа Metal Music Studies (Intellect Press, 2015). Тако је, у односу на претходни период, где је научно истраживање метал музике остајало у запећку шире слике и спорадично се пробијало у први план, успостављена платформа на којој ће се убрзо развити дисциплинарни односи. Иако су неки од гласноговорника студија метал музике инсистирали на оснаживању музиколошког 'гласа' пре свега ради компетентног говора о звуку, музичким структурама и хармонско-мелодијским аспектима метал музике, овај текст је увидом у кратку али садржајну историју музиколошких написа показао да се, услед основних интердисциплинарних поставки музикологије, допринос музиколога не може свести 'само' на музичко-теоријски рад. Штавише, он предвиђа још богатију продукцију која долази из сфере музикологије, а која ће бити инспирисана и испровцирана новим технологијама, инструментима и извођаштвом, савременим друштвом и публиком, начинима стварања, постпродукције и рецепције музике.

Background: Across a range of policy areas and geographies, governments and philanthropists are increasingly looking to adopt a social outcomes contracting (SOC) approach. Under this model, an agreement is made that a provider of services must achieve specific, measurable social and/or environmental outcomes and payments are only made when these outcomes have been achieved. Despite this growing interest, there is currently a paucity of evidence in relation to the tangible improvement in outcomesassociated with the implementation of these approaches. Although promising, evidence suggests that there are risks (especially around managing perverse incentives).[1] The growing interest in SOC has been accompanied by research of specific programmes, policy domains or geographies, but there has not been a systematic attempt to synthetise this emerging evidence. To address this gap, this systematic review aims to surface the best evidence on when and where effects have been associated with SOC. Methods: This mixed-methods systematic review protocol has been prepared using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Protocol (PRISMA-P) guidelines (Additional File 2) (Shamseer et al., 2010). The review aims to consult policymakers throughout the evidence synthesis process, by adopting a user-involved research process. This will include the establishment and involvement of a Policy Advisory Group (PAG). The PAG will consist of a large, diverse, international group of policy makers who are or have been actively involved in funding and shaping social outcomes contracts (Additional File 3).The following electronic databases will be searched: ABI/INFORM Global,Applied Social Sciences Index & Abstracts (ASSIA),Scopus, International Bibliography of the Social Sciences (IBSS), PAIS Index, PolicyFile Index, Proquest Dissertations and Theses, ProQuest Social Science, Social Services Abstracts, Web of Science, Worldwide Political Science Abstracts and PsycINFO. We will also conduct a comprehensive search of grey literature sources. Studies will be imported into Covidence and screened (after de-duplication) independently by tworeviewers, using explicit inclusion/exclusion criteria. We will conduct risk of bias and quality assessment using recommended tools and we will extract data using a pre-piloted, standardised data extraction form. If meta-synthesis cannot be conducted for the effectiveness component, we will carry outa descriptivenarrative synthesis of the quantitative evidence, categorised by type of intervention, type of outcome/s, population characteristics and/or policy sector. The qualitative studies will be synthesised using thematic content analysis (Thomas and Harden 2008). If possible, we will also analyse the available economic data to understand the costs and benefits associated with SOC. Finally, we will conduct a cross-study synthesis, which will involve bringing together the findings from the effectiveness review, economic review and qualitative review. We recognise that the proposed conventional effectiveness review method may lead to inconclusive or partial findings given the complexity of the intervention, the likely degree of heterogeneity and the under-developed evidence base. We see a traditional systematic review as an important foundation to describe the evidence landscape. We will use this formal review as a starting point and then explore more contextually rooted review work in future. Discussion: We will usethesystematic review findings to produce accessible and reliable empirical insights on whether, when, and where (and if possible, how) SOC approaches deliver improved impact when compared to more conventional funding arrangements. The outputs will support policymakers to make informed decisions in relation to commissioning and funding approaches. Systematic review registration: This systematic review was registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO), on 20th November 2020 and was last updated on 21 January 2021: (registration number PROSPEROCRD42020215207). [1] A perverse incentive in an outcomes-based contract is an incentive that has unintended and undesirable results. For instance, a poorly designed welfare-to-work scheme could create incentives for service providers to prioritise clients who are easier to help and to 'park' those who are harder to assist (NAO 2015).

The analysis is concerned with the current state of the Schengen Area, its legal and institutional framework, as well as the impact of COVID-19 on its functioning. The paper demonstrates that COVID -19 has forced EU Member States to adopt unprecedented measures on mobility restriction. The author distinguishes three groups of measures in response to the COVID -19 pandemic: the temporary reintroduction of border controls at internal borders; a ban on crossing internal borders; a ban on entering into the EU for third-country nationals. All measures were taken on a national level; EU institutions do not have enough competence in this sphere, which is why they have mostly played a coordinating role. Moreover, the pandemic increases the deficit of solidarity between EU Member States. The author concludes that the COVID -19 pandemic demonstrates that the EU needs more powers to react in such a situation. Thus, the EU has to create additional legal instruments for the realization of a common policy on crises affecting the Schengen Area. ; Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Russia ; Vadim V. Voynikov – Doctor of Sciences (Law), Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University (Russia), Professor, Chair of International and European Law; MGIMO University (Russia), Professor, Chair of European Law. ; voinicov@yandex.ru ; 37 ; 47 ; 1 ; Carrera S. and Luk N.Ch., Love thy neighbour? Coronavirus politics and their impact on EU freedoms and rule of law in the Schengen Area. CEPS. No. 2020–04, April 2020. URL: https://www.ceps.eu/cepspublications/love-thy-neighbour/. ; De Somer M., Schengen isn't dead – yet. The real test will be dismantling border controls again. 03/04/2020. URL: https://www.euronews.com/2020/04/03/schengen-isn-t-dead-yet-the-realtest-is-still-to-come-view. ; Hailbronner K, Thym D., EU Immigration and Asylum Law. Commentary, 2th edition (C.H. Beck/Hart/Nomos, 2016; EU immigration and asylum law: text and Commentary / ed. by Steve Peers and Nicola Rogers. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff , 2006. ; Hruschka C., The pandemic kills also the European solidarity. URL: http://eumigrationlawblog.eu/the-pandemic-kills-also-the-european-solidarity/ ; Pimor A., Solidarity was a founding principle of European unity – it must remain so. URL: http://theconversation.com/solidarity-was-a-founding-principle-of-european-unity-it-mustremain-so-74580. ; Sangiovanni A., 'Solidarity in the European Union', (2013) 33 Oxford Journal of Legal Studies. ; Thym D., Travel Bans in Europe: A Legal Appraisal (Part I). URL: http://eumigrationlawblog.eu/travel-bans-in-europe-a-legal-appraisal-part-i/. ; Thym D., Travel Bans in Europe: A Legal Appraisal (Part II). URL: http://eumigrationlawblog.eu/travelbans-in-europe-a-legal-appraisal-part-ii/ . ; Thym D., Th e Schengen Law: A Challenge for Legal Accountability in the European Union. European Law Journal. 8/2008. ; Бабынина Л.О., Коронавирус: что может сделать и делает Европейский союз// Аналитическая записка (Babynina L.O., Koronavirus: czto mozet sdielat i dielaiet Evropieiskii soiuz//Analititcheskaia zapiska) №12, 2020 (№195). URL: http://www.instituteofeurope.ru/images/ uploads/analitika/2020/an195.pdf. ; Бирюков М.М., Европейское право до и после Лиссабонского договора. М.: Научная книга, 2010 (Biriukov M.M. Evropieiskoie prawo do i posle Lissabonskogo dogovora. M.: Naucznaia kniga, 2010). ; Потемкина О.Ю., Влияние COVID -19 на свободу передвижения и миграцию в Евросоюзе // Научно -аналитический вестник ИЕ РАН (Potiomkina O.I. Vliianie COVID -19 na svobodu pieredvizenia i migraciu v Evropie// Nauczno -analititcheskii vestnik IE RAN), 2020, №3. URL: http://vestnikieran.instituteofeurope.ru/images/Potemkina32020.pdf . ; Потемкина О.Ю., Европейский союз: ограничение передвижения граждан как средство борьбы с COVID-19. Аналитическая записка (Potiomkina O.I., Evropieiskii soiuz: ogranitchenie pieredvizenia grazdan kak sredstvo borby s COVID-19. Analititcheskaia zapiska) № 14, 2020 (№197). URL: http://instituteofeurope.ru/images/uploads/analitika/2020/an197.pdf. ; Потемкина О.Ю., Войников В.В., Понятие и содержание шенгенского права // Актуальные проблемы совершенствования законодательства и правоприменительной практики на современном этапе: материалы межвузовской конференции / под общ. ред. О.А. Заячковского. Калининград: Изд -во КГУ (Potiomkina O.I., Voinicov. V.V., Poniatie i sodierzanie Tchengenskogo prava// Aktualnyie problemy sovertchenstvovania zakonodatielstva i pravoprimienitielnoi praktyki na sovriemiennom etapie: matierialy miezvuzovskoi konfierencii/ ed. by O.A. Zaiatchkovski. Kalningrad, Izd -vo KGU), 2004. С. 60–70. ; Право Европейского Союза: учебник / под ред. проф. С.Ю. Кашкина. (Pravo Evropieiskogo Coiuza: utchebnik/ ed. by S.I. Kaszkin), 2002. ; 26

Abstract. The authors of the article have studied the problem of managing non-performing loans within loan portfolios. It has been substantiated that Ukraine as a developing country is in such socio-economic conditions of development that increase credit risks for banks. Numerous studies of the determinants for the formation of loans portfolios in countries with different levels of economic development demonstrate that developing countries are prone to negative consequences that lead to insolvency of debtors in case of a drop in the GDP, inflation, legal uncertainty, political crises, etc. The lack of long-term experience of banks in solving problems of increasing the share of non-performing loans in banks' portfolios demonstrates that minimization of such assets requires regulation at the level of the banking system, but not a separate bank. Based on statistical data, it has been demonstrated that the minimization of problem loans of banks gained significant positive dynamics only after the National Bank of Ukraine regulated the process of managing distressed assets by adopting a regulatory act. Detailing the process of legal regulation of managing distressed assets allowed banks to structure and organize the work of their divisions in accordance with the normatively defined life cycle of distressed asset in such a way that all measures taken by them affect the efficiency of their work. Using permits, prohibitions and obligations as legal means of regulating relations between banks and their debtors, those relations have become predictable, allowing banks to control the process of managing non-performing loans and make timely decisions on the use of tools to minimize the share of distressed assets of the bank. The wide choice and consistency of applying financial and legal instruments in the process of managing non-performing loans allows banks to maximize the contractual settlement of debt and address to the competent authorities for the application of state coercion to debtors. Direct prohibitions, which are provided in the procedure of writing-off impaired assets, prevent corruption manifestations in this process. However, the authors have argued that the practice of 2008—2019 in terms of managing non-performing loans of banks demonstrated that the effectiveness of this process directly depends on government regulation. If the economic preconditions for the formation of problem loans depend on various factors of objective and subjective nature, then the management of non-performing loans directly depends on the existing legal models in the state for solving this problem. The autonomy of banks and their right to independently determine their strategies for managing distressed assets does not provide the desired efficiency without the imperative intervention of the central bank. Thus, the state regulation of the life cycle of distressed assets has demonstrated its effectiveness, and thus confirmed the need for regulatory influence on the processes of minimizing non-performing loans in Ukrainian banks. Keywords: non-performing loans, distressed assets, agreement-based regulation, state influence, state coercion, legal regulation. GEL Classification G18, G21, G34, K12, K42 Formulas: 0; fig.: 2; tabl.: 0; bibl.: 12. ; Анотація. Досліджується проблема управління непрацюючими кредитами у кредитних портфелях банків. На основі аналізу детермінантів проблемних кредитів зроблено висновок, що Україна як держава з економікою, що розвивається, розв'язати цю проблему без нормативно-правового регулювання не може. На основі статистичних даних продемонстровано, що за допомогою дозволу, заборони і зобов'язання вітчизняна банківська система змогла істотно зменшити частку проблемних кредитів. Відстоюється думка проте, що нормативна деталізація процесу управління проблемними активами дозволила банкам відповідно до нормативно визначеного життєвого циклу проблемного активу структурувати і поліпшити організацію роботи своїх підрозділів. Обґрунтовується, що економічні передумови формування непрацюючих кредитів залежать від різних факторів об'єктивного і суб'єктивного характеру, а управління проблемними кредитами прямо залежить від наявних у державі правових моделей розв'язання цієї проблеми. Державне регулювання життєвого циклу проблемного активу показало свою ефективність і тим підтвердило необхідність нормативно-правового впливу на процеси мінімізації проблемних кредитів в банках України. Ключові слова: непрацюючі кредити, проблемні активи, договірне регулювання, державний вплив, державний примус, правове регулювання. Формул: 0; рис.: 2; табл.: 0; бібл.: 12.

Background: The use of process evaluations is a growing area of interest in research groups working on complex interventions. This methodology tries to understand how the intervention was implemented to inform policy and practice. A recent systematic review by Liu et al. on process evaluations of complex interventions addressing non-communicable diseases found few studies in low- and middle- income countries (LMIC) because it was restricted to randomized controlled trials, primary healthcare level and non-communicable diseases. Yet, LMICs face different barriers to implement interventions in comparison to high-income countries such as limited human resources, access to health care and skills of health workers to treat chronic conditions especially at primary health care level. Therefore, understanding the challenges of interventions for non-communicable diseases and neglected tropical diseases (diseases that affect poor populations and have chronic sequelae) will be important to improve how process evaluation is designed, conducted and used in research projects in LMICs. For these reasons, in comparison to the study of Liu et al., the current study will expand the search strategy to include different study designs, languages and settings. Objective: Map research using process evaluation in the areas of non-communicable diseases and neglected tropical diseases to inform the gaps in the design and conduct of this type of research in LMICs. Methods: Scoping review of process evaluation studies of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and non-RCTs of complex interventions implemented in LMICs including participants with non-communicable diseases or neglected tropical diseases and their health care providers (physicians, nurses, technicians and others) related to achieve better health for all through reforms in universal coverage, public policy, service delivery and leadership. The aspects that will be evaluated are as follows: (i) available evidence of process evaluation in the areas of non-communicable diseases and neglected tropical diseases such as frameworks and theories, (ii) methods applied to conduct process evaluations and (iii) gaps between the design of the intervention and its implementation that were identified through the process evaluation. Studies published from January 2008. Exclusion criteria are as follows: not peer reviewed articles, not a report based on empirical research, not reported in English or Spanish or Portuguese or French, reviews and non-human research. Discussion: This scoping review will map the evidence of process evaluations conducted in LMICs. It will also identify the methods they used to collect and interpret data, how different theories and frameworks were used and lessons from the implementation of complex interventions. This information will allow researchers to conduct better process evaluations considering special characteristics from countries with limited human resources, scarce data available and limited access to health care. © 2021, The Author(s). ; The COHESION (COmmunity HEalth System InnovatiON) Project was funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation and the Swiss Development Cooperation under the Swiss Program for Research on Global Issues for Development. M.L.-P. receives funding from the Swiss Excellence Government Scholarship (2018.0698). JJM acknowledges having received support from the Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research (HQHSR1206660), the Bernard Lown Scholars in Cardiovascular Health Program at Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (BLSCHP-1902), Bloomberg Philanthropies, FONDECYT via CIENCIACTIVA/CONCYTEC, British Council, British Embassy and the Newton-Paulet Fund (223-2018, 224-2018), DFID/MRC/Wellcome Global Health Trials (MR/M007405/1), Fogarty International Center (R21TW009982, D71TW010877), Grand Challenges Canada (0335-04), International Development Research Center Canada (IDRC 106887, 108167), Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research (IAI CRN3036), Medical Research Council (MR/P008984/1, MR/P024408/1, MR/P02386X/1), National Cancer Institute (1P20CA217231), National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (HHSN268200900033C, 5U01HL114180, 1UM1HL134590), National Institute of Mental Health (1U19MH098780), Swiss National Science Foundation (40P740-160366), Wellcome Trust (074833/Z/04/Z, 093541/Z/10/Z, 107435/Z/15/Z, 103994/Z/14/Z, 205177/Z/16/Z, 214185/Z/18/Z) and the World Diabetes Foundation (WDF15-1224).

This is the corrected version of the retracted article under the same title, which was published with the following DOI: https://doi.org/10.11649/slh.1517
The article is a study of the symbolic topography of Warsaw's Chłodna Street. In 1940–1942, Chłodna Street was an "Aryan" border strip, dividing the small and large ghettos. For the past quarter-century, the symbolic dominance of this space has been made manifest by the subsequent commemorations of the ghetto's wooden footbridge that existed here between January and August 1942. These commemorative artefacts evolved from a counter commemoration (1996), into a commemoration through the use of painting (2007) and photography (2008), into a symbolic reconstruction of the bridge (2011). The analysis of this dynamic, from representation of an object to its materialization, is complemented by a reconstruction of the patterns and stakes of narratives that make up the subsequent layers of the Chłodna Street narrative palimpsest. An important context for the analysis, apart from the history of the site, is the fact that today, the means of control over the space of the former ghetto are in the exclusive possession of the non-Jewish majority.
A turning point in the commemoration process was Roman Polański's film The Pianist (2002). The bridge over Chłodna was reconstructed "one to one" – in Warsaw but outside the space of the former Warsaw ghetto. The film was shot in the midst of a nationwide debate taking place in Poland about Jan Tomasz Gross' book Neighbors (2000). The debate concerned the Poles' participation in the Holocaust and the socio-cultural determinants of their attitudes and behavior. Within Polish dominant culture, the narrative shock was so immense that a return to the old Polish tale of heroism and martyrdom seemed impossible. Meanwhile, the mainstream journalistic discourse cast Gross and Polański on two sides of a narrative opposition. The former supposedly represented subjectivism and rash generalizations, while the latter was supposed to embody objectivism and fair judgment. The silhouette of the bridge over Chłodna Street merged at that point with a counterfactual vision of the Polish context of the Holocaust. The international success of The Pianist (Palme d'Or and Oscar) sealed the evolution of the bridge as a figure: from an abject to an object of desire, a tourist attraction, and an export commodity. (A separate issue, also addressed in the article, is how the events depicted in the film relate to the story of Władysław Szpilman, mediated originally by Szpilman's ghostwriter Jerzy Waldorff and then by the scriptwriters, Ronald Harwood and Roman Polański. In both cases, the most serious discrepancies concern depictions of the Poles' attitudes toward the Jews during, but also before, the Holocaust).
The success of the film was the determining factor in a decision made to invest public funds in another, and up to now the last, commemoration of the bridge over Chłodna: its symbolic reconstruction in situ. What was reconstructed was not so much the bridge as it was in 1942 but the bridge as depicted in the film, and with it the film's idealized portrayal of the Polish context of the Holocaust. The figure of the bridge suggests tight isolation of Jews and Poles – an isolation instituted by the Germans. By so doing, it feeds into the image of Poles as helpless bystanders (onlookers/gawkers, at times even witnesses) in the face of the Holocaust. The figure of the Polish bystander/witness to the Holocaust is in turn a key figure of Polish innocence. In addition, the symbolic reconstruction of the bridge draws the attention of the users of this space away from another site on Chłodna Street, where Jews and Poles came into direct contact with each other throughout the entire existence of the Warsaw ghetto. In obscuring the factual state of affairs uncovered as a result of the Jedwabne debate, the symbolic reconstruction of the bridge over Chłodna Street functions as a discourse-reproducing machine of sorts, alowing the dominant majority to "indulge in retrospective hallucination" (Baudrillard).
The article uncovers the workings of a roly-poly narrative mechanism that renders impossible any successful reassessment and rejection of the Polish dominant culture and prevents common knowledge about facts from bearing in any way on the collective consciousness.

A Revista Gestão, Finanças e Contabilidade (RGFC) chega à sua última edição de 2019, destacando nessa edição sete artigos teórico-empíricos em acordo com as linhas de pesquisa que compõem o escopo da Revista.
O primeiro artigo, intitulado Análise empírica da associação entre investidores estrangeiros e governança corporativa nas empresas brasileiras, as autoras analisam a governança corporativa na perspectiva de mais transparência e garantia dos direitos dos acionistas, tema relevante para as empresas de capital aberto, bem como para os investidores estrangeiros os quais consideram o nível de governança corporativa ao decidir investir em empresas brasileiras listadas na bolsa. Considerando dados da Brasil, Bolsa e Balcão (B3), no ano de 2017, a pesquisa demostra que existe relação estatisticamente significativa entre a presença de investidor estrangeiro entre os principais acionistas das empresas e melhores índices de governança corporativa.
Em seguida, os autores do artigo Determinantes da legibilidade das notas explicativas das companhias brasileiras investigam essa temática, partindo das demonstrações financeiras padronizadas divulgadas anualmente, no período compreendido entre 2010 e 2016 de companhias brasileiras abertas integrantes do IBrX 50; destacam que, mesmo empresas de grande porte, auditadas por empresas de renome em auditoria e com elevados níveis de governança carecem de mais zelo na preparação e evidenciação da informação contábil, considerando a baixa legibilidade das notas explicativas identificada.
No terceiro artigo, Responsabilidade Social Corporativa e estrutura de capital, o caso das empresas brasileiras e chinesas listadas na NYSE, os autores investigaram se a estrutura de capital das empresas brasileiras e chinesas que divulgam relatório de Responsabilidade Social Corporativa estão alinhadas com as teorias de Pecking Order e Tradeoff, de 2008 a 2018, demonstrando que a estrutura de capital das empresas brasileiras e chinesas se alinham com as teorias e existem diferenças na alavancagem dessas empresas em termos de significância.
Tomando por base dados da Brasil, Bolsa e Balcão (B3), os autores elaboraram o artigo Índice de Governança Corporativa para Empresas do Mercado Acionário Brasileiro, identificando qual dimensão de governança corporativa tem maior peso na classificação das empresas em relação a sua governança; entre as dimensões pesquisadas, a composição do conselho da administração aflorou ser mais significativa em empresas de capital aberto com papéis em negociação ou já negociados na bolsa, no período de 2010 a 2016.
No quinto artigo, Manutenção de registros no processo da evolução social e econômica: Da era primitiva à era do Blockchain, os autores focalizam as tecnologias que emergiram e impulsionaram inovações nos relacionamentos interpessoais, modelos de negócios, produtos, serviços, estratégias, medidas de desempenho e controle dos processos de gestão e, especificamente, analisam o blockchain no contexto social e econômico da escrituração contábil, demonstram o fortalecimento do sentimento de confiança no registro das transações.
Em Impactos da Reforma da Previdência nos déficits dos planos de contribuição variável, o sexto artigo, os autores apresentam uma análise sobre os impactos consequentes de alterações em idades mínimas de aposentadoria da Reforma da Previdência no Brasil, propostas na PEC 6/2019, com ênfase num plano de previdência complementar de contribuição variável, levando em conta taxas de juros distintas, com aplicação de cálculos atuariais em dados primários dos participantes da entidade em estudo; nos resultados, revelaram evidências que alterações nas idades mínimas de aposentadoria no INSS afetarão significativamente o nível de reservas e provisões matemáticas.
No sétimo artigo, os autores de Fatores limitantes no processo de fiscalização de ISS: o caso das atividades portuárias do Município de Paranaguá/PR, buscam compreender aspectos decorrentes dos processos fiscalizatórios e especificidades tributárias da atividade, apontando experiências e gargalos no sistema e serviços portuários passíveis da cobrança de importo sobre serviço; o estudo possibilitou verificar caminhos e procedimentos comuns e distintos no processo, níveis de conhecimentos, técnicas, experiências dos entrevistados, obstáculos e pontos específicos que norteiam os trabalhos de fiscalização.
A equipe editorial da RGFC deseja a todos uma excelente leitura e esperamos que as contribuições desses artigos proporcionem reflexões aos pesquisadores na ampliação das investigações acerca das ciências da Administração e da Contabilidade, ao tempo que agradece aos avaliadores ad hoc pelo comprometimento e avaliação voluntária.

Die Idee der allgemeinen Briefwahl für alle Wahlberechtigten ist in Polen nicht völlig neu, aber nach wie vor eher unbekannt. Dabei existierte auch in Polen zumindest für eine Wahlperiode das Recht auf Briefwahl. Damals haben aber nur wenige Bürger davon Gebrauch gemacht, so dass die Prozeduren in der breiten Öffentlichkeit wenig bekannt sind und die Verwaltung für diese Wahlmethode kaum vorbereitet ist. In Deutschland hingegen ist die Briefwahl seit Jahrzehnten etabliert und wird immer häufiger genutzt: Bei den Bundestagswahlen 2017 machten über 28 Prozent der Wähler von dieser Möglichkeit Gebrauch.Anders als in Deutschland, das die Möglichkeit, bei den Bundestagswahlen per Brief seine Stimme abzugeben, seit 1957 kennt, fand die Briefwahl in Polen erstmals 2011 Eingang ins Wahlgesetz. Und während sie in Deutschland von Beginn an sämtlichen Wählern offenstand (bis 2008 war jedoch eine spezielle Begründung notwendig), war die Möglichkeit der Briefwahl in Polen zunächst auf Menschen mit Behinderungen bzw. Wähler im Ausland beschränkt. Nach jahrelangen Bemühungen zahlreicher Nichtregierungsorganisationen und etlicher positiver Erfahrungen mit der Anwendung des neuen Verfahrens in der Praxis führte 2014 die damals amtierende Regierungskoalition von Bürgerplattform (Platforma Obywatelska, PO) und Bauernpartei (Polskie Stronnictwo Ludowe, PSL) die Briefwahl als allgemeine Wahlmöglichkeit in das polnische Wahlrecht ein. Damit stand bei den Präsidentschafts- und Parlamentswahlen 2015 erstmals allen polnischen Wahlberechtigten im In- und Ausland die Möglichkeit der Briefwahl offen.Die Resonanz bei der Wählerschaft war begrenzt. Wer sich von der Wahlrechtsänderung einen Anstieg der Wahlbeteiligung versprochen hatte – dies wurde als einer der wichtigsten Gründe für die Einführung der Briefwahl diskutiert –, wurde enttäuscht. Die neue Möglichkeit der Briefwahl wurde gerade einmal von einigen wenigen zehntausend Wählern genutzt, die meisten davon Auslandspolen. Bereits bei den folgenden Parlamentswahlen im Jahr 2019 wurde die Möglichkeit wieder drastisch eingeschränkt. Nach der von der amtierenden Regierung von Recht und Gerechtigkeit (Prawo i Sprawiedliwość, PiS) eingeführten Wahlrechtsänderung hatten fortan nur noch Menschen mit Behinderung die Möglichkeit, ihre Stimme per Brief abzugeben. Bei der Gesetzesnovelle machte die PiS vor allem Sicherheitsbedenken geltend. Die Briefwahl schien der polnischen Regierung zu anfällig für Fälschungen.Doch wie stehen die polnischen Bürgerinnen und Bürger zum Thema Briefwahl? Die geringe Erfahrung der polnischen Gesellschaft mit der Briefwahl und wohl auch das wenig ausgeprägte Vertrauen in politische Institutionen lässt viele polnische Bürger dem Thema skeptisch gegenüberstehen. 2018 gaben in einer Umfrage 73 Prozent der Befragten an, den traditionellen Urnengang im Wahllokal bei der Stimmabgabe zu bevorzugen. Jüngste Umfragen zeichnen mit Zustimmungswerten zur Briefwahl zwischen 30 und 57 Prozent ein ambivalenteres Bild. Gleichwohl sind diese Werte mit Vorsicht zu genießen, wurde hier doch konkret nach der Teilnahme an den ursprünglich für den 10. Mai angesetzten Präsidentschaftswahlen gefragt. Die Zahlen spiegeln demnach auch den hohen Grad der politischen Polarisierung der politischen Gesellschaft wider, die die Zustimmung zur Briefwahl mit einem Votum für Amtsinhaber Andrzej Duda und die PiS-Regierung gleichsetzte.Wie wir wissen, fanden die Wahlen am 10. Mai nicht statt. Dennoch lassen sich aus den Daten wichtige Schlüsse ziehen, zumal die für Juni bzw. Juli zu erwartenden Präsidentschaftswahlen den Wählern voraussichtlich eine Wahlmöglichkeit zwischen dem traditionellen Gang ins Wahllokal und der Briefwahl offenhalten. Zweifelsohne ist auch in diesem Fall erst noch einiges an Überzeugungsarbeit zu leisten, damit die polnischen Wähler Vertrauen in das ungewohnte Briefwahlverfahren gewinnen. Die jüngsten Versuche, die Briefwahl im Hauruckverfahren einzuführen, waren hier jedenfalls wenig hilfreich. In Zukunft müsste es daher darum gehen, klare und transparente Regeln zur Vorbereitung und Durchführung der Briefwahl aufzustellen, vor allem was den Versand der Wahlunterlagen und des Stimmzettels angeht. Dies müsste auch von einer breit angelegten Informationskampagne begleitet werden.Vielleicht braucht eine breitere Akzeptanz der Briefwahl in Polen vor allem Zeit. Hier mag ein kurzer Blick über Oder und Neiße zum Nachbar Deutschland aufschlussreich sein. Zwar nutzt heute weit über ein Viertel der deutschen Wähler das Recht, die Stimme per Brief abzugeben. Allerdings war dies nicht immer so. Bei ihrer Einführung bei den Bundestagswahlen 1957 machten gerade einmal 4,9 Prozent der Wähler von dieser Möglichkeit Gebrauch. Wahrscheinlich benötigt auch die polnische Politik Zeit, um sich jenseits tagespolitischer Konjunkturen von den Möglichkeiten der Briefwahl zu überzeugen. Briefwahl in Polen - ZahlenPräsidentschaftswahlen 2015Zahl der Wahlberechtigten insgesamt – 30,7 Mio.Erster WahlgangZahl der abgegebenen Stimmen insgesamt – 15 Mio.Zahl der Wählern, an die die Briefwahlunterlagen verschickt wurden – 42 814 StichwahlZahl der abgegebenen Stimmen insgesamt – 16,9 Mio.Zahl der Wählern, an die die Briefwahlunterlagen verschickt wurden – 56 845 Parlamentswahlen 2015Zahl der Wahlberechtigten insgesamt – 30,6 Mio.Zahl der abgegebenen Stimmen insgesamt– 15,6 Mio.Zahl der Wählern, an die die Briefwahlunterlagen verschickt wurden- 45 538 Parlamentswahlen 2019 – per Brief wahlberechtigt nur BehinderteZahl der Wählern, an die die Briefwahlunterlagen verschickt wurden - 2104Zahl der Briefwahlunterlagen, die zurückgekommen sind – 2057 Quellen:Państwowa Komisja Wyborcza https://pkw.gov.pl/wybory-i-referenda/Bundeszentralle für politische Bildung https://www.bpb.de/nachschlagen/zahlen-und-fakten/bundestagswahlen/280218/wahlbeteiligung-und-briefwahlJarosław Zbieranek, Głosowanie korespondencyjne – ważne ułatwienia dla Wyborców https://www.batory.org.pl/upload/files/Programy%20operacyjne/Masz%20Glos/Glosowanie%20korespondencyjne%20%E2%80%93%20wazne%20ulatwienia%20dla%20wyborcow%20.pdf Aktualisierung vom 19.Juni Für die am 28.Juni stattfindenden Präsidentschaftswahlen gilt: Es wurde die Möglichkeit eingeführt, per Briefwahl zu wählen. Um von ihr Gebrauch zu machen, müssen sich die Wähler entsprechend registrieren. Anderenfalls müssen sie persönlich im Wahllokal in ihrer lokalen Gemeinde abstimmen. In einigen Staaten ist für die hier lebenden Polen die Briefwahl die einzige Möglichkeit, an den Wahlen teilzunehmen. Staaten, wo nur Briefwahl möglich ist:Großbritannien;
Frankreich;
Italien;
Spanien;
Irland;
Deutschland;
Schweiz;
Vereinigte Staaten;
Kanada
Staaten, wo es nur in Wahllokalen (vor allem in Konsulaten) möglich ist zu wählen:Indien;
Vereinigte Arabische Emirate;
Katar.
Staaten, wo die Wahlen in beiden Formen stattfinden:Tschechische Republik;
Slowakei;
Schweden;
Russland;
Südafrika;
China;
Australien;
Neuseeland;
Brasilien.
Bürger, die per Briefwahl abstimmen wollen, mussten sich bis zum 16. Juni registrieren. Briefunterlagen bekommen sie danach per Post zugeschickt. Die Polen im Ausland müssen sie danach auf eigene Kosten an das Konsulat zurückschicken. Briefwähler in Polen müssen den Umschlag auch entsprechend adressieren (mit der Adresse der lokalen Wahlkommission) und in einen Briefkasten der Polnischen Post werfen. In beiden Fällen bestehen auch Möglichkeiten, die Briefunterlagen persönlich abzugeben. Mehr zu Wahlen im Ausland (auf Polnisch)https://www.gov.pl/web/dyplomacja/glosowanie-za-granicaMehr zur Briefwahl bei den Wahlen am 28.Juni 2020 (auf Polnisch) https://pkw.gov.pl/aktualnosci/informacje/informacja-o-mozliwosci-skorzystania-przez-kazdego-wyborce-z-korespondencyjnego-trybu-glosowania-ora