Suchergebnisse

Following a brief historical summary of the way in which electron beam lithography developed out of the scanning electron microscope, three state-of-the-art charged-particle beam nanopatterning technologies are considered. All three have been the subject of a recently completed European Union Project entitled "Single Nanometre Manufacturing: Beyond CMOS". Scanning helium ion beam lithography has the advantages of virtually zero proximity effect, nanoscale patterning capability and high sensitivity in combination with a novel fullerene resist based on the sub-nanometre C60 molecule. The shot noise-limited minimum linewidth achieved to date is 6 nm. The second technology, focused electron induced processing (FEBIP), uses a nozzle-dispensed precursor gas either to etch or to deposit patterns on the nanometre scale without the need for resist. The process has potential for high throughput enhancement using multiple electron beams and a system employing up to 196 beams is under development based on a commercial SEM platform. Among its potential applications is the manufacture of templates for nanoimprint lithography, NIL. This is also a target application for the third and final charged particle technology, viz. field emission electron scanning probe lithography, FE-eSPL. This has been developed out of scanning tunneling microscopy using lower-energy electrons (tens of electronvolts rather than the tens of kiloelectronvolts of the other techniques). It has the considerable advantage of being employed without the need for a vacuum system, in ambient air and is capable of sub-10 nm patterning using either developable resists or a self-developing mode applicable for many polymeric resists, which is preferred. Like FEBIP it is potentially capable of massive parallelization for applications requiring high throughput.

Following a brief historical summary of the way in which electron beam lithography developed out of the scanning electron microscope, three state-of-the-art charged-particle beam nanopatterning technologies are considered. All three have been the subject of a recently completed European Union Project entitled "Single Nanometre Manufacturing: Beyond CMOS". Scanning helium ion beam lithography has the advantages of virtually zero proximity effect, nanoscale patterning capability and high sensitivity in combination with a novel fullerene resist based on the sub-nanometre C60 molecule. The shot noise-limited minimum linewidth achieved to date is 6 nm. The second technology, focused electron induced processing (FEBIP), uses a nozzle-dispensed precursor gas either to etch or to deposit patterns on the nanometre scale without the need for resist. The process has potential for high throughput enhancement using multiple electron beams and a system employing up to 196 beams is under development based on a commercial SEM platform. Among its potential applications is the manufacture of templates for nanoimprint lithography, NIL. This is also a target application for the third and final charged particle technology, viz. field emission electron scanning probe lithography, FE-eSPL. This has been developed out of scanning tunneling microscopy using lower-energy electrons (tens of electronvolts rather than the tens of kiloelectronvolts of the other techniques). It has the considerable advantage of being employed without the need for a vacuum system, in ambient air and is capable of sub-10 nm patterning using either developable resists or a self-developing mode applicable for many polymeric resists, which is preferred. Like FEBIP it is potentially capable of massive parallelization for applications requiring high throughput.

According to the Fifth Five Year Development Plan, in Iran, renewable resources, under the green horizon scenarios, must provide 5,000 MW of electricity. Among different types of renewable source of energy, there is no shortage of information in Iran, which is located near to zero line (earth's equator), with about 300 clear sunny days in a year, about setting policies promoting solar energy. Taking into account the availability and benefits of solar energy for Iran, this paper has focused on solar energy.Recent statistics show that, if the current development plans proceed, the capacity of the installed renewable energy systems would reach 2.8GW by 2030. This requires more than 2800 million US dollar investment in 20 years, i.e., 2010 to 2030. Despite the advantages of using solar energy, such as reducing greenhouse gases, it is important to note that solar power is 2.5 to 5 times as expensive as electricity from existing conventional power sources, such as coal and other sources. In order to encourage people to use solar power, there is a need to change our laws and establish an integrated energy regulation, involving tax policy mechanisms to support the deployment of solar energy in Iran. As Iran is dependent upon its fossil fuels, the transition from fossil fuels to renewable, which is a worldwide goal to reduce GHG or CO2 emissions, requires the adoption of a comprehensive policy and integrated regulation nationwide, taking a multidisciplinary approach. This paper exemplifies and considers the 2005 Energy Policy Act and Investment Tax Credit (ICT) for residential energy property, illustrating how solar-energy-regulation could contribute to the sustained development of solar energy. The main purpose is to help the development of sustainable solar energy regulation in Iran.

Permafrost landscapes in the Northern high latitudes with their massive organic carbon stocks are critically important for the global carbon cycle. Large uncertainties in the sustainability of these carbon pools under future climate conditions persist, caused by limited understanding of permafrost carbon cycling processes. A continuous observation program was established near the city of Chersky, NE Siberia, representing a wet tussock tundra ecosystem. Year-round eddy-covariance measurements focused on ecosystem–atmosphere exchange fluxes of carbon. Recent observations started mid-July 2013, while historic measurements are available for the period 2002–2005. Since 2004 part of the observation area has been disturbed by a circular drainage ditch, altering the soil water conditions in a way that is expected for degrading of ice-rich permafrost under a warming climate. In comparison to the strong reduction of fluxes immediately following the drainage disturbance in 2005, recent CO2 exchange with the atmosphere over this disturbed part of the tundra indicate a higher carbon turnover, and a seasonal amplitude that is comparable again to that within the control section. By comparing CO2 budgets from the drained and control ecosystems a systematically reduced sink strength within the drained area is found, dominated by increased respiration due to warmer near-surface soil layers. Reduced CH4 emissions are observed under drier and more aerobic conditions resulting in half the efflux from the drained ecosystem in comparison to the control ecosystem. As a net effect of the drainage an increased source of CO2, eq. to the atmosphere indicates a positive effect on global warming. Year-round measurements emphasize the importance of the non-growing season to the annual budget, with substantial contributions during the zero-curtain period representing the re-freezing of the active layer in fall.

Permafrost landscapes in the Northern high latitudes with their massive organic carbon stocks are critically important for the global carbon cycle. Large uncertainties in the sustainability of these carbon pools under future climate conditions persist, caused by limited understanding of permafrost carbon cycling processes. A continuous observation program was established near the city of Chersky, NE Siberia, representing a wet tussock tundra ecosystem. Year-round eddy-covariance measurements focused on ecosystem–atmosphere exchange fluxes of carbon. Recent observations started mid-July 2013, while historic measurements are available for the period 2002–2005. Since 2004 part of the observation area has been disturbed by a circular drainage ditch, altering the soil water conditions in a way that is expected for degrading of ice-rich permafrost under a warming climate. In comparison to the strong reduction of fluxes immediately following the drainage disturbance in 2005, recent CO2 exchange with the atmosphere over this disturbed part of the tundra indicate a higher carbon turnover, and a seasonal amplitude that is comparable again to that within the control section. By comparing CO2 budgets from the drained and control ecosystems a systematically reduced sink strength within the drained area is found, dominated by increased respiration due to warmer near-surface soil layers. Reduced CH4 emissions are observed under drier and more aerobic conditions resulting in half the efflux from the drained ecosystem in comparison to the control ecosystem. As a net effect of the drainage an increased source of CO2, eq. to the atmosphere indicates a positive effect on global warming. Year-round measurements emphasize the importance of the non-growing season to the annual budget, with substantial contributions during the zero-curtain period representing the re-freezing of the active layer in fall.

In recent years, due to economic and social infrastructure development and growth, South Africa has been facing growth in energy demand. Addressing this demand includes building more coal power stations, however with attention paid in designing them to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. A second response is to deploy more power sources using renewable and nuclear energy. The South African government has plans to add about 9.6 GW of nuclear energy to the electricity grid. Accepting that South Africa will seek an international vendor or vendors to supply nuclear plants, a certain degree of localisation of manufacture and operation should be planned. One localisation task that can be actively pursued is reactor analysis, including criticality, burnup, shielding and accident analysis of the reactor. Such development of expertise will support both economic and safety aspects of building and running a nuclear reactor. With this in mind, neutronic analysis of the VVER 1000 reactor was initiated. The government's intention to build a new fleet of reactors means it is important that the VVER- 1000 reactor be included in studies done by the reactor analysis group at the School of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering at the North-West University. The analysis was performed using MCNP6 for the cold zero power state at the beginning of cycle with the specifications obtained from the open literature. The input file was generated using the in-house code NWURCS. To ensure accuracy and precision of the results produced by the MCNP6 code, convergence studies of the MCNP6 models were carried out. Once a satisfactory model was obtained, the critical reactor state was calculated by adjusting the boron concentration in the water. Furthermore, the control rod worth, reactivity coefficients and beff were also calculated and are reported in this paper

In recent years, due to economic and social infrastructure development and growth, South Africa has been facing growth in energy demand. Addressing this demand includes building more coal power stations, however with attention paid in designing them to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. A second response is to deploy more power sources using renewable and nuclear energy. The South African government has plans to add about 9.6 GW of nuclear energy to the electricity grid. Accepting that South Africa will seek an international vendor or vendors to supply nuclear plants, a certain degree of localisation of manufacture and operation should be planned. One localisation task that can be actively pursued is reactor analysis, including criticality, burnup, shielding and accident analysis of the reactor. Such development of expertise will support both economic and safety aspects of building and running a nuclear reactor. With this in mind, neutronic analysis of the VVER 1000 reactor was initiated. The government's intention to build a new fleet of reactors means it is important that the VVER- 1000 reactor be included in studies done by the reactor analysis group at the School of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering at the North-West University. The analysis was performed using MCNP6 for the cold zero power state at the beginning of cycle with the specifications obtained from the open literature. The input file was generated using the in-house code NWURCS. To ensure accuracy and precision of the results produced by the MCNP6 code, convergence studies of the MCNP6 models were carried out. Once a satisfactory model was obtained, the critical reactor state was calculated by adjusting the boron concentration in the water. Furthermore, the control rod worth, reactivity coefficients and beff were also calculated and are reported in this paper

In recent years, due to economic and social infrastructure development and growth, South Africa has been facing growth in energy demand. Addressing this demand includes building more coal power stations, however with attention paid in designing them to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. A second response is to deploy more power sources using renewable and nuclear energy. The South African government has plans to add about 9.6 GW of nuclear energy to the electricity grid. Accepting that South Africa will seek an international vendor or vendors to supply nuclear plants, a certain degree of localisation of manufacture and operation should be planned. One localisation task that can be actively pursued is reactor analysis, including criticality, burnup, shielding and accident analysis of the reactor. Such development of expertise will support both economic and safety aspects of building and running a nuclear reactor. With this in mind, neutronic analysis of the VVER 1000 reactor was initiated. The government's intention to build a new fleet of reactors means it is important that the VVER-1000 reactor be included in studies done by the reactor analysis group at the School of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering at the North-West University. The analysis was performed using MCNP6 for the cold zero power state at the beginning of cycle with the specifications obtained from the open literature. The input file was generated using the in-house code NWURCS. To ensure accuracy and precision of the results produced by the MCNP6 code, convergence studies of the MCNP6 models were carried out. Once a satisfactory model was obtained, the critical reactor state was calculated by adjusting the boron concentration in the water. Furthermore, the control rod worth, reactivity coefficients and beff were also calculated and are reported in this paper.

To answer different problems set by the 21st century, European Union is constantly updating the old and adapting new directives and regulations. One of these directives is 2010/31/EU as a piece of Energy package which sets forth a goal to reduce primary energy use by 20% and to achieve 20% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2020. It also sets a task for all buildings built after 2020 to be zero-energy buildings. To achieve these goals, next to existing building materials, a new, innovative, and more sustainable materials needs to be studied and implemented. One of these possible materials is lime-hemp concrete – a self-bearing thermal insulation material that consist of lime and hemp shives. Its mechanical properties seem promising, and thermal conductivity below 0,08 W/m*K is significant result for a material that sequesters more CO2 then is created in its life cycle. In the paper an effect of pre-compressed of hemp-lime mix before curing is studied. Two different binders were chosen (dolomitic lime and dolomitic lime with metakaolin) and three different compaction ratios – 50, 25 and 0 %. As expected, the compaction has a direct impact on compressive strength, as well as flexural. The elevated densities also have a negative effect on thermal conductivity, yet not as much if the same density would be achieved with addition of more binder. This method could help to produce lime-hemp concrete materials with better strength/thermal conductivity ratio. A further research of improved drying techniques is needed, as the samples had softer inner part, due to excess moisture during curing. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.sace.8.3.7451

Based on the work that it is running within the ProSTO EU project (http://www.solarordinances.eu/), this paper presents a tentative approach to the best way for a successful implementation of a solar thermal obligation (STO) in a community. The EU framework, and base line assessment – including success factors and performance indicators were presented by the ProSTO coordinator elsewhere [1]. The Portuguese case was presented elsewhere too [2]. Here, all the complete set of measures that must be taken to succeed, will be presented. The experience shows that it is necessary to get an integrated "policy package" in the way of "zero building emissions", around the kernel key point of clear requirements, aiming energy savings, namely for energy demand limitation, and energy efficiency of thermal installations. A parent kernel key point of this "policy package" is quality: certification of thermal solar system and components – solar collectors, factory made systems, and custom built systems; planner, designer and installer certification; technical impositions in the regulations (supported by a very consistent manual of actual good practices for solar thermal applications, with a flexible method to follow new developments); guarantee impositions (maintenance contract). All relevant documents of these quality items must be integrated in the Building Use Manual for easy management. Another kernel key point, this with focus on overcoming barriers, is that of public awareness, aiming to create an understanding that the implementation of a STO is not another awful bureaucratic burden, throughout on-line information (lists of certified equipments, installers, technical description of the equipments, manual of good practices, scholar materials (class notes, computer codes, homework assignments, etc.), etc.), and the implementation of training courses for all stakeholders.

The built environment sector provides the homes, workplaces, amenities and infrastructure to support everyday activity, and is a key contributor to economic growth and employment, but also to emissions and resource use. Construction, land and property surveyors are engaged throughout the built environment lifecycle and therefore, are uniquely positioned to lead and accelerate the transformational change required to ensure a sustainable built environment. The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UNSDGs) provide a blueprint exhibiting social, economic and environmental goals to be considered as a system of interrelated objectives. Attainment of the SDGs requires a global approach, which is entrenched in national, local and sectoral actions. There are many challenges to achieving the SDGs, chief amongst them is whether sufficient capacity and capability exists to deliver on sustainability measures outlined in Government strategies, for example 'Housing for All', the 'National Climate Action Plan' and the 'National Development Plan (NDP)'. Government policy is underpinned by a legally binding international agreement to achieve net-zero carbon emissions by 2050, and it is imperative that sufficient knowledge and competence exists to advise public and private sector clients on sustainable solutions to achieve these ambitions. The purpose of this report is to provide a baseline of sustainable development knowledge, skills and competence, which heretofore was undetermined within surveying professions. Research was undertaken in three phases involving education providers, practising surveying professionals and a range of non-surveying professionals with expertise in sustainable development. Findings from the research confirm that higher education institutions (HEIs) within which SCSI-accredited surveying programmes are delivered have implemented numerous initiatives to ensure sustainable development forms part of academic curriculum and co-curriculum. HEIs, through a complex ecosystem of stakeholders have tremendous reach and influence, therefore the incorporation of sustainability in corporate and operational strategy is an encouraging indication of HEIs commitment in this regard. At a programme level, sustainability is embedded in surveying programme content and coupled with a wide range of assessment methods employed, demonstrates that sustainability literacy is fostered amongst learners. Whilst these findings are encouraging, scope exists for a more explicit articulation of sustainable development content within programmes. Participants in this research were overwhelmingly in support of the proposition that future SCSI accreditation should be conditional upon alignment to SDGs. Surveying practitioners acknowledge the criticality of sustainable development but are at differing stages on the journey towards fully entrenching it within their business. Engagement in sustainability training is prevalent, but the measurement and monitoring of aspects such as carbon emissions is varied. The key drivers of sustainable solutions being advised upon derive from client demand, Government policy, as well as for the common good, though skills shortages and cost inflation present significant challenges. Transparent sustainability credentials are increasingly demanded by clients and the authentic advancement of environmental social governance (ESG) is important to improve business operations, and may result in competitive advantage in the process. ESG training and development is required to further develop expertise in this area. The research provides important new insight into the current knowledge and practice of sustainable development within the surveying profession, which can act as a yardstick against which future progress may be measured. A range of recommendations and associated actions are suggested to propel and support surveying professionals in leading the way in the provision of innovative solutions for a sustainable built environment.

In spite of current multiple political crises, global warming will remain a prime issue on the global agenda. The adoption of the Paris Agreement in 2015 and its quick ratification in 2016 have created a strong momentum for worldwide action against climate change. As global greenhouse gas emissions must decline towards levels close to zero by the middle of the century, the rapid decarbonisation of energy systems is high on the agenda of most countries around the globe. This publication delivers insights into cutting edge research on the necessary transitions towards low carbon societies and by this aims to contribute to international as well as national policymaking. The topics covered in more than 20 concise original articles are among the most important issues for progressing solutions for climate change and sustainable development. The papers discuss recent findings and case studies in the following subject areas: Governance of the necessary long-term transitions in the context of potential known and unknown adverse developments ; Policy instruments and strategies that allow for financing the transition to low carbon economies and, at the same time, respond to today's economic and social challenges ; Integrated strategies for three of the most important arenas of global decarbonisation: Cities, as much of the change and necessary investment for low carbon societies must take place, be planned, be financed and be built in cities; industry, particularly the energy-intensive processing industries, which are at the core of society's metabolism and are responsible for a large and growing share of global emissions and science as a whole, which must become more solutions-oriented because the transitions needed will rely heavily on research providing solutions for technological as well as societal problems. As a contribution to these great challenges and at the request of the G7 Environment Ministers, the Low Carbon Society Research Network (LCS-RNet) acts as a forum aimed at fostering research and policymaking to jointly achieve decarbonised energy systems in countries around the world. It convenes leading scientists, practitioners and policymakers and aims at supporting governments in proceeding jointly towards the design and implementation of climate-friendly low carbon societies. ; Trotz vieler aktueller politischer Krisen wird der Klimawandel ein Hauptthema auf der internationalen Agenda bleiben. Die Verabschiedung des Übereinkommens von Paris in 2015 und seine schnelle Ratifizierung in 2016 zeugen von einer starken Dynamik im weltweiten Vorgehen gegen die Erderwärmung. Da die globalen Treibhausgasemissionen bis zur Mitte des Jahrhunderts gegen Null gesenkt werden müssen, steht die schnelle Dekarbonisierung in vielen Ländern ganz oben auf der Tagesordnung. Diese Publikation gewährt Einblicke in die aktuelle Forschung im Bereich der Entwicklung hin zu kohlenstoffarmen Gesellschaften und soll damit zur Politikgestaltung auf internationaler sowie nationaler Ebene beitragen. Die in mehr als 20 präzisen Originalartikeln diskutierten Themen gehören zu den wichtigsten Fragestellungen, die zur erfolgreichen Bekämpfung des Klimawandels und zum Erreichen nachhaltiger Entwicklung beantwortet werden müssen. In den Beiträgen werden neue Erkenntnisse und Fallstudien aus folgenden Themenbereichen diskutiert: Steuerung langfristig notwendiger Veränderungsprozesse im Kontext bekannter sowie unerwarteter gegensätzlicher Entwicklungen ; politische Maßnahmen und Strategien zur Finanzierung der Übergänge hin zu kohlenstoffarmen Gesellschaften, welche gleichzeitig aktuelle wirtschaftliche und soziale Herausforderungen adressieren sowie ; integrierte Strategien für drei Bereiche, die für das Erreichen einer globalen Dekarbonisierung wesentlich sind: Städte, da der Wandel hin zu kohlenstoffarmen Gesellschaften sowie die dafür benötigten Investitionen zu einem großen Teil hier stattfinden sowie geplant, finanziert und umgesetzt werden müssen; Industrie, vor allem die energieintensive verarbeitende Industrie, die im Mittelpunkt des gesellschaftlichen Stoffwechsels steht und für einen großen, wachsenden Anteil der globalen Emissionen verantwortlich ist und Wissenschaft, die lösungsorientierter arbeiten sollte, da die benötigten Veränderungsprozesse stark auf wissenschaftliche Ansätze zur Lösung technologischer sowie gesellschaftlicher Probleme angewiesen sind. Als Beitrag zur Bewältigung dieser Herausforderungen und auf Wunsch der G7-Umweltminister dient das Low Carbon Society Research Network (LCS-RNet) als Forum zur Förderung von Forschung und Politikgestaltung mit dem Ziel kohlenstoffarmer Gesellschaften. Es bringt führende Wissenschaftler(innen), Fachkräfte und politische Entscheidungsträger(innen) zusammen und soll Regierungen bei der gemeinsamen Gestaltung und Umsetzung klimafreundlicher, kohlenstoffarmer Gesellschaften unterstützen.

The increasing size of the car fleet makes it important to find ways of lowering the amounts of pollutants from each individual diesel or gasoline engine to almost zero levels. The pollutants from these engines predominantly originate from emissions at cold start, in the case when gasoline is utilized, and high NOx emissions and particulates from diesel engines. The cold start emissions from gasoline vehicles are primarily due to a high light-off time for the catalytic converter. Another reason is the inability to quickly heat the sensor used for controlling the air-to-fuel ratio in the exhausts, also called the lambda value, which is required to be in a particular range for the catalytic converter to work properly. This problem may be solved utilizing another, more robust sensor for this purpose. One way of treating the high NOx levels from diesel engines is to introduce ammonia in the exhausts and let it react with the NOx in a special catalytic converter to form nitrogen gas and water, which is called SCR (selective catalytic reduction). However, in order to make this system reduce NOx efficiently enough for meeting future legislations, closed loop control is required. To realize this type of system an NOx or ammonia sensor is needed. This thesis presents the efforts made to test the SiC-based field effect sensor device both as a cold start lambda sensor for gasoline engines and as an NH3 sensor for SCR systems in diesel engines. The MISiC (metal insulator silicon carbide) lambda sensor has proven to be both sensitive and selective to lambda, and its properties have been studied in lambda stairs both in gasoline engine exhausts and in the laboratory. There is, however, a small cross-sensitivity to CO. The influence of metal gate restructuring on the linearity of the sensor has also been investigated. The metal tends to form islands by time, which decreases the catalytic activity and thereby gives the sensor, which is binary when fresh, a linear behavior. Successful attempts to prevent the restructuring through depositing a protective layer of insulator on top of the metal were made. The influence of increasing the catalytic activity in the measurement cell was also studied. It was concluded that the location of the binary switch point of MISiC lambda sensors could be moved towards the stoichiometric value if the consumption of gases in the measurement cell was increased. The MISiC NH3 sensor for SCR systems has been shown to be highly sensitive to ammonia both in laboratory and diesel engine measurements. The influence of other diesel exhaust gas components, such as NOx, water or N2O has been found to be low. In order to make the ammonia sensor more long-term stable experiments on samples with different types of co-sputtered Pt or Ir/SiO2 gas-sensitive layers were performed. These samples turned out to be sensitive to NH3 even though they were dense and NH3 detection normally requires porous films. The speed of response for both sensor types has been found to be fast enough for closed loop control in each application. ; On the day of the ublic defence of the doctoral thesis, the status of article IV was: accepted, article V was: submitted and article VII was: manuscript.

3rd ANQUE-ICCE International Congress of Chemical Engineering ; According to the last report of the IPCC, global CO2 emissions must be net zero by 2040-2050 in order to have chances to limit global warming to 1.5 °C. Delayed action will rise the risks of climate change [1]. Despite the decarbonization efforts, coal remains the main energy source for electricity generation globally. Moreover, there are still coal power plants under construction and in planning stage, and it is unlikely that these facilities will shut down in a timeframe consistent with the climate goals. CO2 capture and storage technologies will be necessary to mitigate the emissions from existing facilities. In this work the feasibility of adsorption technology to capture the CO2 emitted by an advanced supercritical coal power plant of 800 MW is assessed through process simulation, and compared to the benchmark technology: amine scrubbing. Different adsorption technologies are being considered for postcombustion CO2 capture: fixed beds, moving beds, fluidized beds, and rotary beds, where the adsorbent can be regenerated by temperature (TSA), pressure (VSA), concentration (CSA) swing or a combination of them. Different types of adsorbents are also under consideration, with solid amines, carbons, and zeolites at the forefront positions. In this work cyclic multibed processes with indirect heat transfer that make use of carbon adsorbents are considered. Indirect heat transfer entails reducing cycle time and save thermal energy within the process [2]. Several process configurations have been evaluated: TCSA, VTSA, and VTCSA. In the CSA processes evaluated, steam is used in direct contact with the adsorbent to recover the adsorbed CO2. The potential of such processes is assessed through simulation. First, a cyclic process configuration is proposed and simulated with Aspen Adsorption up to cyclic steady state (CSS), using a detailed non-equilibrium non-isothermal model that considers competitive adsorption between the main flue gas components (i.e., N2, CO2 and H2O) that has been validated against experimental results [3]. Process configurations capable of capturing at least 85% CO2 with purity above 95% (dry basis) are then identified and up-scaled to treat the full flow rate of flue gas from the reference power plant. Aspen Plus is then used to calculate the energy demand of the overall process based on the CSS results. Up to date, among the configurations evaluated, the most promising is VTCSA making use of a biomass based carbon adsorbent. This process can meet the purity and capture constraints making use of waste heat and mild vacuum, with a lower specific energy penalty per avoided CO2 than the benchmark technology. ; Marta G. Plaza acknowledges the award of a Ramon y Cajal contract (RyC-2015-17516) from the Spanish Government ; Peer reviewed

RESUMEN: El cambio climático ocasionado por las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero de origen antropogénico es uno de los retos más importantes a los que se enfrenta el mundo en la actualidad. Es necesario avanzar hacia una descarbonización de la economía y la Comunidad Autónoma de País Vasco, alineada con las políticas energéticas de la UE, ha desarrollado estrategias cuyo objetivo a largo plazo contemplan el consumo de cero petróleo para el 2050. Esta transición hacia una economía baja en carbono podría traer consigo riesgos para aquellos sectores que directa o indirectamente dependen de los combustibles fósiles. Este trabajo propone una metodología para medir la exposición que una economía tiene a los efectos no deseados de esa transición energética, tanto desde el lado de la oferta como del de la demanda de energía. Desde el lado de la oferta, se propone utilizar el Método de Extracción Hipotética para analizar la exposición de una economía a la desaparición de sectores específicos dedicados a la extracción, transformación y procesamiento de recursos energéticos de origen fósil. Desde el lado de la demanda, se propone evaluar la exposición de la economía a través del cálculo de las subvenciones necesarias para hacer frente al riesgo de fuga de carbono en aquellos sectores con mayores intensidades de emisiones y/o exposición al comercio internacional. A continuación, se aplica la metodología descrita al caso de la economía vasca. ; ABSTRACT: Climate change caused by emissions of greenhouse gases of anthropogenic origin is one of the most important challenges facing the world today. It is necessary to advance towards a decarbonisation of the economy and the Autonomous Community of the Basque Country, aligned with the EU's energy policies, has developed strategies whose long-term objective includes the consumption of zero oil by 2050. This transition towards a low carbon economy could bring risks for those sectors that directly or indirectly depend on fossil fuels. This paper proposes a methodology to measure the exposure that an economy has to the undesired effects of that energy transition, both from the supply side and the demand side of energy. From the supply side, it is proposed to use the Hypothetical Extraction Method to analyze the exposure of an economy to the disappearance of specific sectors dedicated to the extraction, transformation and processing of fossil energy resources. From the demand side, it is proposed to evaluate the economy's exposure through the calculation of the necessary subsidies to deal with the risk of carbon leakage in those sectors with higher emission intensities and / or exposure to international trade. Then, the methodology described is applied in the case of the Basque economy. ; Máster en Economía: Instrumentos del Análisis Económico